Revisión sistemática del tratamiento activo de la fístula urinaria después de la nefrectomía parcial

IntroductionUrinary fistula is expected to become more frequent in urological practice as a result of expanding indication of partial nephrectomy given it?s oncological results equivalent to those of radical nephrectomy but at a lower risk of progression to chronic kidney disease, lower cardiovascular morbidity, and overall mortality.ObjectivesReview and compare different techniques of contemporary active management for urinary fistula after partial nephrectomy.MethodsA systematic literature search on the MEDLINE database was conducted in March 2020, combining the terms: «urine leak», «urine leakage», «urinary leak» and «urinary fistula», with: «partial nephrectomy», «nephron sparing surgery» and «renal sparing surgery». The review of the literature was performed accordingto the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Only articles related to active treatment were eligible. Abstracts in English and Spanish from the last two decades were screened. No restriction based on study design nor the length of follow-up. Primary outcomes: 1) Leak resolution rate 2) Time course of leak resolution and 3) Number of interventions needed for resolution.ResultsMultiple studies were found. There were no randomized controlled trials. Urinary fistula can be solved in many ways with active treatment, with a high success rate (97.5%), an average of 1.4 intervention-per-patients and a mean time for leak resolution of 11 days (median of 3 days).ConclusionThere is a high risk of bias due to the study's methodology. There is a broad range of effective alternatives and various approaches to solve urinary fistula in an appropriate timing.     

Reparación de fístula urinaria en injerto renal mediante nefrectomía parcial y omentoplastia

ObjectivesWe present the management with partial nephrectomy and interposition of the greater omentum in case of urinary fistulas in renal allograft.Material and methodWe present a patient with necrosis at the inferior pole of the renal graft that affected calyceal system but with pyeloureteral vascularization preserved. The patient's condition was satisfactorily managed with a partial nephrectomy of the necrotic renal segment and primary suturing of the collecting system with interposition of the greater omentum. We reviewed the cases published to date of partial nephrectomy in renal allograft, and examined their outcomes by analyzing the patient presentation, diagnostic tools, and surgical techniques used.ResultsThere are few cases in the current literature that describe conservative surgical management of urinary fistulas caused by segmental necrosis after renal transplantation. Surgical approach using partial nephrectomy in these cases produces favorable outcomes in our experience and reported cases.ConclusionsDespite its obvious surgical complexity, this nephron-sparing management is feasible and should be implemented in cases where the prior renal function and the quantity of healthy parenchyma indicate a favorable subsequent evolution for the renal graft.     

Ascitis quilosa después de nefrectomía radical laparoscópica. Tratamiento conservador sin paracentesis

IntroductionChylous ascites is a rare complication after a number of abdominal and retroperitoneal surgeries. Althought conservative treatment may be curative, a reoperation to sell out the open megalymphatics in the operative field may be needed.Patient and methodA 60 year-old woman was treated with a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for a 9.5x7.5 cm, pT2 pN0 tumor. A carefull dissection of the renal hilium was performed, distal ureter was clipped and several gross peritumoral lymphatic vessels were clipped or coagulated, with no inmediate complications. Several days after being discharged home, she complained of increased abdominal perimeter and on image studies a difuse chylous ascitis was found. She was treated in a conservative way, with no diagnostic or palliative paracentesis, low salt and lipids diet, and espironolactone, with complete cure in a month. After six months of follow-up, no simptoms nor CT- signs of ascites or tumor recurred.CommentA conservative treatment, with diuretics, low lipids and salt diet, and eventually repeated paracentesis should be the first options for chylous ascites after nephrectomy. In the last years, several laparoscopic techniques had been described to treat chylous ascites in a low invasive way, but the intrinsic difficulties of such a re-operation much be considered.     

Evolución de la función renal en pacientes con cáncer renal cT1 después de nefrectomía parcial y radical laparoscópica. Factores predictores de deterioro de función renal

