肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠套入式吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

在43例胰十二指肠切除术中采用了肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套入式吻合技术。术后无1例发生胰肠吻合口漏，发生胆肠吻合口漏2例，腹腔感染2例，胃应激性溃疡4例。认为在胰十二指肠切除术中采用肠系膜上血管蒂后间隙胰肠直接套人式吻合技术能有效预防胰肠吻合口漏的发生。     

胰肠吻合的改良术式(附45例报告)

胰十二指肠切除术是目前公认的治疗壶腹周围癌的首选方法[1].该术式操作复杂、切除范围广泛、创伤大、术后并发症及死亡率较高.术后胰漏是胰十二指肠切除术最严重的并发症,所以预防胰漏的发生是降低手术病死率的关键所在,而胰漏的发生与术中胰肠吻合处理有直接关系.为预防胰漏的发生,国内外学者近年对各种胰肠吻合方法进行了不断改进[2,3],明显降低了胰漏发生.笔者2005年5月至2009年12月应用改良胰肠吻合术式行胰十二指肠切除术45例,术中运用显微外科技术对胰肠吻合做了全方位的精细处理,术后无1例胰漏发生,效果良好.     

内镜检查对缺血性肠病的诊断意义

缺血性肠病(ischemic bowel disease)是由于肠壁血流灌注不良所致相应肠道发生急性或慢性缺血性损害,可累及整个消化道,但主要累及结肠,故亦称为缺血性结肠炎[1].本病的及时诊断是治疗的关键.现总结我院43例缺血性肠病的内镜及病理特点,旨在探讨其在缺血性肠病上的诊断价值,提高诊断率.     

缺血性肠病的诊断与治疗

缺血性肠病也称肠系膜血管病,是由于各种原因引起的肠道的急性或慢性血流灌注不良所致的肠壁缺血性疾病。按解剖分类,肠管的血液供应主要源于3支动脉:①腹腔动脉供应胃和十二指肠,侧支循环丰富,缺血性肠病罕见。②肠系膜上动脉供应小肠,右半结肠,横结肠至脾曲,因其分支的各动脉均为末梢动脉,一旦受阻易形成肠壁局部坏死。③肠系膜下动脉供应左半结肠及大部分直肠。静脉多与同名动脉伴行。缺血性肠病包括急性肠系膜缺血、慢性肠系膜缺血及结肠缺血。此病属少见病,但随着心血管病及糖尿病的日益增多,饮食结构的改变,以及诊疗技术的不断发展,发…     

连续缝合法在套入式胰肠吻合中的应用

目的 探讨在胰十二指肠切除术中利用连续缝合法进行套入式胰肠吻合对预防胰瘘发生的作用.方法 通过采用4-0可吸收线连续缝合法对22例胰十二指肠切除患者进行端侧套入式胰肠吻合,并以同期实施的12例端侧套入式间断缝合、23例胰管空肠黏膜吻合术进行比较.结果 22例患者均顺利施行套入式连续胰肠吻合,平均时间约13 min,术后1例出现胆漏,未发生胰肠吻合口漏,无手术死亡.患者平均住院15 d.同期端侧套入式间断缝合时间平均20 min,术后发生胰漏2例,腹腔感染1例,其中1例并发腹腔大出血死亡;端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合时间平均18 min,发生胰漏1例,上消化道出血1例.术后患者平均住院19 d.结论 连续套入式胰肠吻合适用于任何情况下的残余胰腺,且操作简便、省时、并发症少,是胰肠吻合技术的一种有效改进.     

改良胰肠端侧吻合法在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的：观察胰十二指肠切除术中应用改良的胰肠端侧吻合法（胰管—空肠黏膜对黏膜）的临床效果。方法41例行胰十二指肠切除术患者,术中采用4-0 Prolene线连续缝合胰腺断面与空肠浆肌层,5-0 Prolene线吻合胰管—空肠黏膜行胰肠端侧吻合。记录胰肠吻合时间、胰漏等并发症和死亡发生情况。结果41例患者均顺利完成手术,胰肠吻合时间9～16 min、平均12 min,均未出现术后胰漏、消化道出血及死亡,2例出现胆瘘,2例出现胃排空障碍,1例出现碱性反流性胃炎,经保守治疗后痊愈。结论改良的胰肠端侧吻合法可降低胰十二指肠术后胰漏发生率,操作简便、省时、安全。     

