中高危组肺栓塞溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性

对于中高危组急性肺栓塞的治疗,长期以来国内外肺栓塞诊疗指南都推荐单纯抗凝治疗,但临床上一直存在争议。争议的焦点主要是溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。近年来的大多数随机对照临床试验证实,中高危组急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗确实难以降低患者病死率,但是可以更快降低肺动脉压和改善右心室功能,而且能够降低血流动力学代偿失调的发生率。与单纯抗凝治疗相比,虽然溶栓治疗增加危害性很小的轻微出血(minor bleeding)发生率,但并不增加严重出血(major bleeding)发生率,安全性较好。     

Efficacy and safety of catheter-directed interventional therapy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

<正>Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of catheter-directed interventional therapy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism(PE). Methods PE was diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography(CTPA). After risk stratification,a total of 79 PE patients (age (58. 9±14. 9) years old) were treated with catheter-directed interventional therapy via pulmonary vessels. The changes of pulmonary hemodynamics were compared before and     

Efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment with direct oral anticoagulation in pulmonary embolism

Anticoagulant treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) has traditionally been hospital-based. The lesser need for monitoring with the increasingly used direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in comparison to warfarin potentially facilitates outpatient treatment of PE with these drugs. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of outpatient treatment of PE with DOAC. We extracted data from the Swedish quality registry for patients on oral anticoagulation (AuriculA) for all 245 patients in the southernmost hospital region in Sweden (1.3 million inhabitants) selected for outpatient treatment with of PE with DOAC during 2013–2015. Comorbidites, risk factors, and simplified pulmonary embolism severity index were evaluated at baseline, and death, recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and bleeding was recorded during 6 months of follow-up. Outpatient treatment was defined as discharge from the emergency department within 24 h. During 6 months of follow-up, one patient died during DOAC therapy, the cause of death was unrelated to VTE. No VTE recurrences occured, whereas, one patient experienced major bleeding, and five patients experienced minor bleedings. Outpatient treatment of PE with DOAC is efficient and safe in selected patients.     

Massive pulmonary embolism immediately diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography and treated with tenecteplase fibrinolysis

We report the case of a 75-year-old woman with new onset dyspnoea, hypotension, and right bundle branch block. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a thrombus in the right pulmonary artery and acute pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. The patient immediately underwent fibrinolysis with tenecteplase, with prompt recovery of clinical conditions and ECG anomalies. Bedside TTE might be helpful for immediate diagnosis of massive PE needing rapid treatment by fibrinolysis.     

Massive pulmonary embolism with ST elevation in leads V1-V3 and successful thrombolysis with tenecteplase

A 42 year old woman was referred to the emergency department from the radiology department after having a syncopal episode during a triplex examination of the lower extremities for acute painful right leg swelling five hours earlier that morning. She had no significant medical history, smoked 3-5 cigarettes a day, and had been taking contraceptive medication for menorrhagia for the preceding three months. On presentation she was cyanotic, dyspnoeic, and haemodynamically unstable. ECG showed sinus tachycardia of 120 beats/min with ST elevations from V1 through V3 mimicking anteroseptal acute myocardial infarction. Ten minutes after presentation she was thrombolysed with 80 mg tenecteplase leading to ST elevation resolution and remarkable haemodynamic recovery after 20 minutes. This case shows how pulmonary embolism can mimic anteroseptal acute myocardial infarction on ECG and the life saving results from rapid thrombolysis with tenecteplase.     

An unusual presentation of massive pulmonary embolism mimicking septal acute myocardial infarction treated with tenecteplase

A 31-year-old man (175 cm, 82 kg) was referred to the emergency department 2 h after the sudden onset of acute dyspnea. Immediate ECG showed sinus tachycardia with ST elevations from V1 through V2 and a diagnosis of septal acute myocardial infarction was made. ECG on admission to the cardiology department showed the same results plus the S1–Q3–T3 pattern. Echocardiogram revealed a normally contracting left ventricle, a distended right ventricle with free wall hypokinesia and displacement of the interventricular septum towards the left ventricle. Thrombolytic therapy with tenecteplase 8000 IU and heparin 5000 IU was administered 5–10 min after hospitalisation and the patient was haemodynamically stable 30 min later. Echocardiogram performed 12 h after thrombolysis showed a normal left ventricle and a less distended right ventricle. Lung spiral computed tomography (CT) and lower abdominal CT on the fourth day showed large emboli in the inferior pulmonary arteries of the right and left lung. Rarely, massive pulmonary embolism may mimic anteroseptal acute myocardial infarction on ECG and this case demonstrates the utility of echocardiography for a differential diagnosis, as well as the efficacy of tenecteplase for thrombolytic therapy.     

