兔骨髓间质干细胞修复肌腱缺损效果观察

目的　观察兔骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)修复肌腱缺损的效果。　方法　分离培养家兔MSCs,检测CD44mRNA进行鉴定。6只家兔分为实验组和对照组,每组3只。在兔跟腱处造成3cm长的缺损,实验组家兔以自体MSCs为种子细胞、以胶原聚羟基乙酸(PGA)为生物支架构建肌腱并移植于跟腱缺损处,对照组家兔仅以PGA生物支架修复跟腱缺损。于术后4、8、12周对移植部位进行大体和组织学观察。　结果　MSCs培养11d时CD44mRNA显示阳性。实验组术后8周肉眼可见移植处形成腱样组织, 12周时组织学观察可见形态一致、顺应力学方向排列于胶原中的腱样细胞,类似正常肌腱组织。对照组所形成的新生组织较实验组细小且与周围组织粘连, 12周时组织学观察见细胞排列紊乱,胶原纤维呈松散网丝状。　结论　应用组织工程技术以自体MSCs修复肌腱缺损具有可行性。     

骨髓基质干细胞成骨的研究进展

组织工程技术是目前解决大块骨与软骨组织缺损修复难题最有前景的手段之一，种子细胞是组织工程学中的重要环节。骨髓基质干细胞（bone marrow stromal cells，BMSCs）是一类具有多向分化潜能的组织干细胞，在体内外适当的诱导环境下可以分化为骨、软骨、脂肪、肌肉、神经、肌腱及韧带等多种组织细胞。该细胞群来源充足，取材方便，增殖能力强，     

自体骨髓基质干细胞在齿槽裂骨缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨人自体骨髓基质干细胞（human bone marrow stromal cells，hBMSCs）在治疗齿槽裂骨缺损中的可行性。方法2002至2005年，选择齿槽裂骨缺损患者7例（单侧6例，双侧1例），以患者自体骨髓基质干细胞为种子细胞，部分脱钙骨（partly demineralized bone matrix，pDBM）为支架材料构建组织工程骨，治疗齿槽裂骨缺损。从患者髂前上棘穿刺取骨髓，密度梯度离心法分离hBMSCs，经体外成骨诱导和扩增至第3代。将诱导的hBMSCs，复合部分脱钙骨体外培养1周后，手术回植骨缺损区。分别于术后1、3、6、12、24、36个月进行临床外形和三维CT检查随访。结果6例患者头部三维CT检查，结果示术后3个月能形成组织工程化骨，并修复骨组织缺损。术后1～3年的随访表明组织工程骨稳定存在，无明显骨吸收现象，临床治疗效果稳定。1例患者（双侧齿槽裂）植入物外露感染。结论以自体hBMSCs为种子细胞，部分脱钙骨为支架材料，利用组织工程技术可在人体内形成稳定的组织工程化骨组织，并临床修复齿槽裂骨缺损。     

成年恒河猴骨髓基质干细胞的体外培养

目的温对猴骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)进行体外培养及扩增，观察其原代及传代细胞的生长特点及生物学特点。方法 抽取4只成年猴髂骨骨髓，用全骨髓培养法进行体外培养获得BMSCs，胰酶消化传代，用条件培养基培养传代细胞。逐日倒置显微镜观察细胞生长情况，对传代细胞进行HE染色及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色。结果 成年雄性恒河猴BMSCs体外培养生长良好，原代细胞10-13d汇成单层，传代后4～7d长满瓶底。HE染色光镜下观察见BMSCs为单核细胞，细胞呈梭形、多角形，传代细胞碱性磷酸酶染色呈强阳性。结论 猴BMSc的体外培养增殖能力强，可诱导为成骨细胞，可作为灵长类动物骨组织工程的种子细胞。     

骨髓基质干细胞移植与脊髓损伤

目前，脊髓损伤（spinal cord injury，SCI）的治疗仍然是骨科领域中一个极具挑战性的课题。传统观点认为脊髓损伤是不可修复和再生的。现在认为神经元和神经胶质的丧失是脊髓损伤后神经功能永久性障碍的主要原因。由于中枢神经系统的自我修复能力有限，神经元和神经胶质无法再生修复。近年来，随着神经生物学研究和组织工程学的迅速发展，人们对神经干细胞和骨髓基质干细胞（marrow stromal cells，MSCs）研究逐渐深入，通过干细胞移植替代缺失的神经细胞有望成为治疗脊髓损伤的有效办法。     

