阳痿的系统诊断阶梯治疗

目的：探讨阳痿的诊断与治疗方法。方法：对２００例阳痿病人进行系统诊断与阶梯治疗。其系统诊断法为经病史、查体、实验室检查、常规进行罂粟碱试验，可分别进行内分泌测定、ＰＢＩ测定、超声多普勒血流图测定、灌注性海绵体造影、球海棉体反射潜伏时间的测定等。治疗选择阶梯疗法：第一阶梯采取性感集中训练法，药物疗法，盆底括约肌锻炼法；第二创梯进一步合用ＶＣＤ疗法，化学假体疗法；第三阶梯采用手术治疗，包括背深静脉动脉     

阴茎勃起功能障碍诊断方法探讨

目的　探讨阴茎勃起功能障碍 (ED)的诊断方法。　方法　对 186例阴茎勃起功能障碍患者分别采取国际勃起功能评分 (IIEF 5 )、阴茎海绵体注射 (ICI)试验、血清性激素 (LH、T、PRL和E2 )测定、阴茎彩色双功能超声、阴茎海绵体造影及球海绵体肌反射潜伏时间等检查。　结果　有186、71、2 8、4 5、2 1和 17例患者分别接受了上述检查 ,诊断心理性ED 4 6例 ,动脉性ED 6例 ,静脉性ED 15例 ,内分泌性ED 3例 ,神经性ED 3例 ,混合性ED 10例 ,原因不明 10 3例。　结论　ED是高度个性化疾病 ,针对患者不同情况采取相应的诊断方法 ,有利于选择高效、经济、安全的治疗方法。     

双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像对血管性阳萎的诊断分析

５９例阳萎患者海绵体内注射罂粟硷前后的双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像，与阴茎血压、灌注性阴茎海绵体造影和部分手术结果进行分析对比，发现１１例血管正常（１９％），１９例动脉功能不全（３２％），２９例静脉漏（４９％）。对阴茎海绵体双功能超声和彩色多普勒显像诊断血管性阳萎的临床价值作了探讨。     

多普勒超声在静脉性勃起功能障碍诊断中的应用价值研究

目的：探讨Doppler超声在静脉性勃起功能障碍（ED）诊断中的应用价值。方法：10例静脉性ED者在阴茎海绵体内血管活性药物注射（ICI）后，行Doppler超声检查，并同时海绵体内灌注生理盐水，动态观察不同勃起状态海绵体动脉舒张期血流变化，30例心理性ED者仅ICI后行Doppler超声检查作对照。结果：静脉性ED者在勃起硬度差时，海绵体动脉舒张期表现为前向血流（正值表示），随着海绵体内生理盐水灌注后，勃起硬度逐渐增加，舒张末期血流消失；达正常勃起时，舒张期表现逆向血清（负值表示）。心理性ED者在阴茎膨胀期、海绵体动脉舒张期表现前向血流，正常勃起时，舒张期表现逆向血流。结论：在海绵体动脉供血正常情况下，静脉关闭障碍导致海绵体内压受损，舒张期出现血流动力学异常，前向血流为一特征性表现，因此Doppler超声在静脉性勃起功能障百的诊断中具有一定价值。     

静脉性阳萎的诊断与外科治疗

报告对23例静脉性阳萎的诊治体会,提出确立诊断须依据:①病史、体检和实验室检查没有提示其他类型阳萎的阳性结果;②特殊检查须有:罌粟碱试验阴性,阴茎-臂动脉血压指数≥0.75,海绵体灌注试验结果不正常,快速灌注海绵体造影显示静脉漏。治疗根据静脉漏类型选择不同的手术方法。经3～22个月的随访,性功能恢复正常或能进行性交者达76.2%。疗效不佳为筛选诊断技术不够完善、并存的心理因素未解除或静脉漏阻断不全所致。阴茎脚静脉漏尚缺乏理想疗法。作者设计的经会阴施行阴茎深静脉结扎术,对阻断阴茎脚静脉漏的疗效比较满意。     