Efficacy and safety of high dose versus low dose streptokinase for treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population, the established treatment for PE is anticoagulation. It has previously been demonstrated that thrombolytic therapy can be lifesaving in patients with massive PE (haemodynamic instability and right heart failure). However, the use of thrombolytic therapy in patients with submassive PE (haemodynamically stable) remains a controversial topic. Recent clinical studies, however, support evidence that thrombolysis may favorably affect the outcomes in a wider spectrum of high risk PE patients presenting with right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) as evidenced by decreased right ventricular end diastolic diameter (RVEDD), disappearance of paradoxical septal motion (PSM), and tricuspid regurge (TR) as well as decrease in the pulmonary artery pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high dose streptokinase (SK) in 1 h versus low dose SK in 24 h in patients with submassive PE and RVD (high risk PE). The study included 60 patients (28 males and 32 females, mean age 45.5 ± 13.6 years) with submassive PE (positive spiral CT chest) and RVD (proved by echocardiography). Those without contraindications to SK were randomly assigned to receive either high dose (group I) or low dose (group II) of SK. Those with contraindication(s) to SK received anticoagulation (group III). Echocardiography was done before and 72 h after treatment. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVEDD, PSM, and TR) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) improved significantly 72 h after treatment in groups I and II, while a slight improvement in PAP was observed after treatment in group III. No significant difference was noticed between groups I and II regarding the effect of treatment on RVD or PAP. Statistically nonsignificant difference was found between groups I and II regarding the complications of SK, however a slightly higher risk of bleeding was observed in group I (high dose SK). No significant difference was found between the three groups regarding the mortality. These data suggest that SK can rapidly and safely reverse the pulmonary hypertension and RVD in contrast to anticoagulation. Both protocols of SK are equieffective in rapid reversal of RVD and pulmonary hypertension. Both protocols were safe as proved by absence of difference in mortality over anticoagulant group.     

Efficacy and safety of single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in Chinese patients with acute myocardial infarction

Following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), early and complete epicardial reperfusion is asso- ciated with improved survival.1 For decades, the only avail- able pharmacologic intervention aimed at reperfusion was intravenous streptokinase (SK). The efficacy of (SK) was firmly established in the Italian Group for the Study of Strep- tokinase in Myocardial Infarction (GISSI-1) trial, which re- ported an 18% relative reduction in mortality among pa- tients presenting with STEMI within 12 hours after the on- set of symptoms.2 Despite the fact that tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) is associated more rapid dissolution of     

肺栓塞严重指数评分为中危患者抗凝治疗的疗效评价

目的:探讨依据肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)评分为中危肺栓塞(PTE)患者抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:对2010年1月至2015年1月住院抗凝治疗的PESI评分为中度危险患者88例,出院后接受持续3个月以上的华法林治疗,依据出院前情况判断短期疗效,出院后随访至少1年时间,分析随访结束前超声心动图、下肢血管彩超情况,观察出血发生率。结果:88例患者短期疗效,总有效率(治愈、显效及好转)86.4%,PESIⅢ级无死亡病例,PESIⅣ级有1例患者死亡,病死率1.1%。患者出院前与入院时血气分析、心肌损伤标志物对照,pH值差异无统计学意义,PaCO_2、PO_2和SO_2较前上升,TNT及BNP明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。急性期和随访期间对比,肺动脉收缩压、三尖瓣反流率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),右心室左右径无明显差别。PTE急性期下肢深静脉血栓,随访期间血栓再通率61.5%,PTE急性期及随访过程中,总体出血率4.6%,所有病例无PTE复发。结论:依据肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)评分为中危肺栓塞(PTE)患者抗凝治疗是安全有效的。     

Efficacy of thrombolytic agents in the treatment of pulmonary embolism.

