Eye injuries in outpatient clinic of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University Gdansk in 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 years

The aim of this study was the statistical and epidemiological analysis of patients with eye injuries. We analyzed all patients attending the emergency department of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University in Gdansk over the period of 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 years. We determined the visual function (visual acuity- distance and near Snellen acuity test, intraocular pressure measurement, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, X- ray examination and US -examination) in two groups of subjects. The 6427 patients were subjected in the first period (37% with eye injuries). In the second period we examined 10512 patients (44% with eye injuries). A total of visits have been examined in the first period: 24.1% of patients were between 19-25 and 48% between 26-50 years. In the second group of patients 35.7% of patients were between 19-25 and 30.3% were between 26-50 years. In the both periods we observed mainly corneal injuries. Corneal foreign body and corneal abrasion were the most common etiology among close eye injuries in both groups. A total of visits have been examined: 7.78% with the first group and 8.95% was with burns. There were 1.89% in the first and 5.75% in the second period of severe eye injury such as penetrating ocular trauma, orbital fracture and intraocular foreign body. The main causative activity of ocular injuries in both groups was work (5.80% group I and 23.80% group II), assault (36.20% group I and 47.75% group II) and traffic accidents (4.84% group I and 12.05% group II). Results of our work indicated that ocular trauma is a common cause of improvement of visual acuity and a common cause of visit to the Emergency Department of Department of Ophthalmology.     

自体阔筋膜修复治疗单纯眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折

目的评价自体阔筋膜修复治疗单纯眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折的效果。方法将21例（21只眼）单纯性眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折患者根据骨折范围分为2组，骨折范围〉2cm^2者9例（9只眼），≤2cm^2者12例（12只眼），行自体阔筋膜修复术，术后随访3～6个月。观察两组术后复视，眼球突出度情况及视力。结果复视完全消失15例（71．43％），眶下壁骨折〉2cm^2者眼球内陷矫正2例（22．2％），≤2cm^2眼球内陷矫正10例（83．3％），视力提高5例（23．8％）。结论应用自体阔筋膜经下睑缘人路治疗单纯眶下壁爆裂性骨折，能有效地恢复眼球运动。修复眶腔，对于损伤≤2cm^2病例效果较好。     

眼眶爆裂性骨折致伤原因及眼部损伤状况分析

目的:了解眼眶爆裂性骨折的常见致伤原因及发生眼部损伤的概率和特点。方法:对九龙医院2009-01/2011-03收治的63例67眼眼眶骨折住院患者进行了回顾性分析。结果:眼眶骨折患者63例致伤原因中,拳击伤28例29眼,车祸伤17例20眼,钝器击伤9例9眼,摔伤5例5眼,坠落伤2例2眼,其他2例2眼。患者合并眼部损伤共57例61眼,其中眼睑皮下淤血、肿胀45例49眼;眼睑裂伤16例18眼;结膜下淤血25例26眼;角膜异物、上皮缺损9例9眼;前房出血5例5眼;眶下神经麻痹或感觉迟钝4例4眼;玻璃体出血4例4眼;视神经损伤3例3眼;泪小管断离2例2眼;眼球破裂2例2眼;视网膜裂孔1例1眼;晶状体半脱位1例1眼。结论:拳击伤和车祸伤是眼眶爆裂性骨折的主要致伤原因,拳击伤多引起单纯性眼眶骨折,车祸伤和钝器击伤易导致复合性眼眶骨折,并多伴有眼部损伤。在眼眶爆裂性骨折合并的眼部损伤中,眼睑损伤发生率最高,角膜、结膜及房角损伤也较常见,比较严重的眼部损伤如视神经损伤、眼球破裂、视网膜裂孔相对少见。     

早期手术治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折的视功能评估

目的探讨早期眼眶爆裂性骨折Medpor填充治疗效果,评估术后患者的视功能恢复情况。方法回顾28例（28只眼）眼眶爆裂性骨折患者的病例资料,观察患者手术前术后视力、眼球突出度、眼外肌运动及复视等情况。结果术后随访3个月至4年,28例患者术后均未出现患眼明显视力下降和视力丧失,术后眼球内陷度数为（1.5±0.6）mm,与术前（3.6±1.1）mm相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后3个月,25例患者复视完全消失,2例患者第一眼位无复视,但仍有周边复视,1例术后第一眼位复视仍存在。26例术后眼球运动基本恢复正常,2例外展稍受限,但较术前好转。以上28例患者均未发现填充物移位、感染或排异反应。结论早期诊断、早期治疗及术后早期运动训练,是治疗效果的关键。Medpor填充治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折所致复视、眼球内陷,临床效果安全可靠。     