胰十二指肠切除术中捆绑式胰肠吻合预防胰漏的作用

胰漏为胰十二指肠切除术后最常见、最严重的并发症之一。2004年10月～2006年10月,我们在16例胰十二指肠切除术中采用捆绑式胰肠吻合法,术后均未发生胰漏。现报告如下。     

缺血性肠病34例诊治分析

缺血性肠病是指结肠和（或）小肠因供血不足发生的缺血性肠道损害。本文对34例缺血性肠病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,现报告如下。     

层流病房治疗甲状腺功能亢进症继发急性粒细胞缺乏症的观察

目的观察层流病房全环境保护治疗甲状腺功能亢进症（简称＂甲亢＂）继发急性粒细胞缺乏症的感染发生率及疗效。方法分为治疗组10例入住层流病房全环境保护治疗,对照组20例常规治疗。结果治疗组感染的发生率为10%,而对照组感染的发生率为70%。两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。治疗组急性粒细胞缺乏症治愈率为90%,而对照组急性粒细胞缺乏症治愈率为78%。结论层流病房全环境保护治疗甲亢继发急性粒细胞缺乏症的感染发生率明显降低,治愈率较高,是安全、理想、有效的治疗方法。     

经皮肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石

目的探讨经皮肝I期胆道造瘘(PTOBF)联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石的安全性和有效性,探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2021年5月于山东省第二人民医院接受PTOBF联合术中硬质胆道镜、术后电子胆道镜治疗的12例胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均成功行PTOBF,经胆道镜取净肝胆管结石,术中发现胆肠吻合口狭窄8例(线结性狭窄3例),经胆道气囊扩张及胆肠吻合口线结拆除,7例近期缓解(87.5%),1例再次胆肠吻合手术。结论PTOBF联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石安全有效,取净率高,可缓解胆肠吻合口狭窄。     

Splenic epithelial cysts and splenomegaly: diagnosis and management

Splenomegaly is a common problem. In the absence of systemic illness or malignancy splenic cysts must be considered, especially the epithelial variety. For large cysts total splenectomy has long been recommended. Recognition of the risk of an overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI), especially in children, has led to spleen conserving surgery. We describe the use of an absorbable Vicryl® net after partial splenectomy with total cystectomy in the management of splenic epitelial cysts.     

Splenectomy in living donor liver transplantation and risk factors of portal vein thrombosis

BackgroundGraft inflow modulation (GIM) during adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a common strategy to avoid small-for-size syndrome, and some transplant surgeons attempt small size graft strategy with frequent GIM procedures, which are mostly performed by splenectomy, in LDLT. However, splenectomy can cause serious complications such as portal vein thrombosis and overwhelming postsplenectomy infection.MethodsForty-eight adult-to-adult LDLT recipients were enrolled in this study and retrospectively reviewed. We applied the graft selection criteria, which routinely fulfill graft-to-recipient weight ratio ≥ 0.8%, and consider GIM as a backup strategy for high portal venous pressure (PVP).ResultsIn our current strategy of LDLT, splenectomy was performed mostly due to hepatitis C and splenic arterial aneurysms, but splenectomy for GIM was intended to only one patient (2.1%). The final PVP values ≤ 20 mmHg were achieved in all recipients, and no significant difference was observed in patient survival or postoperative clinical course based on whether splenectomy was performed or not. However, 6 of 18 patients with splenectomy (33.3%) developed postsplenectomy portal vein thrombosis (PVT), while none of the 30 patients without splenectomy developed PVT after LDLT. Splenectomy was identified as a risk factor of PVT in this study (P < 0.001). Our study revealed that a lower final PVP could be risk factor of postsplenectomy PVT.ConclusionsUsing sufficient size grafts was one of the direct solutions to control PVP, and allowed GIM to be reserved as a backup procedure. Splenectomy should be avoided as much as possible during LDLT because splenectomy was found to be a definite risk factor of PVT. In splenectomy cases with a lower final PVP, a close follow-up is required for early detection and treatment of PVT.     

