高效氯氰菊酯超低容量喷雾杀灭室外白纹伊蚊的研究

目的　探索在广州市城区采用高效氯氰菊酯进行现场超低容量喷雾 ,杀灭室外白纹伊蚊成蚊的合适喷药量。方法　在实验室、现场分别进行高效氯氰菊酯超低容量喷雾 ,观察对敏感白纹伊蚊及广州市城区白纹伊蚊成蚊的杀灭效果。结果　在实验室测得高效氯氰菊酯当喷药量为 0 .4ai·mg/m2 时 ,对广州市城区白纹伊蚊成蚊的致死率为96.0 % ;在现场测得当喷药量为 0 .5ai·mg/m2 时 ,距喷药点 5、10、15m ,对靶虫的杀灭率分别为 10 0 %、96.0 %、75 .0 %。结论　采用高效氯氰菊酯以 0 .5ai·mg/m2 的药量进行超低容量喷雾 ,在有效喷幅范围内对白纹伊蚊有良好的控制效果。     

一种灭蚊幼装置的灭蚊效果研究

目的探讨一种灭蚊幼装置的灭蚊效果,为进一步完善和推广灭蚊幼的物理防制方法提供依据。方法把蚊幼装在100mL分装瓶,创造隔绝空气的条件,观察2、3、4龄致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的死亡时间;用空矿泉水瓶制作灭蚊幼装置,并对灭蚊幼效果进行观察分析。结果致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊的蛹和4龄幼虫在隔绝空气,5h内均死亡,致倦库蚊的2、3龄幼虫在36h,白纹伊蚊的3龄幼虫在8h才100.0%死亡。对200只2龄蚊幼3次实验(另设对照组),致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊幼虫杀灭率分别为99.8%和86.9%,白纹伊蚊的羽化和逃逸较多。结论灭蚊幼装置可有效杀灭蚊幼,应进一步优化灭蚊幼装置结构,研究适用场所,推广灭蚊幼的物理防制方法。     

超低容量喷雾对白纹伊蚊野外种群的杀灭效果研究

目的探讨超低容量喷雾中杀虫剂药物种类、距离、剂量对杀灭白纹伊蚊野外种群的影响,为指导科学合理使用杀虫药械控制媒介伊蚊提供依据。方法应用2种背负式超低容量喷雾机和3种杀虫剂对空旷地域不同距离挂笼中白纹伊蚊进行定点喷雾,观察30 min击倒率和24 h死亡率,比较其杀灭距离、有效剂量等。结果 104 g/L氯菊-烯丙菊水乳剂、10%烯丙氯菊水乳剂和5%氯菊四氟醚水乳均10倍稀释,对5～12 m距离白纹伊蚊野外种群都能达到较好的杀灭效果;5 m的喷雾效果均为最好,距离间的喷雾效果差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。野外种群的击倒率和死亡率明显低于实验室品系,30 min击倒率野外种群比敏感品系低16.00%～62.96%,24 h死亡率野外种群与实验室敏感品系低22.72%～88.24%(P0.05)。结论超低容量喷雾对已产生抗性的白纹伊蚊野外种群的杀灭效果明显低于试验室品系;不同剂量对杀灭效果有明显影响;为有效控制白纹伊蚊,合理指导用药,可在进行抗药性监测的基础上,进一步开展药物种类和剂量的筛选试验。     

遥控飞行喷雾杀灭白纹伊蚊的现场效果研究

目的现场评价遥控飞行喷雾控制白纹伊蚊密度的效果,为蚊媒传染病的媒介应急处置提供技术方法。方法将遥控飞行喷雾器应用于白纹伊蚊栖息地实施低容量喷雾和超低容量喷雾,配套使用不同剂量的含有4%氯菊酯和1%四氟醚菊酯的水乳剂。低容量喷雾模式下使用4.5和9.0 mg/m~2剂量,超低容量喷雾模式下使用1.5和3.0 mg/m~2剂量。人诱法监测蚊虫密度,观察施药前后实验区和对照区的白纹伊蚊密度变化,计算蚊虫密度下降率。结果使用9.0 mg/m~2剂量进行低容量喷雾25 min后,白纹伊蚊的密度下降率为91.3%;使用3.0 mg/m~2剂量进行超低容量喷雾25 min后,白纹伊蚊的密度下降率为92.5%。结论本研究给中国登革热暴发时的媒介应急处置提供了快速防控的技术方法。     

