第五脑室与第六脑室的体积测量:体视学方法在神经影像中的应用初探(英文)

目的:本研究初步探讨了体视学与神经影像学方法用于测量第五脑室(cavum septi pellucidi,CSP)与第六脑室(cavum vergae,CV)体积的新方法。方法:患者行头颅X射线计算机体层成像(X-ray computed tomography,CT)扫描并获取图像,在Image J软件的辅助下,运用体视学方法测量CSP与CV的体积。结果:本例患者CSP与CV的体积为61.25 cm3。结论:我们对患者CT图像中扩张的CSP与CV进行了定量分析,为计算CSP与CV体积的体视学方法在神经影像中的应用提供了全新见解。     

Cavum septi pellucidi and intrusive recollections in cancer survivors

A previous study reported abnormally large cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We utilized magnetic resonance imaging to examine the frequency of large CSP, as defined by Nopoulos et al. (1997), in cancer survivors with and without intrusive recollections in a sample identical to that of our previous study. The frequency of large CSP did not differ between the two groups. The results suggest that alteration in midline structures during the course of neurodevelopment may lead to severe PTSD, while subthreshold PTSD, such as intrusive recollections, appear not to be associated with such alterations.     

透明隔腔容量CT定量分析

目的：定量研究正常成人透明隔腔（Cavum septa peullcidum,CSP)容量及其性别判别,方法：采用T 积分析法（PVA）定量研究82例成年人CSP容量,结果：经统计学处理,其均值及95％之正常范围为男3．02－4．49ml,女2．57－4．38ml,男女之比差异P＞0．05。结论：正常成年人CSP容量可由CT的PVA法测定,其均值的95％正常范围无显著性性别差异。     

Linear parameters of normal and abnormal cava septi pellucidi: a post-mortem study

Anatomical variations in the dimensions of different brain structures have been correlated with clinical syndromes. This study on the parameters of normal and abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) can be of clinical significance. We obtained 479 brains from autopsied persons (310 males and 169 females, 377 normal or asymptomatic and 102 abnormal or symptomatic persons, aged 22-89 years) and observed that 110 brains (75 males and 35 females) had CSP. These cava were classified into two groups depending on the past medical histories of the autopsied person: 40 asymptomatic and 70 symptomatic cava. We have defined symptomatic cava as those in autopsied persons who had known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. Asymptomatic cava were in autopsied persons who had no known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. The CSP parameters (length, width, depth) of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were measured and were statistically analyzed. Analysis showed that the cava in the symptomatic group were significantly longer and wider. Discriminant function analysis was used to derive a mathematical formula to classify CSP into an asymptomatic or symptomatic group based on length and width measurements of the cavum.     

Scanning electron microscopic description of the surface of the cavum leptomeningeum]

1. After fixation with formalin or gluteraldehyd and OSO4 the cavum leptomeningeum of pig and cow has been investigated. The obtained specimen were dried in critical-point-method. 2. The results were quite congruente to the literature when we magnified the specimen with slight magnification. The trabeculas and membranes go to the Arachnoidea in a diverging way. Moreover we have found the following phenomena: 3. The mesothelium of the cavum leptomeningeum possesses microvilli and pored gaps. 4. The fragility of the mesothelium and the danger of producing artefacts in preparation has been observed.     

The effects of water-odor preference conditioning in the preadolescent nucleus accumbens septi

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway is critical in reward-mediated behavior. Water, sucrose, and drugs of abuse all increase DA in the nucleus accumbens septi (NAcc) in adult animals. Recently our laboratory has shown that cocaine and alcohol increase DA efflux in preadolescent animals. The present study used a natural reinforcer (i.e., water) at postnatal day 25 (PND 25) to determine the sensitivity and responsiveness of this pathway. Repeated pairing of a peppermint odor with water resulted in a behavioral odor preference and an odor-elicited increase in accumbal DA. Results show that this developing pathway is functional and responsive to conditioning using a natural reinforcer and that these behavioral and neurochemical responses can be conditioned to a previously novel environmental stimulus.     

Electrophysiological analysis of the neural circuitry underlying opiate effects in the nucleus accumbens septi

Systemically administered opiates inhibit or excite spontaneously active single units of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) but do not affect fimbria-evoked NAS responses. However, microinjections of morphine to the dopamine cell bodies of the ventral tegmental area (VTA-M) do inhibit these evoked responses. Since systemic heroin can reverse the inhibitory effect of VTA-M on the fimbria-evoked NAS responses, systemic opiates might exert actions on other brain regions that oppose the inhibitory effect of VTA-M on the NAS. Evidence is provided indicating that this opposing action can arise from opiate actions at the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus.     