Early treatment of secondary muscle restriction due to orbital blow-out fractures]

INTRODUCTION: Orbital blow-out fractures can result in chronic oculomotor restriction. This is the consequence of orbital fasciae or muscle trapped within the fracture. A delayed treatment usually results in incomplete repair. However, when the extrapped tissues are freed by reconstruction of the orbital floor, oculomotor sequelae can be prevented or at least limited. PATIENTS AND TREATMENT: Twelve adults and 2 children were treated for blow-out fracture in the past two years at the Eye Department of Geneva University Hospital. All of these patients had a non regressive oculomotor restriction, an enophthalmus and/or an infraorbital hypoesthesia with evidence of a blow-out fracture on the CT-scan. They were operated on between the second and the sixth week following trauma. Extrapped fasciae were freed under microscope and the orbital floor was reconstructed with a thin plate of biomaterial (PDS). RESULTS: Tissues could be entirely removed and kept separated from the underlying structures by the biomaterial used for reconstruction. Ocular motility returned to normal in 13 cases within 1 to 3 months, without further intervention. Only one patient had to wear a low grade prism with vertical action. DISCUSSION: In case of blow-out fractures, the long term prognosis of the ocular motility depends on immediate management following the trauma. Orbital floor reconstruction is indicated when consecutive oculomotor restriction is likely avoiding in the majority of the cases any residual oculomotor restriction. On the contrary when delayed, treatment is often difficult generally with limited mobility. CONCLUSION: From an ophthalmological point of view, microsurgical extraction of incarcerated orbital fasciae and reconstruction of the orbital floor is indicated for early treatment of oculomotor restriction.     

玻璃体手术联合曲安奈德在眼后段外伤的应用

目的探讨玻璃体视网膜手术联合曲安奈德(TA)玻璃体腔注射治疗眼后段外伤的疗效。方法眼后段外伤患者设联合组30例30眼、单纯组35例35眼。两组患者新鲜穿通伤首先清创缝合,1w～2w后行玻璃体切割术。合并白内障先切除混浊晶状体,有异物者取异物,伴有网脱者行气液交换或重水展平视网膜,裂孔行眼内光凝或冷凝,C3F8或硅油填充。在关闭切口前联合组患者加用TA4mg玻璃体腔注射。结果眼后段损伤有玻璃体积血、视网膜出血、异物(联合组20例、单纯组21例)、视网膜脱离,两组发生率(P>0.05)。两组患者眼后段异物均能取出。术后视力分别提高、不变、下降,联合组为76.7%、16.7%、6.7%;单纯组为60.0%、28.6%、11.4%。联合组比单纯组要好(P<0.05)。术后并发症:第1天前房反应2 以上联合组56.7%低于单纯组85.7%(P<0.05);高眼压和白内障发生率差异不明显(P>0.05);视网膜脱离联合组低于单纯组(P<0.05)。结论玻璃体视网膜手术联合TA玻璃体腔注射比单纯手术治疗眼后段外伤疗效要好。     

Orbital roof fractures: management of ophthalmic complications

PURPOSE: To review the clinical features and management of patients with orbital roof fractures. METHODS: Non-comparative, retrospective case review of 21 patients presenting with orbital roof fractures. RESULTS: The orbital roof fractures in our series resulted from motor vehicle accidents, blunt trauma, head injuries, and penetrating orbital injuries. Associated orbital and ocular injuries included other ipsilateral orbital fractures (16 cases), traumatic optic neuropathy (3 cases), ptosis (2 cases), perforating eye injuries (2 cases), intraorbital foreign bodies (2 cases), and oculomotor nerve palsy (1 case). Six patients required surgical intervention for ophthalmic sequelae, which included motility problems (4 cases), lagophthalmos (1 case), and a retained intraorbital foreign body with a cerebrospinal fluid leak (one case). The outcome of surgery was favorable in all cases, with complete resolution of symptoms in five of six patients. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital and ocular injuries are common in association with orbital roof fractures. A multidisciplinary approach to management is required because facial and cerebral injuries are also common. Most patients can be managed conservatively. The specific ophthalmic indications for surgical intervention are limited, but the outcome in these cases is gratifying.     

颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤

目的 探讨颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤的临床诊断和治疗。方法 回顾分析了颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤36例（36眼）的临床资料。11例行视神经减压术，25例接受药物治疗。结果 全部患者伤侧眼的相对瞳孔传入障碍（RAPD）阳性；眼眶CT扫描显示有眶壁和／或鼻窦骨折。药物治疗组有8例（32．00％）视力提高1行，其余17例（68．00％）视力无改善，手术治疗组有1例（909％）由数指／1．5m提高到03，5例（45．46％）恢复了瞳孔直接对光反应，1例（9．09％）恢复了VEP波，其余4例（36．36％）视力无改善。结论 对颅外伤患者应进行RAPD检查及眼眶CT扫描，确定有无间接性视神经损伤。皮质类固醇和视神经减压联合应用可能更有利于视功能的恢复。     

北部战区总医院军人眶壁骨折手术治疗的情况分析

目的：探讨军人发生眶壁骨折的临床特点与手术治疗效果。

方法：收集2015-01-01/2018-12-31因眶壁骨折就诊于我院行手术治疗的军人58例58眼, 术后随访6mo,统计人口学特征、致伤原因、骨折部位、手术前后视力、眼球运动、眼球突出度、手术相关情况等。

结果：眶壁骨折58例均为男性。年龄P₅₀ 为21岁,多发于20～29岁(78%)。45例(78%)在军事训练中致伤,拳击伤、外物撞击伤是主要致伤原因(74%)。单纯眶内壁、下壁以及二者联合骨折是临床常见的骨折形式(91%)。所有患者术后视力较术前未见明显改变,通过术后CT与术后随访相关临床资料,未发现植入物移位、感染及其他严重并发症,33例患者眼球运动障碍得到改善,7例患者颌面部知觉异常消失,3例眼球内陷得以矫正。

结论：年轻男性战士是军人眶壁骨折的主体人群,增强工作训练中的防护工作有重要意义,基层医院的基础诊治工作十分必要,手术修复治疗眶壁骨折具有显著治疗效果。     

眼眶爆裂性骨折手术疗效分析

目的分析手术治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折的技巧、时机和治疗效果。方法应用CT扫描和眼眶三维重建,以高密度聚乙烯为填充材料,对32例(32眼)眼眶爆裂性骨折实施手术治疗修复眶腔壁,术后1月复查。结果术后1个月,32例手术中,眼球内陷明显改善21例;眼球运动改善及复视减轻或消失16例;眼球内陷矫正不足4例;眼球运动障碍加重3例;视力较术前下降2例;眶下神经损伤5例。结论手术是改善和治疗眼眶爆裂性骨折并发症的主要方法,手术时机、手术技巧及填充材料的应用是手术成功的关键。     

眶底爆裂性骨折致眼球运动障碍的上颌窦手术进路治疗

目的 观察上颌窦进路手术治疗眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍的临床效果.方法 对12例12只眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折伴复视及眼球运动障碍者,眼眶CT显示:眼外肌眶内软组织嵌顿于眶下壁骨折区,伤后观察2周,复视及眼球运动障碍无明显改善,采用上颌窦进路行眶下壁骨折复位术.术后随诊3～6个月.结果 12例患者术中开放上颌窦后可清晰观察到眶下壁骨折区各个边界及眶内软组织嵌顿情况,术中均将嵌顿在眶底骨折处的眶内组织推送回眶内,眶底骨折复位.术后12例患者中10例各方向眼球运动不受限,无复视,2例正前方及下方无复视,向上方运动轻度受限.术后1例并发上颌窦炎,经上颌窦冲洗治愈.结论 上颌窦进路早期治疗单纯眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍是有效的.     

Orbital roof fractures in childhood

The authors documented 36 orbital roof fractures in 32 children over a 5-year period. With the aid of computed tomography (CT), 16 fractures were classified as isolated and 20 were found to be associated with more extensive damage to the skull. Isolated fractures typically occurred in younger children (mean age, 2.8 years) after relatively minor trauma, most often a fall from a height of less than 10 feet. Birth trauma was the cause in one case. Three fourths of the isolated fractures were linear; with extensive trauma, the orbital roof was usually comminuted. Upper eyelid hematoma characteristically developed hours after the traumatic event. There were no significant chronic disturbances of vision, motility, or lid function. Acute neurologic concerns were common, and two patients died, but full recovery was otherwise the rule. In two cases, late development of ocular pulsation led to CT demonstration of encephaloceles. Both of these children had comminuted roof fractures with displacement of bone fragments into the orbit. The authors conclude that fracture of the orbital roof is a common but frequently overlooked occurrence in childhood. Anatomic factors may account for differences in the effect of frontal impact at different ages.     

眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的临床诊治分析

目的 分析眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的斜视性质、眼眶骨折修复的手术时机和术后斜视的变化等.方法 回顾分析2001年1月到2008年12月在中山大学中山眼科中心诊治的眼眶骨折患者.常规作眼眶CT检查、被动转动试验、眼位和眼球运动检查、复像试验,观察眼眶骨折修复前后眼位和眼球运动情况等.结果 共87例90只眼,男性66例,女性21例;年龄3～68岁(平均30.6岁);右眶27例,左眶57例,双眶3例.36%的患者有视力受损.32%为眼眶爆裂性骨折,68%为复合性骨折;以内壁和下壁骨折多见.术前47%的患者有斜视,其中麻痹性41.5%,限制性58.5%;眼眶骨折修复后:35例术前有斜视者(平均随访1年),28.6%斜视消失;17.1%正前方和下方功能位置无斜视,37.1%斜视部分好转或不变;17.1%斜视加莺;1例术前无斜视,术后出现医源性斜视.结论 眼眶骨折伤后患眼斜视的性质包括麻痹性和限制性,骨折修复手术时机存在争论,以下情形需要尽快手术:(1)影像学检查显示有眼外肌断裂;(2)CT扣描和被动转动试验均示有明确的眼外肌嵌顿,保守治疗二周无好转;(3)外壁和上壁的Blow-in骨折.眼眶骨折修复术后其斜视既可消失也可不变或加重;医源性斜视要尽量避免.     

内壁合并下壁眼眶爆裂性骨折Medpor修复

目的 探讨Medpor植入术治疗内壁合并下壁眼眶爆裂性骨折的手术方法及手术效果。方法对确诊为内壁合并下壁眼眶爆裂性骨折12例(12眼)行眼眶整复及骨折区骨膜下Medpor植入术，观察比较术前术后眼球突出度、眼外肌运动、复视及视力等情况。结果术后所有患眼眼球内陷矫正，眼球活动良好，复视消失，手术未影响视力，术后随访期间无植入物脱出或排斥反应。结论有并发症的内壁合并下壁眼眶爆裂性骨折患者应及早行眼眶整复术治疗，应用Medpor作植入物安全有效，是重建眶壁理想的生物材料。     

眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的临床诊治分析

目的 分析眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的斜视性质、眼眶骨折修复的手术时机和术后斜视的变化等.方法 回顾分析2001年1月到2008年12月在中山大学中山眼科中心诊治的眼眶骨折患者.常规作眼眶CT检查、被动转动试验、眼位和眼球运动检查、复像试验,观察眼眶骨折修复前后眼位和眼球运动情况等.结果 共87例90只眼,男性66例,女性21例;年龄3～68岁(平均30.6岁);右眶27例,左眶57例,双眶3例.36%的患者有视力受损.32%为眼眶爆裂性骨折,68%为复合性骨折;以内壁和下壁骨折多见.术前47%的患者有斜视,其中麻痹性41.5%,限制性58.5%;眼眶骨折修复后:35例术前有斜视者(平均随访1年),28.6%斜视消失;17.1%正前方和下方功能位置无斜视,37.1%斜视部分好转或不变;17.1%斜视加莺;1例术前无斜视,术后出现医源性斜视.结论 眼眶骨折伤后患眼斜视的性质包括麻痹性和限制性,骨折修复手术时机存在争论,以下情形需要尽快手术:(1)影像学检查显示有眼外肌断裂;(2)CT扣描和被动转动试验均示有明确的眼外肌嵌顿,保守治疗二周无好转;(3)外壁和上壁的Blow-in骨折.眼眶骨折修复术后其斜视既可消失也可不变或加重;医源性斜视要尽量避免.     