小儿血液代谢性疾病脾切除的指征及围手术期治疗

目的 总结21例小儿血液代谢性疾病脾切除的手术指征和围手术期治疗体会。方法 对21例血液代谢性疾病脾切除患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组患儿无死亡,术中均无大出血,术后脾功能亢进症状得以缓解。1例尼曼匹克氏病患儿脾切除术后1a,因巨大肝脏影响呼吸及活动进行右半肝部分切除;1例自身免疫性溶血性贫血患儿术后半年死于肺部严重感染。结论 脾切除是治疗血液性代谢性疾病的有效方法,保留副脾或部分脾切除有助于提高术后免疫力和减少凶险性感染（OPSI）的发生。     

Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results and treatment of postsplenectomy relapses

Information regarding prognostic determinants of outcome after splenectomy for adult immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and the management of postsplenectomy relapse is limited. Among 140 adult patients with ITP who had therapeutic splenectomy at our institution, 88% achieved either a complete (platelets > 150 x 10(9)/l) or a partial (platelets > or = 50 x 10(9)/l) response that was sustained for at least 1 month. At 3, 6, and 12 months after splenectomy, time-adjusted complete response rates were 77%, 71%, and 74%, respectively. The 5-year relapse-free survival was 75%; all but three relapses occurred within 2 years of splenectomy. In multivariate analysis, younger age and higher peak postsplenectomy platelet counts were significantly associated with a favorable response to splenectomy. None of several preoperative or perioperative variables was predictive of a relapse after an initial response to splenectomy. Corticosteroids, danazol, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide were often effective in the treatment of patients who were either refractory to or had a relapse after splenectomy. One patient responded to rituximab after not responding to corticosteroids, azathioprine, and vincristine. After a median follow-up of 37.5 months (range: 0-183) from splenectomy, there were 25 deaths, including 2 from postoperative complications, 1 from gastrointestinal bleeding related to thrombocytopenia, and 1 from overwhelming sepsis related to the splenectomized state. The current study provides additional data on both the long-term outcome of splenectomy in adults with ITP and the management of postsplenectomy relapse.     

Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection

BACKGROUND: Splenectomy performed at any age and for any reason increases the risk for death due to overwhelming infection. AIM: To evaluate definition, etiology, incidence, risk factors and prophylaxis of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, as well as the methods related to splenic tissue preservation when total splenectomy is necessary. METHOD: Bibliographic review. RESULTS: The etiological agents more frequently found are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza and type B, and Neisseria meningitidis. Other bacteria like Escherichia coli, Streptococcus b-hemolytic, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp represent a significant risk as well. In addition, a great variety of agents including other enteric Gram-negative microorganisms and non-bacteria pathogens can also be sporadically identified. The prophylaxis is based on three main aspects: patient's education, immune prophylaxis and chemical prophylaxis. However these are not enough to prevent the higher risk of developing sepsis. When total splenectomy is unavoidable, heterotopic splenic autotransplantation seems to be the only alternative for splenic tissue preservation. According to clinical and experimental studies, the splenic autotransplanted tissue present a similar structure to a normal spleen and preserve the splenic immune function. CONCLUSIONS: The high risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, reduced the indication for total splenectomy, in trauma and several diseases. Prophylactic methods have been developed to minimize the effects of the sepsis. Several researches have been done to determine the immunocompetence of autogenous splenic grafts in response to bacteria invasion.     

Splenectomy for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a single center study in China

The management of chronic and refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children is controversial. We conducted a retrospective review of our single center experience in China between 1990 and 2003 with splenectomy for chronic ITP in children in order to determine the initial and long-term hematological response, morbidity, mortality, predictors of response to splenectomy and the therapy in children who failed splenectomy. Of 65 children analyzed, the overall immediate clinical response to splenectomy was 89.2%. The median postsplenectomy follow-up time was 52 months (8-124). During follow-up, 9 children (13.8%) relapsed within a median time of 6 months (2-58). The overall morbidity was 1.5% and perioperative mortality was zero. During follow-up, 1 child died of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and 1 died of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). The platelet count at day 7 after splenectomy was a predictor of a sustained response to splenectomy but no preoperative parameters were predictors of the response to splenectomy. Of the 15 children who failed splenectomy, excluding the one who died of ICH, only 2 children intermittently required corticosteroids and IVIG. Splenectomy is a potential therapy to provide long-term control of disease in children with chronic ITP and is associated with low morbidity and mortality. The risk of fulminant sepsis remains an omnipresent concern. Antipneumococcal vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis should be recommended and children should receive timely and adequate antibiotics for bacteria infection to lessen the problem of OPSI.     