高流入性、动脉性阴茎异常勃起(附二例报告)

报告２例高流入性、动脉性阴茎异常勃起病例，并较详细地阐述了其发病机理，诊断和治疗。２例均为外伤后所致及延迟性发作，经选择性阴部内动脉造影证实，海绵体动脉窦状隙瘘是诊断的主要依据。２例均经超选择性海绵体动脉栓塞治疗，术后勃起功能恢复正常。结果认为超选择性海绵体动脉栓塞术是治疗动脉性阴茎异常勃起的安全有效方法。     

16例静脉漏性阳萎手术治疗的远期疗效观察

１９９０年以来，我们对确诊为静脉漏性阳萎的１６例病人进行了手术治疗，报告如下。临床资料１．对象：１６例患者，汉族１０例，维吾尔族４例，回族２例；已婚１２人，其中６人因性功能障碍离婚，未婚４人。年龄２５～５３岁。病程１～８年。２．诊断方法：全部病人通过询问病史、查体、心理学咨询、阴茎夜间勃起测定及罂粟碱试验除外心理性阳萎；通过球海绵体肌反射时间测定等神经系统检查，排除神经性阳萎；通过测定血糖、血清睾酮和黄体生成素，排除内分泌性阳萎。然后选择罂粟碱试验阴性，并经过动态阴茎海绵体造影，证实有阴茎背深静…     

VISER检查鉴别心理性与器质性勃起功能障碍(附320例报告)

目的应用VISER鉴别心理性与器质性ED并利用该方法对心理性ED严重性进行客观分级。方法320例ED患者接受了VISER检查。首先海绵体内注射罂粟硷10mg；未诱发勃起，药物剂量增至30mg。将药物试验阳性者定义为心理性ED，并根据海绵体压力、波幅形态以及药物剂量将心理性ED分为轻、中、重二度。两次检查均失败者，行阴茎彩色多普勒超声和海绵体造影检查。结果本组中，心理性ED占81．9％，其中轻度、中度和重度者分别占19．8％，60．7％和19．5％。在部分病例中，检查结果与Zung氏抑郁量表评分具有一定相关性。33例接受阴茎多普勒超声或海绵体造影检查提示，正常13例，动脉性ED5例，静脉性ED9例，动脉静脉混合性ED6例。结论VISER有助于签别心理性与器质性ED，依据其结果对心理性ED严重程度进行客观分级，便于对患者选择有针对性的治疗。     

静脉性阳萎

大量的研究证明,阴茎正常勃起必须具备三个条件:①动脉主动扩张,海绵体血流量增加;②海绵体窦状隙(sinusold)松弛扩张充血;③海绵体静脉被动受压和主动收缩,阻力增高。另外还需有一个正常的白膜。这些条件中任何一个或多个有缺陷即可发生阳萎。静脉性阳萎即由静脉系统缺陷引起的阳萎。静脉性阳萎占阳萎发病率的25％,大都可准确定位并经手术治疗取得较好的效果(约80％)。     

多功能彩超多普勒在阳痿诊断中的应用

作者１９９３年以来，用多功能二联超声多普勒电脑声象仪检测阳痿患者阴茎血流图共３６例。并以同一人所作的夜间阴茎膨胀实验、阴茎及肱动脉血压指数、海绵体内药物注射或海绵体测压造影等检查作比较，以研究其相关性。结果发现与海绵体测压造影及阴茎及肱动脉血压指数有较好相关性，分别为７１．４％与５５．０％。作者认为此检查对血管性阳痿患者的诊断标准可提供有用的资料。     