致倦库蚊传播登革病毒可能性的实验研究

目的：在实验室通过病毒分离和传播试验,确定致倦库蚊是否能传播登革病毒。方法：１．用大剂量登革Ⅱ型病毒（病毒滴度为１０＾－９～１０＾－１０ＴＣＩＤ５０）同时喂食致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊,不同时间后用Ｃ６／３６细胞从蚊体内分离登革病毒。２．用吸食病毒７ｄ后的致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊攻击小白鼠１ｄ龄乳鼠,两周后取鼠血清进行免疫荧光试验。结果：１３ｄ内不同时间均能从白纹伊蚊体内分离出登革病毒,而致倦库蚊在４８ｈ以后不     

防疫机器人喷雾防治白纹伊蚊的现场应用效果

目的现场评价雾炮型履带式防疫机器人(DC-IV)喷雾控制白纹伊蚊密度的效果,为蚊媒病暴发和自然灾害发生时媒介生物紧急控制提供技术方法。方法将防疫机器人应用于白纹伊蚊栖息地实施超低容量喷雾,配套使用不同剂量的德国拜耳列喜镇水乳剂(总有效成分含量104 g/L,其中S-生物烯丙菊酯1.4 g/L、氯菊酯102.6 g/L),超低容量喷雾模式下使用3种不同剂量。在傍晚蚊虫活动高峰期用帐诱法进行蚊虫密度调查,观察施药前后实验区和对照区的白纹伊蚊密度变化,计算蚊虫密度下降率。结果有效成分使用量为0.125 00或0.062 50 g/m~3进行超低容量喷雾时,均可在30 min后达到88%以上的杀灭效果,在使用0.031 25 g/m~3时30 min后蚊虫密度下降率也可达到75%以上。结论雾炮型履带式防疫机器人超低容量喷雾系统对蚊虫速杀,可为蚊媒病暴发以及自然灾害发生时媒介应急处置提供一种快速防控的技术方法。     

西双版纳州登革热暴发现场BGS-trap媒介蚊虫监测研究

目的 评价BG-Sentinel mosquito trap （BGS-trap）对登革热媒介成蚊的监测效果,为我国登革热暴发现场伊蚊成蚊监测、风险评估及预测预警提供基础数据.方法 在西双版纳州所辖景洪市、勐腊及勐海县,利用BGS-Trap进行伊蚊成蚊监测,捕获蚊种经形态学鉴定.利用描述流行病学方法对日捕获所有蚊虫进行分析.结果 景洪市5d研究期内,共布放20台BGS-trap,累计捕蚊240 h,捕获蚊虫26只,其中,埃及伊蚊雌性1只,白纹伊蚊8只（雌7只,雄1只）,致倦库蚊17只（雌16只,雄1只）.勐腊、勐海县各放置BGS-trap 3台,捕蚊时间各108 h,均未捕到埃及伊蚊及白纹伊蚊.勐腊县捕获三带喙库蚊2只（雌雄各1只）,勐海县捕获致倦库蚊2只（雌雄各1只）.结论 BGS-trap在此次云南省西双版纳州登革热暴发现场伊蚊成蚊监测中效果不理想,需在现场和实验室对该装置进行进一步媒介伊蚊成蚊监测效果评价工作.     

天然酶制剂对蚊幼和卵的杀灭效果研究

目的 探讨、研究天然酶制剂净普力对致乏库蚊、白纹伊蚊的幼虫、卵的杀灭效果及持效作用。方法 浸渍法。结果净普力对致乏库蚊的‰为0.1046％，对致乏库蚊的室内持效时间为15d；白纹伊蚊的LC50为0．1206％，对白纹伊蚊的室内持效时间为14d。结论 净普力对各龄蚊幼具有持效杀灭作用；对蚊卵孵化有抑制作用。     

