关注妊娠期静脉血栓栓塞症

肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)和深静脉血栓形成(DVT)合称为静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)。妊娠期女性由于存在高凝状态、静脉淤滞、血管损伤等特殊的生理变化,VTE发生风险增高。对存在VTE症状或体征的孕产妇,除非存在明确的抗凝禁忌,否则均应尽快行客观检查同时给予抗凝治疗直到完全排除VTE诊断。低分子肝素(LMWH)不通过胎盘,且无哺乳禁忌,是妊娠及产褥期VTE患者抗凝治疗的最佳选择。一旦开始LMWH初始治疗,应该在余下孕程持续使用,直到产后6周,且总疗程不少于3个月。     

内科住院患者静脉血栓栓塞症的预防

现已明确,对有静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）高危风险的内科住院患者给予血栓预防措施可明确降低VTE的发病率和病死率。2009年我国颁布了＂内科住院患者静脉血栓栓塞症预防的中国专家建议＂〔1〕。2012年美国胸科医师学会颁布了血栓形成抗栓治疗和预防第9版指南〔2〕,此文对该指南中有关内科住院患者VTE预防的建议进行解读。     

Treatment of venous thromboembolism

This review on the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolic disease consists of three sections. The first section describes the epidemiology, natural history and reasons for treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), as well as a short overview on the evaluation of the use of antithrombotic agents and the spectrum of treatment options. In the second section, the evidence from clinical studies available to us in 2005 with the various treatment modalities is summarized. This section describes the current recommendations about how to treat patients with VTE initially and long term. Finally, in the third section the challenges for the treatment of patients beyond 2005 are discussed.     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞107例临床分析

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)患者的临床特征,为恶性肿瘤合并VTE的早期预防及诊治提供临床依据.方法 对我院2009年6月至2011年6月收治的107例恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.结果 107例恶性肿瘤合并VTE患者中,单纯深静脉血栓(DVT) 90例(84.1％);肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)17例(15.9％),其中合并DVT 7例(6.5％,7/107).平均年龄(59.6±10.5)岁,≥60岁63例(58.9％).Ⅲ～Ⅳ期恶性肿瘤61例(57.0％).69例(64.5％)VTE发生于恶性肿瘤诊断后3个月内,43例(40.2％)VTE发生于手术后1个月内,其中术后1～7天30例(28.0％).91例DVT患者中84例接受抗凝治疗,49例治疗后好转,有效率为58.3％(49/84).PTE患者溶栓联合抗凝治疗2例,1例治疗后明显好转,1例好转;单纯抗凝治疗12例,3例明显好转,6例好转,3例无效.本组PTE患者抗凝溶栓治疗的有效率78.6％(11/14),病死率29.4％ (5/17).结论 恶性肿瘤诊断后3个月内、手术后1个月尤其是1周内,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、≥60岁的患者高发VTE.VTE(尤其是PTE)可以增加恶性肿瘤患者的病死率,影响其预后.对于恶性肿瘤合并VTE患者的早期诊断与治疗是降低病死率及改善预后的关键.     

Prediction of recurrent venous thromboembolism by the activated partial thromboplastin time

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multi-factorial disease. Extensive thrombophilia screening is costly and often inconclusive. Simple laboratory methods are required to predict the risk of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To assess if measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 918 patients with a first unprovoked VTE and studied the relationship between recurrence and an APTT after discontinuation of anticoagulation. APTT was expressed as a ratio of test to reference coagulation times. Study endpoint was symptomatic recurrent VTE. RESULTS: Venous thromboembolism recurred in 101 (11%) patients. Patients without recurrence had a greater APTT ratio than those with recurrence (0.97 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.09, P = 0.001). After 4 years, probability of recurrent VTE was 8.5% (95% CI: 5.5-11.5%) among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 and 15.6% (95% CI: 11.4-19.9%) among patients with a lower ratio (P = 0.005). Compared with patients with an APTT ratio < 0.95, the relative risk (RR) of recurrence among patients with a ratio equal to or > 0.95 was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.38-0.84, P = 0.005) before and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.87, P = 0.009) after adjustment for sex, age, factor V Leiden, and factor II G20210A. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of APTT allows stratification of patients with VTE into high- and low-risk categories with regard to recurrence.     

Natural history of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) originates in systemic venous thrombosis and has different etiological mechanisms and natural history from arterial thrombosis. VTE typically originates as deep venous thrombosis in a lower extremity, where it may give rise to acute symptoms “upstream” from the obstructed vein, result in pulmonary embolism, and/or cause chronic venous obstruction. Pulmonary embolism may result in acute respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular collapse and, uncommonly, may also cause chronic disease.     

Management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy

Summary.  The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) probably increases 2–4-fold in pregnancy and is higher after a caesarean section than after vaginal delivery. Management of VTE in pregnancy is challenging. Many diagnostic tests are less accurate in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients and some radiologic procedures expose the fetus to ionizing radiation, although this can be reduced by taking appropriate precautions. Compression ultrasonography (CUS) is the test of choice for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whereas for PE, V/Q lung scan is the first-line test, followed by CUS if the results are non-diagnostic.
Anticoagulants that have been evaluated for the prevention and treatment of VTE in pregnancy include heparin and heparin compounds, and coumarin derivatives. When determining the optimal treatment regimens, it is important to consider: (i) the safety of the drug for the fetus and mother; (ii) the efficacy of the regimen; and (iii) the dose regimens for acute and secondary treatment, and during delivery and postpartum. Heparins are safer than coumarins for the fetus, as they do not cross the placental barrier. Heparins, particularly unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) tend also to be safer for the mother than other compounds. Of the two, LMWHs, although more expensive, are associated with lower rates of bleeding complications, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis, than UFH, and should therefore be the treatment of choice in VTE during pregnancy.
Patients with prior VTE or a hypercoagulable state have an increased risk of VTE during pregnancy. Depending on the presence of one or both of these factors, clinical surveillance, with anticoagulant treatment where necessary, is recommended.     