Erectile dysfunction: anatomical parameters, etiology, diagnosis, and therapy

Functional anatomy of the human penis involves various parameters: cavernous tissue, covering integument, prepuce foreskin, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, glans, facia, arterial supply, venous drainage, lymph drainage, musculature, and nerve supply. Several factors affect the expression/degree of erectile dysfunction (ED) endocrine profile, aging/senescence, demyelinating diseases, and surgery. Risk factors of ED are: age, vascular factors, metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus), neurologic diseases, and HIV/AIDS. Several drugs are associated with ED: antiandrogenic, anticholinergic, antidepressants, antihypertensive, major tranquilizers, anxiolytics, and certain medicines/metabolites. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. The main structures mediating erection are the corpora cavernosa or "erectile bodies," which are fused distally for approximately three-quarters of their length. They separate proximally to fuse with each ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. On their ventral surface lies the corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra. Coital dysfunction is classified into "erectile dysfunction" (psychosexual and endocrine/neuro-endocrine) and "ejaculatory dysfunction" (psychosexual, and genitourinary surgery). Vasculogenic impotence was evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography and pulsed Doppler spectrum analysis. Cavernosal, alpha-blockade is a technique used to evaluate and treat ED. Another diagnostic procedure for ED involves color floro and spectural Doppler imaging after papaverine-induced erection in impotent men. Color Doppler and duplex ultrasonography are used to evaluate Peyronie's disease. Sildenafil cilrate (Viagra) is an effective therapy of ED in men. Vardenavil is a highly selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor which improved ED. Prostagland E1, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and phentolamine mesylate (administered by autoinjectors) have been applied to treat ED in patients resistant to other intracavernosal agents. Clinical trials were conducted on self-injection of vasoactive drugs, apomorphine SL, and tadalafil in diabetic men. Medical therapy of ED includes: medicated urethral system for erection (MUSE), intravenous pharmacotherapy, arterial revascularization, vacuum devices, two- and three-component inflatable penile prosthesis, semi-rigid penile prosthesis in situ, and inflatable one-piece penile prosthesis. Surgical therapy include procedures to correct Peyronie's penile deformity and penile deformity, procedures to avoid inevitable shortening accompanying Nesbit's disease, and for penile lengthening.     

Suction device therapy in the management of erectile impotence

The ErecAid System is based on the simple concept of entrapment of blood in the penis following vacuum-assisted penile engorgement by proximally placed elastic constriction bands. The SYNERGIST Erection System is a semirigid external appliance shaped like a condom that is left on the penis after vacuum tumescence has been achieved. Both devices can be used safely by any man who feels that he has an impotence problem, and the outcome is fairly predictable. These devices seem to be especially effective in men with partial impotence, and they offer the impotent man an alternative to surgical placement of penile prosthesis, a surgical revascularization procedure, intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs, or sexual abstinence. These devices appear to be safe and relatively inexpensive ways for the impotent man to make his penis rigid enough to engage in sexual intercourse. An impotent man who selects suction-device therapy may still be able to use other forms of treatment should he need or choose it.     

Management of erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy

Radical prostatectomy is the standard treatment for organ/ specimen-confined prostate cancer, yet erectile dysfunction in selected series is still reported as high as 90% after this procedure. Thus, most men need adjuvant treatments to be sexually active following radical prostatectomy. These include vacuum constriction devices, intracorporeal injections of vasoactive drugs, and transurethral dilators, all of which have reported response rates of 50% to 70%. Unfortunately, long-term compliance is suboptimal, with a discontinuation rate of nearly 50% at one year. These non-oral options should be offered on an individual basis to patients who have failed oral therapy since efficacy and compliance vary. Also, these options should be considered in the early postoperative period to enhance sexual activity and penile oxygenation, which may prevent corporeal fibrosis. Early penile rehabilitation with intracavernosal injections or vacuum constriction devices should be encouraged to increase chances for recovery of rigid erections. In patients with some preservation of nerve tissue, oral sildenafil may be effective in promoting an earlier return of erectile function. The potential impact of sildenafil and other new oral therapies should encourage urologists to continue to perform and perfect the nerve-sparing approach.     