广州市蚊虫种类与分布调查

目的了解广州市蚊虫种类及其分布情况。方法采集广州市各种环境类型水体中的Ⅲ～Ⅳ龄蚊幼虫并带回实验室单独饲养至成蚊,待成蚊羽化1～2 h后处死制成针插标本并进行蚊种鉴定。结果捕获蚊虫种类5属7种,分别为库蚊属:致倦库蚊、褐尾库蚊、三带喙库蚊;伊蚊属:白纹伊蚊;按蚊属:中华按蚊;巨蚊属:华丽巨蚊;阿蚊属:骚扰阿蚊。2018年调查发现的蚊种以白纹伊蚊为主(58.36%),且其在所调查的4个区中都是优势种。从化区、增城区蚊种构成比占比第二高的蚊种均是三带喙库蚊,花都区是华丽巨蚊,南沙区是致倦库蚊。结论本次调查所发现的蚊虫种类数较1990—1993年发现的种类数少,白纹伊蚊为优势种群。     

杀虫乳油防制蚊蝇和蟑螂的效果研究

目的研究家洁10%杀虫乳油对蚊、蝇和蟑螂的防制效果。方法实验室和现场超低容量喷雾防制蚊、蝇,现场热烟雾喷雾防制蟑螂。结果家洁10%杀虫乳油对致倦库蚊和家蝇的KT50分别为4.6、3.4m in,24 h死亡率均为100%;灭蚊蝇现场使用后1 h,成蚊密度下降90.0%,成蝇密度下降94.4%;灭蟑螂现场使用后,蟑螂激出时间为2.3 m in,48 h死亡率为100%。结论家洁10%杀虫乳油对蚊、蝇和蟑螂具有良好的防制效果。     

福州地区白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂抗药性研究

目的了解福州地区白纹伊蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平,为登革热媒介防制提供用药指导。方法从福州市城区和农村采集白纹伊蚊幼虫,在实验室繁殖1-2代,用WHO推荐的生物药浸测试法测定抗药性指数。结果白纹伊蚊在城区对溴氰菊酯抗药性指数为2.13,农村对残杀威抗药性指数为2.27,已产生抗药性。而城区对残杀威和DDT、农村对溴氰菊酯和DDT均为敏感。结论福州地区白纹伊蚊对部分杀虫剂已产生抗药性,城区与农村抗药性存在差异,应科学合理地进行综合防制。     

Effectiveness and residual activity comparison of granular formulations of insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and s-methoprene against Florida mosquitoes in laboratory and outdoor conditions

Effectiveness and residual activity tests of granular formulations of 2 insect growth regulators (IGRs), s-methoprene and pyriproxyfen, against laboratory-reared larvae of 5 colonized mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex nigripalpus, were conducted in the laboratory and outdoors in plastic tubs. Culex quinquefasciatus was exposed to these two IGRs in the laboratory only. Each IGR formulation was applied at 0.02 and 0.05 ppm active ingredient (Al) against 5 of the 6 mosquito species both in the laboratory and the outdoor evaluations, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus was exposed to 0.2 and 0.4 ppm AI of s-methoprene, and 0.1 and 0.2 ppm AI of pyriproxyfen in the laboratory. s-Methoprene at 0.02 and 0.05 ppm AI resulted in variable levels (<39-100%) of inhibition of adult emergence in the 5 species monitored for 6 weeks after treatment under both test conditions. Aedes taeniorhynchus was the most susceptible to s-methoprene in terms of initial and residual activity. Culex quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus were the most tolerant to s-methopene, with maximum emergence inhibitions amounting to 84% in Cx. quinquefasciatus at 0.4 ppm and 44.3% in Ae. albopictus at 0.05 ppm during the 1st week in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen at comparable treatment rates to s-methoprene caused very high levels (>80-100% in most cases) of initial and residual emergence inhibitions of the tested species in the laboratory as well as outdoors. In several species, pyriproxyfen induced complete inhibition of adult emergence for several weeks after treatment, even at the lower rate of 0.02 ppm. The World Health Organization has recently recommended the use of pyriproxyfen for the control of some mosquito species at specified rates in certain habitats.     