Predicting the risk of cancer after unprovoked venous thromboembolism: external validation of the RIETE score

Essentials

• Patients at high‐risk of occult cancer may benefit from extensive screening.
• We validated the RIETE cancer score in the MVTEP study.
• One in three patients were classified as high‐risk, 10% of whom had cancer diagnosed.
• The RIETE score identifies a subgroup at high risk for cancer.

     

The utility of pretest probability assessment in patients with clinically suspected venous thromboembolism

Summary.  The assessment of pretest probability (PTP), with stratification into low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups is an essential initial step in the current diagnostic management of patients with suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE). In combination with additional information, it reduces the need for initial and supplementary imaging, and allows considerable refinement of the posterior probability of VTE following non-invasive imaging. PTP may be assessed either empirically or by using various decision rules or scoring systems, the best known of which are the simplified Wells scores for suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and the Geneva score for suspected PE. Each of these approaches shows similar directional and categorical accuracy, and has been validated as facilitating clinically useful classification of the PTP, although an overview of data suggests that fewer patients tend to be classified as low PTP when assessed empirically. This group is the most important to identify, as several outcome studies have shown that imaging and treatment are safely obviated in outpatients with suspected DVT or PE who have a low PTP in combination with negative d -dimer testing, a subgroup accounting for up to half of all patients studied. Hence, while probably not of critical importance, the explicit approach offered by scoring systems might be preferred over empirical assessment, particularly when used by more junior staff.     

Contribution of indirect computed tomographic venography to the diagnosis of postpartum venous thromboembolism

Summary.  Background:  The diagnostic value of indirect computed tomographic venography (CTV), following thoracic computed tomographic angiography (CTA), has not been specifically evaluated in postpartum patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Objectives: To assess the diagnostic value of CTV in postpartum venous thromboembolism. Methods: We reviewed all CTA and CTV procedures performed during the last 7 years in our institution for suspected pulmonary embolism during the postpartum period. We focused on the quality of CTA, the rates of positive CTA and isolated positive CTV findings, and alternative diagnoses provided by CTV. Results: Fifty-five CTA and 33 CTV procedures were performed for suspected pulmonary embolism in 47 patients referred between 24 h and 2 months after Cesarean (34 patients) or vaginal (13 patients) delivery. Of the 33 patients who had both CTA and CTV, seven had positive CTA findings and four had isolated positive CTV findings. Thus, the absolute increase in the venous thromboembolism detection rate following CTV was 12.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0–29.1]. Subcapsular hematoma of the liver or spleen was found on CTV in another two patients without venous thromboembolism. Consequently, CTV had a direct impact on clinical management in six of 33 patients (18%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that postpartum patients with suspected pulmonary embolism have a significant rate of pelvic vein thrombosis and that the use of CTV leads to a 31% relative increase in the detection rate of venous thromboembolism as compared to CTA alone in these patients.     

深静脉血栓形成及肺动脉血栓栓塞患者介入治疗的护理配合

报道16例深静脉血栓患者，其中6例合并肺动脉栓塞介入治疗的护理配合：术前做好患者的心理护理及物品的准备，术中注意患者的病情观察，与经治医生密切配合。16例治疗均成功、患者均能配合治疗，术中无并发症。介入技术是治疗深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞安全、有效的方法。进行术前心理咨询有利于患者配合治疗，术中密切监测、积极与治疗医师配合是治疗成功的保证。     

Elevated d-dimer levels predict recurrence in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis

Summary.  Background : The evidence on the optimal duration of treatment in patients with an idiopathic venous thromboembolic event (VTE) is inconclusive. d -dimer testing to predict recurrent VTE has been evaluated in several studies. Objectives : We performed a meta-analysis of studies of patients with idiopathic VTE treated with oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) to assess the prognostic value of elevated d -dimer levels 1 month after discontinuation of OAT for VTE recurrence. Patients/Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they included patients with idiopathic VTE and in addition reported results for this group separately, had measured d -dimer approximately 1 month after discontinuation of OAT and had reported on recurrence of VTE. A random-effects model was used to pool study results. Results: Data from four studies (1539 patients) were included in the current analysis. All studies reported on the number of recurrent events in the normal and elevated d -dimer groups. Overall, 125 of 751 patients (16.6%) with elevated d -dimer levels experienced recurrent VTE during the period of follow-up compared with 57 of 788 patients (7.2%) with normal d -dimer levels. Elevated d -dimer levels were significantly associated with recurrent VTE (odds ratio , 2.36; 95% CI, 1.65 to 3.36). Conclusions: Elevated d -dimer levels measured 1 month after discontinuation of OAT identify patients with idiopathic VTE at higher risk of recurrence.