Erectile dysfunction after kidney transplantation: our 22 years of experience

AIM: To evaluate the results of treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in kidney transplant recipients before and after the advent of sildenafil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1981 through 2002, 971 male patients of mean age 53.4 years received a renal graft. Erectile dysfunction (ED) was investigated in all patients at the first urologic visit posttransplantation. Psycho-sexual support was offered to all patients. Before sildenafil use (1998), our diagnostic approach was complex. From 1998 we tested: serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, and glucose with penile duplex ultrasonography and NPT reserved for selected cases. RESULTS: From 1981 through 1998, 365 male kidney transplant recipients (45%) reported ED. Only 169 patients chose to be treated: 27 responded to psycho-sexual therapy; 3 received testosterone with benefit; 133 had a good results from intracavernosal injection of vasoactive drugs; and 6 received a penile prosthesis. Since 1998, 126 patients reported ED (78.3%). Only 78 chose treatment: 24 patients had a satisfactory response to sildenafil (65% with 50 mg and 35% with 100 mg). PGE1 alone or in combination with papaverine and phentolamine produced a good response in 37 patients; 17 patients did not respond to pharmacotherapy; and 5 received a tricomponent penile prosthesis without complications. The side effects of sildenafil and PGE1 therapy were similar to those reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: ED is an important problem in male renal transplant recipients. Cultural resistance to treatment is common. However, treatment with sildenafil citrate and intracavernosal self-injection of PGE1 are well accepted, and prosthetic devices may help in resistant cases.     

Studies on intracavernosal VIP levels during pharmacologically induced penile erections

Intracavernosal and peripheral venous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels were measured in men with predominantly organic or predominantly psychogenic impotence. The measurements were taken at intervals up to 30 min following intracavernosal injections of saline, papaverine hydrochloride and papaverine hydrochloride and phentolamine. Levels were also measured after tactile and visual sexual stimulation and following an intravenous injection of papaverine and phentolamine. A penile erection occurred in all men receiving intracavernosal vasoactive compounds. The mean VIP concentration did not alter significantly in either cavernosal or peripheral venous blood during the erection. Mean VIP concentrations were significantly greater in the neurogenic (all diabetic) group than in the other groups studied. Mean cavernosal and peripheral VIP concentrations did not alter following tactile or visual sexual stimulation and no significant alteration in mean peripheral venous VIP concentration occurred following injection of papaverine and phentolamine. The putative role of VIP in the induction of penile erection has not been elucidated in these studies.     

The treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with neurogenic disease

Erectile dysfunction (ED) related to compromise of the nervous system is an increasingly common occurrence. This may be due to the multifactorial nature of ED, the myriad of disorders affecting the neurotransmission of erectogenic signals, and improved awareness and diagnosis of ED. Nevertheless, neurogenic ED remains poorly understood and characterized. Disease related factors such as depression, decreased physical and mental function, the burden of chronic illness, and loss of independence may preclude sexual intimacy and lead to ED as well. The amount of data regarding treatment options in subpopulations of differing neurologic disorders remains scarce except for men with spinal cord injury. The treatment options including phosphodiesterase inhibitors, intracavernosal or intraurethral vasoactive agents, vacuum erection devices (VED) and penile prosthetic implantation remain constant. This review discusses the options in specific neurologic conditions, and briefly provides insight into new and future developments that may reshape the management of neurogenic ED.     

Rabbits as models for impotence research

The anesthetized rabbit model is useful and has many advantages: ability to perform neurophysiological studies; more administration routes, including intracavernous injection; haemodynamic measurements in parallel to measurements of intracavernous pressure or penile volume; and direct measurement of intracavernosal pressure and blood flow. This model has been evaluated with many different types of drugs. The conscious rabbit model is a simple and valid model for the assessment of compounds with potential for treatment of ED. It offers several methodological advantages as a screening model for compounds with erection stimulating properties. It was clearly successful in demonstrating the efficacy and the mechanism of the new potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil. The model was also effective in demonstrating erection-generating properties through other mechanisms, eg PDE3 inhibitors and alpha-receptor blockers. In conclusion, both anaesthetized rabbit model and the newly developed conscious-rabbit models are well-suited for studies in impotence research.     