The incidence of extraocular muscle and cranial nerve palsy in orbital floor blow-out fractures

The frequency of extraocular muscle (EOM) or cranial nerve (CN) palsy as the sole cause of diplopia in orbital floor blow-out fractures has not been previously determined. Of 40 blow-out fracture patients studied prospectively, seven had motility disturbances consistent with palsy of one EOM or CN. All seven patients had negative forced ductions, making entrapment, edema, or orbital hemorrhage unlikely causes of diplopia. The diplopia resolved in four patients in 1 year. Persistent diplopia is a common indication for repair of such fractures. If, however, diplopia is due only to EOM or CN palsy, orbital surgery should be deferred (in the absence of significant enophthalmos) in favor of observation and/or later strabismus surgery.     

眶壁骨折后眶壁重建的研究进展

目前,眶壁骨折是常见面部外伤的一种。由于眶内容物常嵌顿于骨折裂缝中,导致眼球在眶内位置发生改变,随之可带来终身性的复视和眼球内陷,极大影响了患者的视力和面部美观。眶壁骨折修复术的目的是对眼眶进行重建,修复缺损以矫正眼球位置,避免眼球内陷和恢复视功能。本综述将针对眶壁骨折重建进行一个全面性的概述。     

Quantitative evaluation of ocular motility in blow-out fractures for selection of nonsurgically managed cases

PURPOSE: To clarify in which cases of blow-out fractures ocular motility will naturally recover. DESIGN: A retrospective review of observational cases. METHODS: Involved ocular motility ranges were measured by the Hess screen test at 15 or 30 degrees in 23 nonsurgical blow-out fracture patients without muscle entrapment or strong mechanical ocular restriction and in eight surgical patients with the above. RESULTS: In nonsurgical patients, the eyes moved more than 10 or 20 degrees respectively on a 15- or 30-degree Hess screen test in the early period, whereas in the surgical patients, the eyes did not. No nonsurgical patients had serious ocular motility disturbances; however, natural ocular motility recovery in many patients took more than 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: When an involved eye without muscle entrapment or strong mechanical restrictions moves more than 10 or 20 degrees on each Hess chart, natural recovery can be expected.     

未成年人眶壁爆裂性骨折的临床特点及治疗分析

目的 分析未成年人不同年龄眶壁爆裂性骨折的临床特点与骨折类型的相关性.探讨少年儿童眶壁骨折的治疗方案.方法 选取18岁以下眶壁爆裂性骨折患者69例,5～14岁组23例和15～18岁组46例.观察术前眼位和复视情况.眼球内陷程度和眼球运动,CT影像特点表现和术中所见,术后眼位、眼球内陷和眼球运动恢复情况.结果 5～14岁组伤后出现恶心、呕吐,眼球垂直运动受限的构成比高于15～18岁组(P均<0.05).5～14岁组眼球无内陷的构成比高于15～18岁组(P<0.05).5～14岁组眶下壁活板门样(trapdoor)骨折的构成比高于15～18岁组(P<0.05).CT显示为眶下壁线性骨折的20例患者术中发现16例骨折区呈trapdoor表现,下直肌嵌夹于骨折区呈紫红色肿胀.结论 5～14岁儿童生眶下壁trapdoor骨折的风险较高,确诊后早期手术对促进眼外肌功能恢复和减少复视残留具有重要意义.     

Correlation of preoperative computed tomography and postoperative ocular motility in orbital blowout fractures

PURPOSE: To determine a relationship between preoperative soft tissue disruption and postoperative ocular motility in orbital blowout fractures. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study reviewed 30 patients who met all criteria: retrievable coronal computed tomography (CT) scans; internal fractures of the orbital floor, with or without medial wall extension; preoperative diplopia; repair by a single surgeon; complete release of entrapped tissues; and postoperative binocular visual fields (BVFs). Motility outcomes were quantified by one group of the authors, who measured the vertical fusion within BVFs. Other authors analyzed CT scans, designating each fracture as either A or B, based on lesser or greater soft tissue distortion relative to the configuration of bone fragments. The interval between trauma and surgery was also determined. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients with a postoperative motility outcome poorer than the median (86 degrees or less), four (27%) had A fractures; 11 (73%) had B fractures. Among the 15 patients with an outcome better than the median (88 degrees or more), 10 (67%) had A fractures; five (33%) had B fractures. Differences were more defined away from the median. Among five patients with B fractures and better than the median result, three (60%) had surgical repair during the first week after injury. Among the 11 patients with B fractures and less than the median result, one (9%) had repair during the first week. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative motility is influenced by soft tissue-bone fragment relationships. Whether the outcome can be altered by earlier surgery in selected cases will be determined by prospective studies.