透明隔间腔的MR影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨透明隔间腔的透明隔腔(CSP)和韦尔加腔(CV)的MRI特点并对其进行影像学分型,以便在选择手术入路时作为辅助参考。方法 纳入2019年1-4月上海交大医学院附属仁济医院行常规5.0 mm层厚头颅MR扫描的患者200例,观察透明隔间腔的出现概率和形态学特点,进行影像学分型。针对临床最为常见的CSP类型,纳入2018年3月-2019年3月难治性癫痫患者75例,行1.0~2.0 mm薄层MR扫描,经图像融合和三维重建,分别在横断面、冠状面图像中测量CSP长、宽、高的最大径,计算平均值。结果 200例头颅常规MR扫描,可以观察到CSP者189例(94.5%),提示存在显性CSP者占大多数。CSP通常显示在经室间孔层面及其上方1个层面,位于胼胝体膝部的后方和穹窿柱的前上方。将CSP进行MR影像学分型:闭合型(Ⅰ型)、间隙型(Ⅱ型)、扩张型(Ⅲ型)、囊肿(Ⅳ型)和畸形变异(Ⅴ型)5个类型,分别占比4.5%(9/200)、91.5%(183/200)、1.5%(3/200)、1.5%(3/200)和1.0%(2/200)。CV按影像学可分为:单独出现或者与CSP融合,各占比1.0%(2/200)和1.5%(3/200)。最常见的CSP间隙型(Ⅱ型)的三维形态学测量,MRI可见的长、宽、高,均值为2.3 mm、1.5 mm、3.6 mm。结论 CSP在MRI呈现多种形态,体积大小差别不一。术前通过MRI判断CSP是否存在以及CSP分型,可以作为选择透明隔分离方式和手术路径的重要参考指标。     

经纵裂-透明隔间腔入路胼胝体切开术前对透明隔腔的MRI评估

目的 探讨采用透明隔腔(CSP)的术前MRI分型评估经纵裂-透明隔间腔(CSPV)入路行胼胝体切开术的可行性。方法 回顾性描述性研究。纳入上海仁济医院功能神经外科2014年1月—2020年12月耐药性癫痫患者31例,其中男21例、女10例,年龄2~31(15.3±7.3)岁,病程0.5~29(10.0±6.5)年。患者术前均行颅脑常规和/或薄层MR扫描,观察CSP形态并进行影像学分型。均采用经纵裂-CSPV入路行胼胝体切开术,术中对比观察术前MRI不同CSP分型患者手术操作特点及完成情况。结果 (1)31例中,术前MRI观察到CSP者29例,其中间隙型(Ⅱ型)28例、透明隔囊肿(Ⅳ型)1例;另外2例MRI未观察到CSP,为闭合型(Ⅰ型)。(2)29例术前MRI观察到CSP者,术中均探查到达CSP,并顺利分离两侧透明隔小叶:1例Ⅳ型CSP患者切开胼胝体即可到达CSPV,操作最为容易;28例Ⅱ型CSP患者,因CSP体积较小,定位有一定难度,但经仔细辨认均能到达,再向后分离两侧透明隔小叶没有困难。而2例Ⅰ型CSP患者术中未能分离出CSPV,改行经侧脑室入路完成手术。结论 通过对CSP的术前MRI观察及影像学分型,可预估术中CSPV的分离难度,进而判断经纵裂-CSPV入路胼胝体切开术的可操作性。术前MRI观察到CSP存在,可以作为选择经纵裂-CSPV入路行胼胝体切开术的一个影像学指标,而Ⅰ型CSP患者不宜采用该入路。     

喉癌及鼻腔鼻窦癌患者淋巴细胞染色体不稳定性的研究

本实验用TC199培养基,对37例喉癌、鼻腔鼻窦癌和20例正常人外周血淋巴细胞的染色体不稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,两种癌症患者淋巴细胞自发的染色体畸变率、微核率及平阳霉素(博莱霉素)诱发的染色体畸变率,微核率分别是11.73%、23.68‰、23.97%及47.16‰;对照组正常人淋巴细胞自发的染色体畸变率,微核率及平阳霉素诱发的染色体畸变率,微核率分别是1.95%、6.15‰、5.45%及15.85‰。两组上述各率彼此相比差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。提示喉癌及鼻腔鼻窦癌患者的淋巴细胞存在着染色体不稳定性。     

Subcortical afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the cat, studied with retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and bisbenzimid

The afferent connections of the nucleus accumbens septi from subcortical centers in the cat were studied with the aid of two different retrograde tracer substances. In most experiments horseradish peroxidase was injected in the nucleus accumbens, either mechanically or by microiontophoresis. In a few cats injections of bisbenzimid were placed and subsequently the retrogradely labelled cells were visualized with fluorescence microscopy. In a number of experiments neighbouring nuclei of the nucleus accumbens were involved in the injection site. Control injections were placed in the nucleus caudatus.With both tracers the same topography of labelled cells could be demonstrated following injections into the nucleus accumbens. Labelled cells were found in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdaloid complex. In the thalamus the nucleus paraventricularis and the nucleus parataenialis were most heavily labelled. Other midline nuclei, which showed fewer labelled cells, included the nucleus interanteromedialis, the nucleus rhomboidalis, the nucleus centralis medialis and the nucleus reuniens. Some projections were also found to originate from the medial part of the parafascicular nucleus. In the mesencephalic tegmentum the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the interfascicular nucleus and the retrorubral nucleus contained labelled cells. A smaller number of cells was found to be labelled in the substantia nigra proper. In addition, the rostral linear nucleus, the central linear nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, all belonging to the raphe nuclei, showed labelling of cells.A comparison with the distribution of labelled cells following injections into the caudate nucleus showed that the accumbens and caudate nuclei share many projections from the mesencephalon and the thalamus. However, the accumbens can be distinguished from the caudate because it receives afferents from the amygdala.     