骨髓基质中的骨源性干细胞

骨髓基质是对骨髓血系细胞起支持和连接作用的组织,并影响血系细胞分化。骨髓基质细胞包括:骨系细胞、成纤维细胞、网状细胞、脂细胞[1],此外,还包括巨噬细胞和内皮细胞。骨髓基质中含有多能干细胞,Ｏｗｅｎ称之为骨髓基质干细胞,假定这种细胞分化为定向祖细胞,后者可分化为成纤维细胞、网状细胞、脂细胞、骨源性细胞(ｏｓｔｅｏｇｅｎｉｃｃｅｌｌ)[1]。骨髓基质干细胞可以在无诱导下骨化,称为确定性骨源性前体细胞(ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｏｓｔｅｏｇｅｎｉｃｐｒｅｃｕｒｓｏｒｃｅｌｌｓ,ＤＯＰＣ),也称作骨源性干细胞(ｏｓｔｅｏｇｅｎ…     

成人骨髓基质干细胞的分离与纯化

目的利用免疫磁珠分离成人骨髓神经生长因子受体(nerve growth factor receptor,NGFR)阳性细胞,获得同质性骨髓基质干细胞(bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs).方法采用Percoll密度梯度离心法分离成人骨髓中单个核细胞(mononuclear cells,MNCs).对MNCs进行常规贴壁培养或应用磁分离技术分离NGFR+细胞.分别检测NGFR+细胞和常规贴壁培养所获BMSCs体外扩增和集落形成能力,分析其细胞表型和细胞周期,并进行成骨、成脂肪诱导.结果免疫磁珠分离获得NGFR+细胞的纯度为(90.4±4.7)%,NGFR+细胞较贴壁培养获得BMSCs具备更强增殖能力和成骨及成脂肪分化潜能.结论利用免疫磁珠分离骨髓NGFR+细胞可以获得同质性原始BMSCs.     

骨髓基质细胞与骨缺损的修复

目的综述骨髓基质细胞(marrow stromal cells，MSCs)与骨缺损修复的发展近况。方法广泛查阅近年来有关MSCs的生物学特性及其在骨缺损中的应用文献，并作综合分析。结果在适当条件下，MSCs可诱导为成骨细胞，在体内具有成骨性能。以MSCs为种子细胞的骨组织工程学方法和以其为靶细胞的基因治疗方法都可应用于骨缺损的修复。结论MSCs在骨缺损的修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

自体骨髓基质干细胞辅助Mosaicplasty技术促进骨软骨缺损修复整合

目的探讨以基于骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)的组织工程技术与自体骨软骨柱镶嵌移植术(Mosaicplasty)相结合的方法修复骨软骨及促进缺损间隙的整合效果。方法12只中国山羊于术前2周抽取骨髓,体外培养自体BMSCs。术中以自制器械分别制造山羊双后肢股骨内髁负重区直径5 mm、深3 mm的复合骨软骨缺损各一处。在Mosaicplasty技术填充缺损后,即以动物自体BMSCs与透明质酸凝胶相复合,注射填充于左后肢骨软骨柱之间及与周围组织的间隙内,右后肢单纯自体骨软骨柱移植作为对照组。术后第4、8、16周分别取材进行组织学、组织化学及蛋白聚糖含量等检测。比较16周时两组的缺损区惨复软骨组织与正常软骨的蛋白聚糖含量。结果两组自体骨软骨柱移植软骨均以透明软骨存活,与周围正常软骨间无明显差异。实验组骨软骨柱的间隙内可见新生软骨修复,组织学表现与周围正常软骨相同。交界区整合良好,间隙消失;对照组各时间点软骨间的间隙为纤维组织或纤维软骨填充,仍有间隙存留。移植软骨的基质、实验组骨软骨柱间隙内的新生软骨基质及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色均为阳性。蛋白聚糖含量比较显示,对照组骨软骨柱间隙内新生组织的蛋白聚糖含量均低于正常软骨和实验组,差异有显著性意义(P< 0．05)。结论基于BMSCs的组织工程技术结合Mosaicplasty技术,可以有效地促进骨软骨缺损间隙的整合,改善修复效果好,有望成为一种理想的促进骨软骨缺损修复的方法。     

骨髓基质干细胞与珊瑚复合物体内回植时间的研究

目的　探索骨髓基质干细胞和珊瑚复合物的体内回植时间。方法　骨髓基质干细胞经成骨诱导分化后与珊瑚复合 ,体外培养 1、3、5、7d时行相差显镜镜、扫描电镜观察 ,并行裸鼠皮下回植。结果　 3d时 ,骨髓基质干细胞与珊瑚达到较好的复合状态 ,皮下回植有新骨形成。结论骨髓基质干细胞与珊瑚复合后体外培养 3d时就可以体内回植。     

