腹腔镜超声在困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声(laparoscopic ultrasonography,LUS)用于困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystecto-my,LC)的价值,及改良电子线阵式探头LUS对肝外胆道系统的扫描方法。方法:术前经影像学检查估计腹腔镜手术困难及术中探查发现胆囊周围粘连严重的30例胆囊结石患者于LC术中用LUS扫描肝外胆道系统。结果:LUS能清晰显示肝外主胆管的超声图像并发现胆囊管异常汇入,根据LUS的扫描结果决定LC的手术方法。结论:LUS能在LC术中为术者提供肝外胆管的超声图像,准确定位胆总管,既可避免医源性胆管损伤,判断肝外胆管内有无结石,又可指导手术,保证手术质量。     

腹腔镜超声对于胆囊切除术中同期治疗胆道结石决策的价值

目的 观察腹腔镜超声(LUS)用于制定胆囊切除术中同期治疗肝内胆管结石及胆总管结石(CBDS)决策的价值。方法 回顾性分析53例明确诊断胆囊结石(GS)并接受择期腹腔镜下胆囊切除术患者,术中根据LUS所见判断有无肝内胆管结石及CBDS,进而决定是否同期行病变部分肝脏切除术和(或)腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)。结果 53例均成功切除胆囊,术中LUS检查胆囊结果与术中及术后所见相同,LUS诊断准确率100%(53/53)。24例术前诊断为单纯GS,其中19例术中LUS诊断与术前相符、5例术中LUS诊断为GS合并CBDS而同期行LCBDE;25例术前诊断为GS合并CBDS,其中23例术中LUS诊断与术前相符而同期行LCBDE,2例术中LUS未发现CBDS、术后影像学复查亦未见CBDS;4例术前诊断GS合并肝内胆管结石,其中3例术中LUS所见与术前相符而行部分肝脏切除,1例术中LUS发现CBDS而行部分肝脏切除术+LCBDE。结论 LUS有助于胆囊切除术中同期治疗肝内胆管结石及CBDS制定决策,可及时完善诊断、调整术式并辅助实施手术。     

腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除术中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声检查(LUS)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的临床应用价值。方法:对168例LC患者同时行LUS。结果:LUS与术前B超和CT比较,其胆囊、胆管疾病阳性检出率分别为100%(168/168)、92%(155/168)、90%(151/168)。结论:LUS在胆系占位病变的阳性检出率高于B超和CT(P<0.05)。在判断胆道系统的解剖结构和胆总管残石方面可与术中胆管造影术(IOC)相比美,但更简单、安全、省时、并可减少胆道损伤,为胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低了胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术的发生率。     

腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜超声检查(LUS)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中应用价值及应用范围。方法 在LC术中应用以色列夏普兰(Sharplan)公司生产的腹腔镜超声影像系统检查胆囊、胆管间解剖关系以及胆总管直径和有无未预期结石。结果 LUS与术前B超和CT比较,其胆囊、胆管疾病阳性检出率分别为100％(20/20),95％(19/20)80％(16/20)。结论 LUS在胆系占位病变的阳性检出率高于BUS和CT。在弄清胆道解剖和胆总管残石方面可与术中胆管造影术(IOC)相比美,但更简单、安全、省时,并可降低或防止胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝脏外科中的应用进展

腹腔镜超声(LUS)可弥补腹腔镜手术的缺陷,有助于提高手术的精准性。利用LUS可对肝脏恶性肿瘤进行准确地临床分期,有助于降低术后复发率和避免不必要的剖腹探查术,LUS引导的射频消融为肝癌晚期患者提供了更有价值的治疗手段。带有彩色多普勒功能的探头可精准显示肝中静脉位置及走行,以此为标准的半肝切除术更加精准,提高了手术的安全性。随着3DLUS的出现及发展,术中3D超声"实时导航"给术者提供了更多的手术相关信息。本文就LUS在肝脏外科中的临床应用和最新进展进行综述。     

腹腔镜超声用于复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术

目的 观察腹腔镜超声(LUS)用于复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术中的价值。方法 回顾性分析43例接受腹腔镜手术治疗的复杂肝胆管结石病患者,根据术中是否应用LUS将其分为LUS组(n=18)和未应用LVS(non LVS, NLVS)组(n=25),对比组间一般资料、术中及术后相关情况。结果 组间患者性别、既往史、合并症,以及具体术式、中转开腹、手术时间及术中失血量差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。LUS组术后胆道残石率为44.44%(8/18),NLUS组为80.00%(20/25),组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。术中应用LUS是术后胆道残石率较低的独立影响因素[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.05,0.77),P＜0.05]。结论 在复杂肝胆管结石病腹腔镜术中应用LUS可降低术后胆道残石率。     