Should all splenectomised patients be vaccinated to avoid OPSI? Revisiting an old concept: an Italian retrospective monocentric study

BACKGOUND/AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI), the usefulness of vaccination in preventing OPSI, and whether affected patients had received the current best practice preventive measures. METHODOLOGY: The patients, observed from June 1991 to May 2005, were reviewed retrospectively. Gender, age, causes of splenectomy, vaccinations and complications were studied. RESULTS: 225 patients (178 males, 47 females) underwent splenectomy, and of these, 79 patients (35.1%) were considered for the present study. Seven patients (8.8%) were informed about the risks of infection and received pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine after splenectomy. Sixty-eight patients (86.7%) receive influenza vaccine every year. One of the patients that did not receive immunoprophylaxis had OPSI (incidence 1.26%) 1 year after splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Vaccination seems to prevent OPSI. Because of low incidence of OPSI, however, prospective randomised studies in patients without risk factors are needed to evaluate the usefulness of immunoprophylaxis.     

Patient awareness of health precautions after splenectomy

Sepsis after splenectomy is a lifelong risk, and patients who have had splenectomy should be educated about this risk. This study examines patient knowledge after splenectomy. We reviewed hospital records of 118 patients who had splenectomies performed between 1982 and 1988 at New Hanover Memorial Hospital. Twenty-four patients have died since their surgery; one death was suspected to be due to postsplenectomy sepsis. Of the 89 patients alive and eligible for follow-up, we were able to query 63. Only 16% were aware of any health precautions. After prompting, patient awareness improved to 40%. We also surveyed 11 of the 14 surgeons who performed the splenectomies. They indicated that they always discuss with their patients the immunologic consequences of spleen removal and the increased risks of infection, although they do not always recommend pneumococcal vaccine. We conclude that splenectomy patients have a low level of knowledge about postsplenectomy infection risks and precautions. We developed an educational pamphlet to aid the surgeon in patient education.     

Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection.

One of the more intriguing aspects of the spleen is the protection against certain bacterial infections afforded by its unique vascular and immune function. There have been extensive clinical surveys which indicate an incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) above that of the disease for which the splenectomy was done. In the absence of the spleen, either congenital or subsequent to surgical removal, this overwhelming sepsis has a 50% case fatality rate. The most common infective organism has been Diplococcus (tstreptococcus) pneumoniae (D. pneumoniae). Intensive investigations indicated loss of phagocytic function of the spleen, depression of serum IgM levels, a possible suppression of the lymphocyte responsiveness, and changes in opsonin-alternative complement system as potential causes of OPSI. Preventive measures against OPSI include trials of prophylactic Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (penicillin) and pneumococcal vaccine.     

Splenectomy in childhood for non-malignant haematologic disorders – long-term follow-up shows minimal adverse effects

Splenectomy is considered therapeutic in various non-malignant haematologic diseases. Adverse events ‒ specifically infections and thromboembolism ‒ are not extensively documented in the paediatric population, maintaining the concern over risks-versus-benefits of the procedure. We studied a cohort of paediatric haematology patients undergoing splenectomy between 1977 and 2015 to determine short- and long-term complications. We summarised all the patients of the haematology clinic in our major Israeli tertiary centre undergoing splenectomy for therapeutic reasons, capturing infectious and thromboembolic events. The data of 103 patients, comprising 1657 follow-up years, were analysed. The cohort included 33 patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia, seven with non-transfusion-dependent thalassaemia, four with sickle-thalassaemia, 41 with hereditary spherocytosis, and 18 with immune thrombocytopenia. Standard presplenectomy vaccinations were noted in most. No typical cases of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) were identified, nor were typical OPSI bacteria isolated. Thalassaemics with central lines were most prone to infection and thrombosis. Beyond this subgroup, thrombotic events were anecdotal. This is the largest study to date to comprehensively analyse infectious and thrombotic complications of childhood splenectomy for the treatment of haematologic diseases. The use of splenectomy appears to be a relatively safe therapeutic option in paediatric patients with proper preoperative vaccination and follow-up care; use of central venous lines or catheters increase the risk in thalassaemic patients and should be avoided if possible.