Assessment of the immediate and long-term effects of pharmacologically induced penile erections in the treatment of psychogenic and organic impotence

Thirty-eight patients with predominantly organic and 29 with psychogenic impotence had intracavernosal injections of a combination of 30 mg papaverine and 1 mg phentolamine on at least one occasion. An immediate increase in length and penile rigidity resulted in all subjects. Eighteen of the organic patients subsequently developed spontaneous erections for periods ranging from 1 week to 1 month. Nineteen of the 24 patients in the psychogenic group had spontaneous erections, five for at least 4 months and 14 for 2 to 8 weeks. Increasing the dose was of benefit only to organic patients who initially had a poor response. Three of eight patients with a poor immediate response to pharmacologically induced penile erections (PIPE) were found to have venous incompetence. PIPE is therefore of value in the diagnosis and treatment of organic and psychogenic impotence.     

Normal hemodynamic parameters do not always predict the presence of a rigid erection: a quantitative assessment of functional erectile impairment

The purpose was to assess objectively and quantitatively the hemodynamic status and the degree of functional erectile impairment in a group of impotent patients. A clinical study was designed, incorporating pharmacocavernosometry (to evaluate arterial and veno-occlusive function) with axial buckling forces and penile geometry measurements in a group of impotent patients. The pressure gradient between the intracavernosal pressure associated with the presence of penile axial rigidity and the equilibrium intracavernosal pressure was calculated (axial rigidity gradient, ARG); such methodology allowed a quantitative characterization of functional impairment, as ARG expresses the intracavernosal pressure increase necessary to achieve axial rigidity and therefore potency. Penile geometry characteristics were also expressed by calculating the penile aspect ratio (diameter/length, D/L). In 83 consecutive patients tested (mean age 42.89+/-9.96), rigidity occurred at intracavernosal pressures between 50 and 100 mm Hg. A conversely proportional relation was noticed between penile aspect ratio values and the intracavernosal pressure associated with rigidity values, clearly demonstrating the important functional role of penile geometry. ARG demonstrated a wide range of values (3-69 mm Hg), reflective of the severity of the erectile dysfunction on each patient. Half (50.6%) of the patients had ARG values < or =20 mm Hg, indicative of minimal and minimal-to-moderate erectile impairment, while 20.48% had ARG between 21-30 and 28.92% >30 mm Hg, indicative of moderate and severe erectile dysfunction (ED) respectively. In all, 6% of the study group, all of them with primary ED, ARG <20 mm Hg had normal hemodynamics, but low penile aspect ratio values indicating that penile geometry may be the cause of insufficient rigidity. Hemodynamic integrity is the most critical, but not the only determinant of penile rigidity, as erectile impairment may be noticed in patients with normal arterial inflow and corporal veno-occlusive function. In such cases, unfavorable penile geometry should be considered as the possible etiological factor of impotence.     

对几种治疗阳萎方法的评价

目的：评价几种治疗阳萎方法的效果。方法：对采用阴茎海绵体内药物注射、真空缩窄环、阻断阴茎背深静脉瘘，阴茎动脉重建和假体植主的４８６例阳萎患者的临床资料进行性分析。结果：满意率阴茎海绵体内药物注射组为３０．１％，真空缩窄环组为１４．３％，静脉瘘结扎组为１３．３％，且为３２．２％，阴茎动脉重建组为５０．０％，假体植入组为９５．４％。结论：使用海绵体内药支物注射和真空缩装置虽为简便、安全和有效的方法，但