腹腔镜超声在经腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜超声(LUS)在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中的应用价值。方法 对7例输尿管上段结石患者在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中应用LUS对输尿管和结石定位。结果 7例LUS检查输尿管均显像，超声引导下顺利游离出输尿管；7例结石均获得准确定位，5例用无损伤钳顺利取出结石，2例按LUS定位切开输尿管后取出结石。LUS检查时间9-20min，平均14min。结论 LUS在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中有实际应用价值。     

腹腔镜超声在机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用价值

目的:研究腹腔镜超声(laparoscopic ultrasonography,LUS)在机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术(robot assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,RALPN)中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2012年4月至2013年3月为41例患者行RALPN的临床资料,其中LUS引导23例(实验组),无LUS引导18例(对照组),手术均由同一泌尿外科医师施术。两组患者术前分期均为T1N0M0。实验组术前肿瘤直径1.5~5.3 cm,平均(3.19±1.12)cm;对照组1.5~6.1 cm,平均(3.34±1.30)cm。对比分析两组手术时间、热缺血时间、术中出血量、术后第3天血肌酐值、术后并发症等指标。结果:两组患者年龄、术前肿瘤最大径、BMI、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后切缘阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术时间[(223.8±42.1)min vs.(203.4±56.6)min]、肾脏热缺血时间[(18.9±7.7)min vs.(31.2±7.1)min]、术后第3天血肌酐值≥110μmol/L(参考值上限)发生率(17.39%vs.50.00%)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:LUS实时动态的扫描,可准确提供肿瘤的位置、大小、范围、深度及血供情况,为手术的安全性、减少肿瘤残留与复发、降低术后并发症发生率提供了保障,短期疗效较好,但其长期疗效尚需大样本病例随访观察进一步分析研究。     

复杂类型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道损伤的预防与诊断

目的：介绍腹腔镜超声（LUS）在避免复杂类型的腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中胆道损伤的作用。方法：177例LC因胆囊管真实性难以确定、三角区粘连或炎症、急性或萎缩性胆囊炎、可疑的胆道损伤等被界定为复杂的LC，并借助LUS显示的肝外胆管与胆囊壶腹、胆囊管之间的解剖关系施行LC。结果：在LUS辅助下顺利完成151例复杂的LC，另26例病人因LUS提示潜在胆道损伤危险及疑有胆道损伤而转为开腹。结论：通过LUS显示的肝外胆管及在术野中胆囊管、胆囊壶腹的参照下，术者可了解肝外胆系诸结构之间的解剖关系，由此避免胆道损伤。     

常规腹腔镜及腹腔镜超声下左半肝切除术治疗 原发性肝癌的临床疗效比较

目的:对比分析常规腹腔镜与腹腔镜超声(LUS)下左半肝切除术围手术期相关指标、并发症情况及预后,为临床术式选择提供可借鉴依据。方法:选择2013年3月至2016年3月140例行左半肝切除术的原发性肝癌患者作为研究对象,按手术方法将患者分为观察组与对照组,每组70例。观察组在LUS下行左半肝切除术,对照组行常规腹腔镜左半肝切除术。对比两组围手术期指标、术后并发症及术后3年生存情况。结果:观察组术中出血量[(311.21±59.43)mL vs.(415.81±88.42)mL,t=8.215,P0.001]少于对照组,术中肝中静脉损伤发生率(0 vs.14.29%,χ~2=8.723,P=0.003)低于对照组。两组手术时间、病灶切缘距离、术后肛门首次排气时间、引流管拔管时间及术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后3年无进展生存率(45.71%vs.38.57%,χ~2=0.732,P=0.392)、总生存率(64.29%vs.58.57%,χ~2=0.482,P=0.487)差异均无统计学意义。结论:LUS与常规腹腔镜左半肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的术后并发症、预后相近,但LUS有助于减少术中肝中静脉损伤及术中出血量。     