Introduction and objectivesTo analyze the evolution of kidney function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) and to identify predictive factors for deterioration in kidney function.Material and methodRetrospective study of patients with two kidneys, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m², and single renal tumor cT1, treated in our center between 2005 and 2018.ResultsA total of 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study; 156 (41.9%) were treated by RN and 216 (58.1%) by PN. There was a difference of 26.75 mL/min/1.73 m² in GFR between RN and PN at discharge. Age > 60 years, postoperative complications (OR 2.97, p = 0.005) and RN (OR 10.03, p = 0.0001) were predictors of GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m² at discharge. Only RN (OR 7.69, p = 0.0001) behaved as an independent prognostic factor for GFR<45 mL/min/1.73m2 at discharge. The median follow-up of the series was 57 (IQR 28-100) months. At the end of the follow-up period, nine (6%) patients treated with RN developed severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) and three (2%) developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). Age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR 2.12, p = 0.001), arterial hypertension (AHT) (HR 1.73, p = 0.01) and RN (HR 2.88, p = 0.0001) behaved as independent predictors of GFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m². The independent predictors for GFR< 45 mL/min/1.73m2 were age >70 years, DM (HR 1.99 CI 95% 1.04-3.83, p = 0.04) and RN (HR 5.88 CI 95% 2.57-13.45, p = 0.0001).ConclusionsRN is a short- and long-term risk factor for CKD, although with a low probability of severe CKD or ESRD in patients with preoperative GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Age, DM and AHT contribute to worsening renal function during follow-up.     

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica off-clamp tras la embolización del tumor en sala híbrida frente a nefrectomía parcial convencional: un análisis de pares emparejados por puntuación de propensión

ObjectiveOff-clamp laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a hybrid operating room after superselective arterial embolization (hLPN) is a promising minimally invasive approach. In this study, we compared the perioperative surgical outcomes of this innovative technique with the conventional standard of care laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (cLPN) technique.Patients and methodsOverall, 86 and 127 patients treated with hLPN and cLPN, respectively, were included. These two techniques were compared in terms of surgical complications, estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, length of stay (LOS), surgical margins, and Trifecta achievement rate (defined as warm ischemia duration < 25 min, negative surgical margins and absence of complications). A propensity score based on age, gender, BMI, preoperative eGFR and tumor size was used for a 1:1 matching of patients of each group. After matching, two groups of 67 patients with similar characteristics were obtained.ResultsConversion rate to open surgery, complications and EBL were similar in both groups. Conversely, operative time, LOS and Trifecta rates favored hLPN. The multivariate analysis showed that hLPN had a 70% higher chance of Trifecta achievement than cLPN in all age groups and for all tumor size across the study population.ConclusionCompared to a conventional approach, off-clamp laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a hybrid room after superselective arterial embolization showed satisfying immediate surgical outcomes and reached a higher rate of Trifecta achievement. Mid and long-term functional and oncological results are needed to establish this minimally invasive surgical alternative.     

Función eréctil después de cistectomía con preservación neurovascular

ObjectivesTo study the utility of neurovascular preservation for postoperative erection in radical cystectomy.Materials and methodsRetrospective analysis of 44 cystectomies performed at our center between January 2006-December 2009 in men < 65 years. In 11 cases a neurovascular preservation was done. We analyzed age, BMI, indication for surgery, urinary diversion, use of i-PDE5 or alprostadil, and daytime and nighttime continence. Erection Hardness Score (EHS) was used to assess erectile function.ResultsSpontaneous postoperative erectile function in preservation group was 44,4% EHS 4, 33,3% EHS 3 and 22,3% EHS 1 (achieving EHS 3 or 4 with alprostadil). In the non preservation group, 4,5% achieved EHS 4 spontaneously. The other 95,5% had EHS 0 (4,5% achieved EHS 3 with tadalafil 20 mg and 9% with intracavernous injections). Variables age (P = .001) and nerve-sparing surgery (P < .001) were related to postoperative erectile function recovery. In the multivariate analysis, nerve-sparing surgery remained statisticaly significant.ConclusionsThe functional results in preserving cystectomy are promising. The preservation should be considered in young patients without erectile dysfunction.     

Tiempo de isquemia caliente y complicaciones postoperatorias después de la nefrectomía parcial por carcinoma de células renales

ObjectiveTo evaluate the correlations between PADUA and RENAL scores, WIT and postoperative complications in a cohort of patients who underwent elective open or minimally invasive nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma.Material and methodsWe analyzed 96 consecutive patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2013 at our Institution. The Spearman test was used to compare categorical variables. For all statistical analyses, a two-sided P < .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe median (IQR) PADUA score was 7 (7-8) and the median (IQR) RENAL score was 7 (6-8). The median (IQR) warm ischemia time was 14 min (8-20). Low grade and high grade postoperative complications were found in 27 (28.1%) and 6 (6.3%) patients, respectively. PADUA risk group categories significantly correlated with WIT > 20 minutes and high grade postoperative complications, respectively (P = .04), regardless of the surgical approach. RENAL risk group categories significantly predicted longer hilar clamping time in our cohort (P = .04), but no statistically significant correlations with high grade postoperative complications were found.ConclusionsIn our retrospective series nephrometric scores demonstrated to significantly predict longer warm ischemia time and higher postoperative complications, especially in those patients with more challenging and complex renal tumors. Therefore, when planning to perform partial nephrectomy, urologists should widely use these comprehensive tools.     