Recent guidelines recommend bolus-dose alteplase for treating massive pulmonary embolism (PE). However, the safest and most effective treatment is as yet unknown. In the present study, a meta-analysis of published studies of alteplase infusion, bolus-dose alteplase and streptokinase was performed. The outcome measures were as follows: objective assessment of thrombolysis; all-cause mortality; deaths due to initial PE, major bleeding episodes and recurrent PE; and morbidity. In total, 26 studies were identified; however, only two comparative studies of alteplase infusion versus either bolus-dose alteplase or streptokinase were found. Meta-analysis revealed no significant difference between the three regimens, but was compromised by a paucity of data. Crude analysis of summated data on thrombolytic efficacy from all studies revealed that alteplase infusion was more effective than bolus-dose alteplase (relative risk (RR): 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19-3.2), whereas streptokinase was more effective than alteplase infusion (RR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09-1.47). Alteplase infusion had a lower mortality due to the initial PE than both bolus-dose alteplase and streptokinase (RR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.05-0.59 and RR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04-0.46, respectively). In conclusion, this evidence suggests that the three thrombolytic agents may vary in efficacy. However, large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.     

不同抗凝方案对老年肺栓塞患者的疗效分析

目的探讨不同抗凝方案对老年肺栓塞患者的疗效及影响。方法回顾性连续纳入2010年1月至2015年7月上海市嘉定区中心医院收治的老年肺栓塞患者70例。所有患者均给予低分子肝素及华法林维持抗凝治疗。根据抗凝目标国际标准化比值(INR)是否达到2.5,将患者分为高抗凝组(n=23,INR≥2.5)和低抗凝组(n=47,INR2.5),比较2组患者的华法林用量调整情况、抗凝疗效及影响。应用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型采用t检验、非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验)、卡方检验或Fisher确切检验进行比较。结果所有老年肺栓塞患者的临床表现以呼吸困难(68.6%)和肺动脉压增高(60.0%)为主;相对于低抗凝组,高抗凝组的目标INR水平显著增高[(2.94±0.33)vs(1.95±0.33),P0.001],同时,调整后的华法林用量[(1.61±0.51)vs(2.33±0.54)mg,P0.001]显著降低,且中途停药调整率显著增加(52.2%vs 12.8%,P0.001),而临床疗效、出血事件及消化道症状等方面均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论对于老年肺栓塞患者的维持治疗,相对于高抗凝治疗方案,低抗凝治疗能达到同样有效的疗效,且能显著降低维持治疗过程中需中途调整华法林剂量的比率。     

Low-dose tenecteplase during cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to massive pulmonary embolism: a case report and review of previously reported cases.

The case of a 29 year-old man who suffered a cardiac arrest due to a massive pulmonary embolism while he was undergoing surgical repair of a complex tibial plateau fracture is presented. After 70 min of unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation a bolus of 20 mg tenecteplase was given, with a return of spontaneous circulation 2 min after administration of the drug. Pulmonary embolism was subsequently demonstrated on a pulmonary angiogram. To our knowledge this is the first report to show that the use of a low dose of tenecteplase might be useful to achieve the return of spontaneous circulation in the resuscitation of patients with cardiac arrest secondary to massive pulmonary embolism. Previously reported cases are reviewed.     

Effectiveness and safety of bolus administration of alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism.