Neurogenesis of the nucleus accumbens septi and neighboring septal nuclei in the rhesus monkey: A combined [3H]thymidine and electron microscopic study

The time of origin and spatio-temporal pattern of neuron distribution in the nucleus accumbens septi and the lateral and medial septal nuclei were determined in the rhesus monkey. Autoradiographic analysis of 2 to 5 month old monkeys that had been exposed to a pulse of [³H]thymidine during embryonic or early postnatal days showed that neurons destined for the nucleus accumbens septi are generated over a period of approximately 50 days (between embryonic day 36 and 85 of the 165 day gestational period) whereas the neurons destined for the medial and lateral septal nuclei are produced for only 25 days (from embryonic day 36 to 62). The peak of proliferation of neurons destined for all three nuclei occurs synchronously around embryonic day 45. A number of small cells with round, densely stained nuclei were labeled in specimens injected after embryonic day 85; however, following combined light- and electron-microscopic analysis, these late generated cells were classified as glia.Neurons destined for the nucleus accumbens septi generated on different embryonic days did not exhibit spatio-temporal gradients in their distribution. In contrast, neurons destined to populate the lateral and medial septal nuclei displayed a prominent ‘outside-to-inside’ spatio-temporal gradient in which earlier generated neurons occupied positions closer to the pial surface and later forming neurons were positioned closer to the ventricular surface. Based on this evidence regarding the time span of neuronal production and the absence of spatio-temporal gradients, the mode of development of the nucleus accumbens septi more closely resembles the pattern of neurogenesis reported for the primate neostriatum than that in the adjacent septal nuclei.These findings indicate that the nucleus accumbens septi and neostriatum in primates may have a common embryological origin.     

Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H]aspartate and [3H]GABA

Afferents to the nucleus accumbens septi utilizing glutamate or aspartate have been investigated in the rat by autoradiography following injection and retrograde transport of D[3H]aspartate. Parallel experiments with the intra-accumbal injection of [3H]GABA were employed to establish the transmitter-selective nature of the retrograde labelling found with D[3H]aspartate. The topography of cortical and thalamic perikarya labelled by D[3H]aspartate was extremely precise. D[3H]Aspartate labelled perikarya were found in layer V of agranular insular cortex; bilaterally within prelimbic and infralimbic subareas perikarya, but predominantly ipsilaterally. Ipsilateral labelling was observed in dorsal, ventral and posterior agranular insular cortices, and in perirhinal cortex. Injections into ventral accumbens labelled perikarya in ipsilateral entorhinal cortex, while infusion of D[3H]aspartate into anterior caudate-putamen resulted in labelling of perikarya in ipsilateral cingulate and lateral precentral cortices. Following infusion of D[3H]aspartate, ipsilateral midline thalamic nuclei contained the highest density of labelled perikarya; infusions centred on nucleus accumbens resulted in heavy retrograde labelling of the parataenial nucleus, but labelling was sparse from a lateral site and not observed after injection into anterior caudate-putamen. Less prominent labelling of perikarya was seen in other thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal, central medial, rhomboid, reuniens and centrolateral), mostly near the midline. Perikaryal labelling was also found in the ipsilateral amygdaloid complex, particularly in basolateral and lateral nuclei. Only weak labelling resulted in ventral subiculum. Numerous labelled cells were present bilaterally in anterior olfactory nucleus, although perikarya were more prominent ipsilaterally. Labelled perikarya were not consistently observed in other regions (ventral tegmental area, medial substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus) known to innervate nucleus accumbens. Presumptive anterograde labelling was detected in ventral pallidum/substantia innominata, ventral tegmental area and medial substantia nigra. [3H]GABA was generally not retrogradely transported to the same regions labelled by D[3H]aspartate; an exception being the anterior olfactory nucleus, where large numbers of labelled perikarya were found. [3H]GABA failed to label perikarya in thalamus and amygdala, and a topographic distribution of label was absent in neocortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

On the ERN and the significance of errors

The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential observed when subjects commit errors. To examine whether the ERN is sensitive to the value of errors, the motivational significance of errors was manipulated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, low and high monetary value errors were compared to evaluate the effect of trial value on the ERN. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a flanker task both while their performance was being evaluated and during a control condition. Consistent with the notion that the error-detection system is sensitive to the significance of errors, the ERN was significantly larger on high-value trials in Experiment 1 and during evaluation in Experiment 2. There were no corresponding effects on the correct response negativity, and no behavioral differences between conditions were evident in either experiment. These results are discussed in terms of the functional role of the ERN in response monitoring.