Nefrectomía parcial robótica con compresión selectiva del parénquima (pinza de Simon)

ObjectiveTo present our initial experience using selective renal parenchymal ischemia, without hilar clamping, in robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy.Material and methodsIn four patients with T1a renal tumor we performed robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy, using the Simon's clamp (Aesculap®). It provides selective parenchymal compression without the need of vascular clamping. All patients had exofitic renal tumors in polar location. Renal parenchymal reconstruction was done as the standard technique.ResultsThe median age was 49.6 years (42-59), 3 male and 1 female patient. Median operative time was 71,6 minutes (40-120). Mean stimated bleeding was 250 ml (50-400). Average tumor size was 3,25 cm (1,5-5,3). There were no complications and the average hospital stay was 3,5 days (1-7). The pathology was informed as renal cell carcinoma in three patients and one hemorrhagic cyst. The surgical margins were negative.ConclusionOur preliminary results shows that selective renal parenchymal compression, with the Simon's clamp, provides an alternative to vascular control in selected patients with polar renal tumors.     

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica previa embolización supraselectiva como tratamiento de angiomiolipomas renales gigantes

Objective

Cases of giant renal angiomyolipoma (> 9 cm) are a therapeutic challenge due to their low frequency and large size. The treatment objective for patients with renal angiomyolipoma should be complete tumour extirpation, with a nephron-sparing surgical technique, without complications and using a minimally invasive approach.

Estudio comparativo de la extracción de la pieza de nefrectomía laparoscópica mediante una incisión de tipo Pfannenstiel

ObjectivesThe aim of our study is to demonstrate that the Pfannenstiel incision is a reliable option in terms of postoperative complications compared to other types of incisions usually performed for kidney extraction after laparoscopic nephrectomy.Materials and methodsRetrospective and comparative study of 256 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy. Patients were divided into two groups: specimen extraction by Pfannenstiel incision (group 1) and specimen extraction by way of other incisions (group 2). Incisional hernia, surgical site infection, pain score, seroma, haematoma/bleeding, wound dehiscence and muscle paralysis were analyzed in each patient.ResultsPatients in Pfannenstiel group presented a rate of wound complications of 11.72% vs 27.34% with other incisions, p = 0.002, it was significantly inferior the rate of wound dehiscence (5.5% vs 12.5%, p = 0.047) and seroma (3.1% vs 7.8%, p = 0.022). Using multivariate logistic regression, Pfannenstiel incision was a significant protective predictor factor for wound complications (OR = 0.34, p = 0.005).ConclusionsThe Pfannenstiel incision allowed the extraction of bigger kidney masses with less incidence of dehiscence, seroma and in general wound complications. The hospital stay was lower in Pfannenstiel extraction group. These results present this incision as a reliable and safe option in the decision of which incision to select.     

Cirugía robótica multicuadrante concomitante para prostatectomía radical y nefrectomía parcial izquierda. Dos procedimientos mediante un solo abordaje

IntroductionTo present the first case of a concomitant robotic radical prostatectomy and a left robotic partial nephrectomy performed by a single-port approach using the SP® da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale CA, EE.UU.).Patient and methodsA 66-year-old male diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and a left kidney renal mass incidentally found on computed tomography (CT) scan during prostate cancer evaluation. Procedures were performed using a single supra-umbilical 3 cm incision, plus one additional laparoscopic port, utilizing a standard Gelpoint® (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, EE.UU.) and replicating the technique previously described for single-port transperitoneal radical prostatectomy and partial nephrectomy with the use of the SP® robotic platform.ResultsTotal operative time was 256 minutes (min) with a console time of 108 min for radical prostatectomy, and 101 min for the partial nephrectomy respectively, including a warm ischemia time of 26 min. Estimated blood loss was 250 cc. Blood transfusion was not needed. Final pathology for prostate was adenocarcinoma Gleason 7 (4 + 3) and for the kidney lesion was renal cell carcinoma. After two months of follow-up, PSA was undetectable and no complications or recurrence were detected.ConclusionsThe single-port approach has advantages as easier surgical planning and transition for combined and multi-quadrants surgeries: faster recovery, minimal postoperative pain and need for opioids, and excellent cosmetic outcome. We suggest that combined procedures should be performed only in high volume institutions by surgeons with vast experience in robotic surgery in selected patients.     