Animal studies have demonstrated that thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is accelerated and that bleeding is reduced when rt-PA is infused over a short period. Previous clinical studies in patients with venous thromboembolism have shown that rt-PA is an effective thrombolytic agent when administered by continuous infusion over 2 to 24 hours. Clinical experience of bolus rt-PA administration in patients with massive acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is, however, limited. A prospective open study was conducted in which 54 patients with massive PE (Miller index > or = 20 of 34) received a 10-minute infusion of rt-PA at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Perfusion lung scanning was used to assess the change in pulmonary perfusion after drug administration. At 48 hours and 10 days, the mean absolute improvements in the perfusion defect were 11 and 31%, respectively. In addition, a significant clinical improvement occurred within 2 hours in 11 of the 15 shocked patients. Five patients died (9%) as a result of persistent shock (3 patients), neurologic damage (1 patient) or intracranial bleeding (1 patient). Major bleeding occurred in 8 patients (15%). Long-term follow-up information was available for 44 of the 49 discharged patients: 2 had died and 12 (27%) complained of persistent exertional dyspnea, 7 of whom had an associated heart or lung disease or chronic thromboembolism at admission. These results suggest that a bolus regimen of rt-PA could provide a convenient approach to thrombolytic therapy in patients with massive PE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Efficacy and safety of sildenafil added to treprostinil in pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by abnormalities in endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. Prostacyclin released by endothelial cells is a potent vasodilator by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Sildenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5, increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the lungs, producing vasodilation. To test for a therapeutic benefit of the combination of a prostacyclin analogue, subcutaneous treprostinil, and sildenafil, a proof-of-concept, open-label investigational trial was initiated. Subjects with PAH in World Health Organization (WHO) functional classes II to IV receiving subcutaneous treprostinil for > or =6 months were evaluated with an exercise treadmill test using the Naughton-Balke protocol at baseline and after 12 weeks. Sildenafil 50 mg 3 times daily was added to the treprostinil. Mean treadmill times in seconds were compared before and after 12 weeks of therapy. Nine subjects enrolled in the trial; 7 were women (mean age 35 years). At baseline, 3 subjects were in WHO functional class II and 6 subjects were in WHO functional class III. The mean treadmill time at baseline was 465 +/- 167 seconds and at 12 weeks was 656 +/- 205 seconds (42% improvement, p = 0.049). All patients had symptomatic improvement. In conclusion, this pilot study of subcutaneous treprostinil with sildenafil for PAH suggests additive beneficial effects.     

Unusual pulmonary embolism: septic pulmonary embolism and amniotic fluid embolism.

BACKGROUND: Septic and amniotic fluid emboli are rare sources of pulmonary embolism (PE), so the present study sought to elucidate the background of these cases. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 11,367 PE cases were identified from 396,982 postmortem examinations. The incidence of septic PE was 247 (2.2%) of the total. The origin of infection was found in 85.6% of the cases. Fungal embolus was detected more often than bacterial embolus. The most frequently detected fungus was aspergillus (20.8%). The primary disease associated with fungal embolus was leukemia (43.2%). The incidence of PE cases associated with pregnancy and/or delivery was 89 (0.8%) of the total PE cases. Among them, amniotic fluid embolism was found in 33 (73.3%) of 45 PE cases with vaginal delivery, and in 7 (21.2%) of 33 PE cases with cesarean delivery (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Fungal embolus was more frequent than bacterial embolus, and leukemia was most frequent as the primary disease in cases of fungal embolus. The main cause of PE in cesarean section cases was thrombotic embolism, and the main cause in vaginal delivery cases was amniotic fluid embolism.     

阿替普酶初始溶栓序贯抗凝治疗老年急性次大面积肺栓塞疗效与安全性的meta分析

目的:系统评价阿替普酶初始溶栓序贯抗凝治疗老年急性次大面积肺栓塞(ASPE)的疗效与安全性。方法:检索中国知网、维普数据、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据、Medline、Embase、PubMed、The Cochrane Library、Clinical Trials,收集阿替普酶溶栓序贯抗凝对比单纯抗凝治疗ASP...     

经皮腔内肺动脉成形术治疗慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的有效性及安全性评估

目的评估经皮腔内肺动脉成形术(PTPA)治疗慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者的有效性和安全性。方法该研究为前瞻性单臂试验。纳入2017年1月至2019年6月武汉亚洲心脏病医院心外科确诊的CTEPH患者。以明确诊断CTEPH的时间为基线, 收集入选患者的基线临床资料, 包括年龄、性别、世界卫生组织(WHO)功能分级、6 min步行距离、N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)水平以及右心导管测定的血流动力学指标等。患者分次行PTPA, 统计每位患者扩张血管数, 术后24周随访并复查右心导管。记录手术安全性指标, 包括全因死亡、围术期并发症、再灌注肺水肿等。结果共入选患者19例, 年龄(56.3±12.5)岁, 男性7例。入选患者分别进行了1～7次PTPA, 总计56次, 累计扩张肺动脉260支, 每次扩张血管(5.14±2.36)支。共13例患者测定了6 min步行距离, 为(307±130)m。入选患者PTPA术后均自述体力明显改善, 尤其以第一次手术后为著。PTPA术后24周, 入选患者平均肺动脉压由基线的(40.11±7.55)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)...