Laparoscopic ultrasonography during conservative ovarian surgery

BACKGROUND: Most surgery for benign ovarian mass is now performed laparoscopically. Our purpose was to evaluate the usefulness of laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) in these operations. METHODS: Forty patients treated by laparoscopic extirpation of a benign ovarian tumor were examined perioperatively using an Aloka 7.5-MHz laparoscopic probe. Findings of preoperative vaginal and perioperative laparoscopic ultrasonography were compared with histologic diagnoses. The accuracy of LUS in localizing the tumor in the ovary and ensuring surgical radicalness was evaluated. RESULTS: LUS enabled correct diagnosis in 34/40 and vaginal ultrasonography in 27/40 cases. Localization of the tumor was possible by LUS in all and visually in 21 ovaries. In 2 patients a radical tumor extirpation was not possible without laparoscopic ultrasonographic guidance. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy in LUS is better than in vaginal ultrasonography. LUS facilitates exact tumor localization and can be useful in confirming the radicalness of operation.     

A new visualization technique for laparoscopic ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Using laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is challenging for both novice and experienced ultrasonographers. The major difficulty surgeons experience is understanding the orientation of the ultrasonography image. The purpose of this study was to assess whether providing surgeons with orientation information improves their ability to interpret LUS images. METHODS: We performed a LUS examination on a 25-kg pig and simultaneously digitized video from the laparoscopic camera, the LUS, and a novel orientation system. From the video recordings, 12 different clips of intra-abdominal anatomy were prepared. Twenty surgeons (18 staff, 2 fellows) volunteered to participate in an experimental crossover study. Test subjects reviewed the LUS clips along with the laparoscopic video images and the orientation display. Controls reviewed the LUS clips with only the laparoscopic video images. Diagnostic accuracy was compared by using the odds ratio. RESULTS: For all vessels, the orientation display improved the odds ratio for correctly identifying structures from 3.7 to 8.9 (P=.02). For arteries, the orientation display improved the odds ratio from 2.4 to 9.6 (P=.01). For veins, the orientation display improved the odds ratio from 4.4 to 13.6 (P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: Providing orientation information significantly improves a surgeon's ability to interpret LUS images.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound enhances standard laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To define the role of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) in the staging of pancreatic tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopy has recently been established as a valuable tool in the staging of pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that the addition of LUS to standard laparoscopy could improve the accuracy of this procedure. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of 90 patients with pancreatic tumors undergoing laparoscopy and LUS was performed over a 27-month period. LUS equipped with an articulated curved and linear array transducer (6 to 10 MHz) was used. All patients underwent rigorous laparoscopic examination. Clinical, surgical, and pathologic data were collected. RESULTS: The median age was 65 years (range 43 to 85 years). Sixty-four patients had tumors in the head, 19 in the body, and 3 in the tail of the pancreas. Four patients had ampullary tumors. LUS was able to image the primary tumor (98%), portal vein (97%), superior mesenteric vein (94%), hepatic artery (93%), and superior mesenteric artery (93%) in these patients. LUS was particularly helpful in determining venous involvement (42%) and arterial involvement (38%) by the tumor. This resulted in a change in surgical treatment for 13 (14%) of the 90 patients in whom standard laparoscopic examination was equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: LUS is useful in evaluating the primary tumor and peripancreatic vascular anatomy. When standard laparoscopic findings are equivocal, LUS allowed accurate determination of resectability. Supplementing laparoscopy with LUS offers improved assessment and preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound imaging of adrenal tumors during laparoscopic adrenalectomy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) during laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and to define the ultrasound imaging characteristics of various adrenal tumors. METHODS: LUS was utilized in 27 patients who underwent LA (including one bilateral adrenalectomy) from May 1994 to October 1998. Tumor size ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 cm (mean 3.3 cm), and a transabdominal lateral approach to LA was used. RESULTS: LUS localized the adrenal gland and tumor in all 28 adrenalectomies and demonstrated the relationship of the tumor to the kidney and adjacent vascular structures (renal artery/vein and inferior vena cava). The adrenal vein was visualized sonographically in only six cases (21 %). Pheochromocytomas were mild to markedly heterogenous, whereas most aldosteronomas and cortical adenomas were homogenous. LUS provided useful information to the surgeon in 11 of 28 cases (39%) by: 1) localizing the adrenal gland and tumor and/or guiding the dissection; 2) demonstrating that tumors > or =4 cm were confined to the adrenal gland; and 3) investigating suspected pathology in other organs. Mean operating time for LUS was 10.9 min (range 5 to 24 min) and calculated hospital charges were $602. CONCLUSIONS: LUS accurately localizes adrenal tumors, helps define their relationship to adjacent structures, and provides confirmation that larger tumors are amenable to laparoscopic resection. LUS is a useful adjunct to laparoscopic adrenalectomy in selected patients.     

腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝胆手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝胆手术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜下肝切除、肝囊肿开窗及复杂胆囊切除等手术156例,手术中应用腹腔镜超声进行辅助检查,了解手术解剖入路结构及肿瘤分期。结果在19例肝切除及39例肝囊肿开窗手术中,腹腔镜超声在手术中标示重要肝内及肝外管道的走向及指导切除,在15例复杂胆囊切除中指导精确定位及进一步辨别可疑恶性占位。结论腹腔镜超声能够在腹腔镜肝胆外科手术中进行准确定位、指导治疗,对解决腹腔镜手术中外科医生触觉反馈减弱问题,提高手术效果有一定临床价值。     

腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用价值。方法：腹腔镜下对126例腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查术患者常规行腹腔镜超声检查,并选择其中30例行术中胆管造影。与腹腔镜超声检查行对比研究。结果：腹腔镜超声检查平均时间17min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示：胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管,胆总管97％显像,胆总管未端85％显像,腹腔镜超声检查和术中胆管造影对比结果显未腹腔镜超声检查的胆总管检查成功率及胆管结石的敏感性,特异性及总诊断成功率均优于术中胆管造(影（分别为97％,82％,97％,98％和80％,75％,95％,95％）。结论：腹腔镜超声检查的应用有助于判断胆道系统的解剖结构,防止发生胆管损伤,有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石,为胆管造影及胆道探查术提供重要指标。降低了胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术的发生率。     

A comparison of laparoscopic ultrasound with digital fluorocholangiography for detecting choledocholithiasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Laparoscopic ultrasound is an alternative to operative cholangiogram for evaluation of the common bile duct (CBD) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is a safe, fast, and reliable method for detecting choledocholithiasis. Methods: We prospectively evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) and digital fluorocholangiogram (DFCG) in a three-phase study of 360 consecutive patients. Results: In phase I, 140 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy had LUS performed first, followed by DFCG. Thirteen patients had CBD calculi identified on LUS. Four patients with confirmed (two cases) or presumed (two cases) CBD calculi on DFCG were not identified on LUS. Thus, the specificity of LUS was 100%, whereas the sensitivity was 76.5%. DFCG had four false positives, for a sensitivity of 100% with a specificity of 96.7%. LUS was performed, on average, in 6.6 min, whereas DFCG required 10.9 min to perform. In phase II, the infusion of saline through a cystic duct catheter was performed in instances where the distal CBD could not be well seen. This maneuver distended the intrapancreatic portion of the CBD, allowing better visualization. Nine stones were identified on LUS in 78 patients, increasing the sensitivity to 100%. One false positive DCFG was encountered, resulting in a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.6%. In phase III, we performed routine LUS and used DFCG only in select cases. The sensitivity and specificity for LUS were 95.7% and 100%, respectively, whereas DFCG had a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 100%. One patient in phase III has returned 11 months post-op with a CBD stone. This was initially missed on LUS, DFCG, and postoperative ERCP. The sensitivity and specificity in all 360 patients were 90% and 100% for LUS and 98.1% and 98.1% for DFCG, respectively. A total of five CBD stones were missed by LUS, four early in the study (phase I). One missed on LUS in phase III was also missed by DFCG and ERCP. Conclusions: LUS is a reliable alternative to DFCG during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). With experience, it is as sensitive as DFCG and more specific. It is more rapidly performed than cholangiography.     

Laparoscopic ultrasonography

The use of laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) allows visualization of tissues beyond the two-dimensional laparoscopic picture, enhancing the amount and quality of information available to the surgeon. Linear-array transducers with frequencies of 7.5 to 10 MHz are typically used for LUS, employing B-mode scanning and color Doppler capability on probes with articulating tips. In general surgery, LUS has become a common adjunct to the intraoperative staging of upper gastrointestinal malignancy to determine resectability, avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. In urology, LUS appears to be a promising adjunct for four current procedures: difficult pelvic lymphocele marsupialization, renal cyst decortication, nephrolithotomy and other renal stone surgery, and cryotherapy of renal masses. The role of LUS during varicocelectomy is limited, and enthusiasm for this procedure is waning. Laparoscopic ultrasonography is a critical adjunct to renal cryoablation, a developmental procedure that currently lacks long-term data but is promising as therapy for small, incidentally detected renal masses. It appears that as laparoscopic urologic procedures continue to expand, so will the application of this promising operative imaging modality.