Neumoencéfalo,coma y convulsiones después de una cirugía de descompresión lumbar

We describe a patient with pneumocephalus following lumbar decompression surgery who presented altered mental status at time to awake of anesthesia and the patient was admitted in intesive care unit in mechanical ventilation. The patient has not eye-opening response, no verbal response and motor response only withdraw in response to pain (7 points on Glasgow coma scale). Then, the patient experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Immediate cranial computed tomography (CT) images were performed. Cerebral pneumocephalus was present in CT, imaging revealed a voluminous pneumocephalus responsible for a significantspace-occupying effect on the frontal and parietal lobes, lateral ventricles and quadrigeminal plate cistern.Anti-epileptic therapy (diazepam and levetiracetam) and neurological monitoring were initiated. At 12 postoperative hours repeat CT scanning showed pneumocephalus were completely improved to minimal quantity and only limited to frontal lobe. The consciousness is impaired, and a generalized tonic-clonic seizure was present. Electroencephalogram showed continuous epileptiform activity and phenytoin IV was administered in continuous infusión. Four hours later the level of consciousness gradually improved, and the patient was right in eye opening, verbal and motor responses. A few hours later the patient was extubated, and no neurological deficits were present. Pneumocephalus should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient with altered mental status following lumbar surgery.     

Disfunción eréctil,síndrome metabólico y arteriopatía. Relación clínico-patológica mediante ecografía carotídea

IntroductionDifferent studies have shown the relationship between erectile dysfunction, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of arteriopathy performing carotid ultrasound in patients with and without erectile dysfunction.Material and methodsWe conducted a case-control study with 44 patients consulting for erectile dysfunction and 20 controls. All subjects completed the IIEF-5 test and we studied the criteria for metabolic syndrome, and a carotid ultrasound to study the intima-media thickness and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques was performed.ResultsMean intima-media thickness was .71 mm ± .21 for the right and of .71 ± .17 for the left carotid in patients with erectile dysfunction. In the control group, the means were .54 ± 0.11 and 0.59 ± 0.15 mm respectively, statistically significant differences (P = .02 and P = .05 respectively). No plaque was found in any control, but in 25% of both carotid arteries of patients with erectile dysfunction (P = .01). As metabolic syndrome, according to the American Heart Association, were diagnosed 52.8% of patients with erectile dysfunction, and 16.7% of controls, and according to the International Diabetes Federation, 52.3% of patients with erectile dysfunction and 25% of controls met diagnostic criteria. In both cases there were significant differences (P < .01 and P = .02 respectively). We found a positive linear correlation between waist circumference and the intima-media thickness in both carotid (P < .05).ConclusionsPatients with erectile dysfunction may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, as determined by the presence of arterial disease in the carotid arteries, which indicates that we should made a more thorough and comprehensive study of patients with erectile dysfunction.     

Carcinomatosis peritoneal tras nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica en carcinoma de células renales: nuestra experiencia y revisión de la literatura

ObjectivePeritoneal carcinomatosis associated with renal cell carcinoma is an infrequent entity, usually associated with large renal masses, and with a very rare presentation after surgery of localized renal tumors. Our objective is to review the literature and analyze the factors involved in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in localized tumors.Material and methodsWe present our experience with two cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. We reviewed the literature and analyzed the factors associated with the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial surgery in renal cell carcinoma.ResultsBetween 2005-2018, 225 patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for localized renal neoplasia in our service. Two patients developed peritoneal carcinomatosis during follow-up, at 1.5 and 7 years after surgery. Few cases of postoperative peritoneal carcinomatosis for renal neoplasia have been described in the literature, being more frequently associated with large renal masses, with multiple metastases at diagnosis, with a poor prognosis. The dissemination of tumor cells during surgery, direct tumor extension or metastasis by hematogenous route, are among the factors involved in the development of this condition.ConclusionsPeritoneal carcinomatosis after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy constitutes a very rare event. However, it should be taken into consideration, and, since it is the only factor we can influence, we must maximize precautions during the surgical act, following oncological principles.