珠海口岸蚊类种群及季节消长调查

目的掌握珠海口岸蚊类的种群及其季节消长情况,为蚊类防制、蚊媒传染病监测和口岸卫生监督工作提供科学依据。方法采用人工诱蚊法,用吸蚊管进行定点、定人、定时人工诱捕,从2002.3～2003.2对珠海口岸的蚊类进行了为期一年的调查。结果共捕获蚊类6属12种,其中致倦库蚊、白纹伊蚊和三带喙库蚊分别占捕获成蚊总数的54.4%、37.0%、3.25%。结论珠海口岸全年均有蚊类活动,成蚊密度高峰出现在3月份,从3月至次年1月,成蚊季节消长曲线基本呈逐月下降趋势;致倦库蚊和白纹伊蚊为优势蚊种,为加强珠海口岸的蚊媒传染病监测控制以及鉴别外来蚊种提供了重要参考依据。     

Insecticidal activity of Valeriana jatamansi (Valerianaceae) against mosquitoes

A root extract of Valeriana jatamansi (code BAL-O) exhibited larvicidal and adulticidal activity against different mosquito species. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of BAL-O against larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus were 68.1, 42.8, 51.2, 53.8, and 80.6 mg/liter, respectively. The LC50 and the 90% lethal concentration against adult An. stephensi, An. culicifacies, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus were 0.14, 0.16, 0.09, 0.08, and 0.17 and 0.24, 0.34, 0.25, 0.21, and 0.28 mg/cm2, respectively. The median knock-down time and 90% knock-down time of the fraction were 13, 13, 12, 13, and 18 and 24, 25, 21, 20, and 42 min against An. stephensi, An. culicifacies, Ae. aegypti, An. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, using 0.28 mg/cm2 impregnated papers. The median effective time and 90% effective time against An. stephensi at 4 degrees C were 46.6 and 8.7 days, and at 29 degrees C, 25.5 and 5.6 days, respectively. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of BAL-O showed 2-butanone,4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-l-yl) (10.11%), patchouli alcohol (8.55%), cubenol (5.97%), caryophyllene oxide (5.46%), cadinol (5.23%), and aristolene (5.19%).     

6%灭得优和25%甲基嘧啶磷对白纹伊蚊的现场控制效果比较研究

目的比较探索快速有效控制白纹伊蚊成虫的药物,为化学防制提供理论依据。方法在轮胎堆放场、居民小区、公园3种场所采用超低容量喷雾(ULV)喷洒6%灭得优和25%甲基嘧啶磷,采用叮人法、挂笼法,孳生地阳性率考核控制白纹伊蚊的效果。结果用6%灭得优油剂(平均应用剂量0.10～0.45ml/m2)喷洒4h后,叮人率指标相关密度指数(RPI)分别为0、2.2和0,但维持时间相差较大,公园持效最短,不超过2d(用药2d后RPI为98.9),轮胎堆放场持效最长,超过4d(用药4d后RPI为53.0),挂笼法试验24h白纹伊蚊死亡率达到99%以上,该药对白纹伊蚊幼虫也有一定的控制作用。25%甲基嘧啶磷乳油对轮胎堆放场所(平均应用剂量0.08ml/m2)白纹伊蚊成虫的控制时间为48h,孳生地阳性率下降50%以上;对居民区室外环境(平均剂量0.03ml/m2)白纹伊蚊的有效控制效果达到96h。结论在白纹伊蚊高密度场所,ULV喷洒6%灭得优和25%甲基嘧啶磷,短期内均能取得较满意的控制成虫效果,对孳生地幼虫也有一定的控制作用。     

樟脑油精药效及其安全性评价

目的：评价樟脑油精喷剂的药效及其在使用中的安全性。方法：将樟脑油精涂于裸露皮肤上,进行驱蚊试验。取白色念球菌（ＡＴＣＣ１０２３１）悬液加入樟脑油精,观察对真菌的抑制作用,急性经口毒性试验采用一次性灌胃给药;急性皮肤刺和眼刺激试验直接涂药于家兔皮肤和滴药于眼结膜囊内。结果：驱蚊保护时间达６h以上;抑菌率达９９．９９％;小鼠急性经口ＬＤ５０为１３０２．２５mg／kg;对家兔皮肤刺激积分值为０,４８h后对眼刺激平均指数为０．５。结论：本品对蚊虫有一定驱避保护作用,对霉菌生长有较强的抑制作用,而且毒性低,使用安全。     