Mesenchymal stem cells for bone, cartilage, tendon and skeletal muscle repair

Literature data concerning the biology and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become huge in less than 10 years, although some of these data still remain contradictory. MSCs seem to be a very promising tool for cell therapy because of their peculiar characteristics, which mimic partially those of embryonic stem cells, but with some advantages in terms of availability, expandability, transplantability, and ethical implications. We discuss here the potential use of MSCs in degenerative or inflammatory diseases involving bone, cartilage, tendon and muscle tissues, on the basis of the experimental evidence.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that can be readily harvested from adult bone marrow and adipose tissue, but also umbilical cords. With respect to respiratory disease, the therapeutic potential of these cells lies in their paracrine effects which underlie their ability to enhance tissue regeneration and modulate immune responses. MSCs have been shown to be effective in a range of murine models of respiratory disease, and there are currently five clinical trials involving the administration of MSCs for respiratory diseases, including COPD and emphysema. This paper summarises the features of MSCs.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

Stem cells have two features: the ability to differentiate along different lineages and the ability of self-renewal. Two major types of stem cells have been described, namely, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and are associated with tumorigenesis, and the use of human ESCs involves ethical and legal considerations. The use of adult mesenchymal stem cells is less problematic with regard to these issues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that have the ability to self-renew and also exhibit multilineage differentiation. MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues, such as umbilical cord, endometrial polyps, menses blood, bone marrow, adipose tissue, etc. This is because the ease of harvest and quantity obtained make these sources most practical for experimental and possible clinical applications. Recently, MSCs have been found in new sources, such as menstrual blood and endometrium. There are likely more sources of MSCs waiting to be discovered, and MSCs may be a good candidate for future experimental or clinical applications. One of the major challenges is to elucidate the mechanisms of differentiation, mobilization, and homing of MSCs, which are highly complex. The multipotent properties of MSCs make them an attractive choice for possible development of clinical applications. Future studies should explore the role of MSCs in differentiation, transplantation, and immune response in various diseases.     

Mesenchymal stem cells.

Bone and cartilage formation in the embryo and repair and turnover in the adult involve the progeny of a small number of cells called mesenchymal stem cells. These cells divide, and their progeny become committed to a specific and distinctive phenotypic pathway, a lineage with discrete steps and, finally, end-stage cells involved with fabrication of a unique tissue type, e.g., cartilage or bone. Local cuing (extrinsic factors) and the genomic potential (intrinsic factors) interact at each lineage step to control the rate and characteristic phenotype of the cells in the emerging tissue. The study of these mesenchymal stem cells, whether isolated from embryos or adults, provides the basis for the emergence of a new therapeutic technology of self-cell repair. The isolation, mitotic expansion, and site-directed delivery of autologous stem cells can govern the rapid and specific repair of skeletal tissues.     

Mesenchymal stem cells are a rescue approach for recovery of deteriorating kidney function

Aim: Stem cell (SC) therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is urgently needed. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is a possible new therapeutic modality. Our work aimed to isolate human MSC from adult bone marrow to improve kidney functions in CKD patients. Methods: In our study 30 patients with impaired kidney function were included, their ages ranged from 22 to 68 years. They included 10 inactive glomerulonephritis patients due to systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) (group I), 10 renal transplantation cases (group II) and 10 patients of other aetiologies as the control group. Fifty millilitres of bone marrow was aspirated from the iliac bone, for separation of MSC. Results: There was a highly statistically significant difference between both CD271 and CD29 before and after culture with increase of both markers at end of culture, P < 0.01. Finally 50–70 million MSC in 10 mL saline (0.7–1.0 × 10⁶ MSC/kg body weight) were infused intravenously in two divided doses one week apart. There was a highly statistically significant difference between each of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance levels before and after MSC injection at 1, 3 and 6 months post‐infusion with SLE cases showing a greater decline of their serum creatinine and elevation of mean creatinine clearance levels after injection than transplantation and control groups, P < 0.05. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cells therapy is a potential therapeutic modality for early phases of CKD.     

Mesenchymal stem cells and transplant tolerance

Different strategies are being tried to induce transplant tolerance in clinical settings; however, none of them are both safe and effective. Mesenchymal stem cells have been found to be potent immunomodulators and immunosuppressants. We discuss in this review different sources of mesenchymal stem cells and the potent role of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in induction of transplant tolerance including when to use them and how to use them for achieving the Utopian dream of transplant tolerance.