Associations between two mosquito populations and West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas, 2003-06

Associations between Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and West Nile virus (WNV) activity, temperature, and rainfall in Harris County, Texas 2003-06 are discussed. Human cases were highly correlated to Cx. quinquefasciatus (r = 0.87) and Ae. albopictus (r = 0.78) pools, blue jays (r = 0.83), and Ae. albopictus collected (r = 0.71), but not Cx. quinquefasciatus collected (r = 0.45). Human cases were associated with temperature (r = 0.71), not rainfall (r = 0.29), whereas temperature correlated with Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus collections (r = 0.88 and 0.70, respectively) and Cx. quinqueftsciatus pools (r = 0.75), but not Ae. albopictus pools (r = 0.55). Both species (collections and pools) and blue jays were weakly correlated (r 5 0.41) with rainfall, but blue jays were better correlated with Cx. quinquefasciatus pools (r = 0.87), compared with Ae. albopictus pools (r = 0.67), Ae. albopictus collections (r = 0.69), and Cx. quinquefasciatus collections (r = 0.46). Peak minimum infection rate for Cx. quinquefasciatus (4.55), and Ae. albopictus (4.41) was in August with highest human cases (17.87), blue jays (55.58), and temperature (29.01 degrees C). Between both species, blood meal analysis indicated 68.18% of Cx. quinquefasciatus mammalian hosts were dog, while 22.72% were human, whereas Ae. albopictus had higher human (44.44%) but fewer dog hosts (22.22%). Ten bird species were identified as hosts for Cx. quinquefasciatus, with northern cardinal and blue jay representing 26.66% and 20.00%, respectively. No bird feeding activity was observed in Ae. albopictus. The earliest and latest human blood meal occurred in May (Ae. albopictus) and November (Cx. quinquefasciatus); 66.66% of human host identifications between both species occurred in October-November, after the seasonal human case peak. Based upon our data, WNV activity in both mosquito species warrants further investigation of their individual roles in WNV ecology within this region.     

一种长效涂抹驱避剂驱蚊效果的研究

目的观察一种长效涂抹驱蚊剂的驱蚊效果。方法将标准驱避剂避蚊胺与伊默宁、高分子聚合物缓释剂相结合,研制成一种长效液相驱避剂,与市售驱蚊花露水进行现场驱蚊效果比较。结果人体按1．5μl／cm^2或1．5mg／cm^2处理,复配制剂对白纹伊蚊的平均有效驱避时间达9—11h,使用10h后的有效保护率为92．3％,优于其他2种驱避剂,现场驱蚊效果达8h以上。结论长效涂抹驱避剂使用方便,无油腻感,效果较好。     

Susceptibility of laboratory and field-collected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14

Susceptibility levels of a few laboratory-cultured and dengue-endemic area field-collected strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) at different storage ages were studied. The susceptibility of laboratory-cultured World Health Organization (WHO) Bora Bora reference, Vector Control Research Unit (VCRU), and Fumakilla Malaysia Berhad (FMB) strains of Ae. aegypti to Bti was examined. The sensitivity to Bti decreased with storage age. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for Bti increased by 2-3 times after 2 years compared to a fresh sample (3-6 months of storage). However, after the 2-year storage period, Bti still provided very good efficacy against all laboratory-cultured susceptible strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The observed 95% lethal concentration values were about 20 times lower than the recommended concentration (6,000 international toxic units (ITU)/liter). Results obtained from the study against the dengue-endemic area field-collected strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus confirmed the effectiveness of the Bti after storage for 2 years (18-24 months). For Ae. aegypti, the Ujung Batu strain was the most susceptible to Bti, whereas the Sungai Nibong strain showed the most tolerance. Susceptibility of laboratory-cultured strains varied; the Air Itam strain of Ae. albopictus was the most susceptible to Bti, whereas the Kampung Serani strain was the most tolerant among the field strains. However, the laboratory strain of Ae. albopictus was more susceptible than all the field strains.