Common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystecmy is the preferred method for removing the Gall bladder. The most frequent intra-operative complications are by for related to the biliary tract: wounds, section. From September 1995 to August 2001, the authors have realized 1570 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were 3 lesions of the common bile duct. Most of those complications are directly proportional to the operators experience. Their prevention depends on a perfect technics, understanding of the mechanisms and no hesitation in converting to conventional laparotomy whenever difficulties are encountered.     

Bile duct injury after cholecystectomy: risk of mortality substantially higher

Previous studies showed that bile duct injury after cholecystectomy is associated with substantial morbidity and a negative effect on Quality of Life. In a recent study, patients with a bile duct injury after cholecystectomy exhibited a 3-fold increase in mortality during a follow-up period of nine years compared to patients without injury. This is the first study to demonstrate a negative impact of bile duct injury on survival. Repair by a less experienced surgeon leads to an 11% higher mortality during follow-up. Cholangiography should probably be performed routinely during cholecystectomy. A bile duct lesion should be suspected when the patient has not recovered within 48 hours. Endoscopic or percutaneous treatment of stenoses or leakage is usually successful, even after several weeks.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的防治

目的：探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的原因及对策。方法：对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石13例患者的Il盘床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：13例患者术前均诊断为单纯胆囊结石,胆囊内伴有多发性小结石,均有右上腹或剑突下疼痛病史,1例转氨酶升高,3例伴胆囊颈部结石嵌顿,胆总管增粗2例,所有患者术前均未行MRCP检查。行腹腔镜胆囊切除术后因出现不适症状发现胆总管结石,其大小与胆囊内小结石相当,6例经保守治疗结石自行排出,7例手术治疗治愈。结论：详细复习病史资料,及时补充检查,正确的操作方法是预防此并发症的关键。采用保守治疗可使部分结石自行排出,EST治疗为首选手术方式,必要时开腹手术。     

Laparoscopic treatment of bile leakage from the Luschka duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The possible reasons for bile leakage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy are the injury of the common bile duct, the insufficient treatment of cystic duct (non competent or non closing, or spontaneously removing clip, stumpnecrosis due to electrocoagulation near to clipp, rupture adjacent to the clipp) or the opening of an aberrant bile duct. The latter often may occur in case of the anatomic variation described by Hubert von Luschka (1820-1875) a German anatomist as the duct named after Luschka. In a favorable case the accessory bile duct closes by itself, but occasionally developing biloma and/or biliary peritonitis need to be operated on. The authors write about the case of a 52 years old female patient, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and 3 days later the complication was averted through the application of relaparoscopy with intracorporal suture. In connection with this case the authors acquaint the readers with the biography, the academic carrier of Hubert von Luschka, and the literature related to Luschka duct is surveyed.     

Electrocardiographic changes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM: To determine whether ECG changes observed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be correlated with procedure characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We studied prospectively 500 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for documented gallstones and prior history of cardiovascular disease, volume of carbon dioxide insufflated in the peritoneal cavity, duration of the procedure and intra-abdominal pressure created. RESULTS: We found that 9 (1.8%) patients developed LV strain, 2 (0.4%) patients--atrial fibrillation, 2 (0.4%) patients--tachyarrhythmia in the presence of AF, 1 (0.2%) patient--RBBB and 1 (0.2%) patient--myocardial ischemia with ST depression regarding these ECG leads. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using multifactorial logistic regression analysis. These changes were not correlated to the above referred procedure characteristics. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ECG changes are frequent events after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (3%) but are not correlated to prior history of cardiovascular disease, the duration of the procedure, the volume of carbon dioxide insufflated and the intra-abdominal pressure.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤发生的相关原因、处理方法以及预防措施。方法回顾收治的16例腹腔镜胆道损伤患者的临床资料,分析其发生的原因、类型、处理方法和预防措施。结果16例患者中治愈15例,治愈率93.8%;术后1例出现吻合口漏,对症治疗5个月后痊愈。结论了解胆道损伤产生的原因后,术前正确选择病例、术中规范操作,及时处理异常。同时提高自身理论及技能,积极预防,在其出现时能够针对不同的类型及时的做出正确的处理,以达到满意的预后。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤医疗纠纷鉴定9例分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤案例的医疗纠纷鉴定。方法：对9例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤医疗纠纷鉴定案例进行回顾性分析。结果：9例经鉴定均存在医疗过错行为,且与患者的损害后果存在因果关系,原因力大小为：完全因素3例、主要因素4例、同等因素1例、次要因素1例。结论：在鉴定中,应重点从手术操作、并发症的防范及处理、知情告知等方面,客观地分析医务人员有无履行好医师的注意义务,针对具体案例综合评定过错参与度。     

Port site recurrence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer diagnosis is usually at a later stage. Only 1% of gallbladder cancers are discovered fortuitously at infra-clinic stage when histological exam of cholecystectomy specimen. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was realised for gallbladder lithiasis or polyps. Port site metastasis after laparoscopy was reported. The aim of our study is to report our series of port site metastasis complicating gallbladder cancer discovered fortuitously after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: From 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2004, 2562 laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out. Ten gallbladder cancers were diagnosed than the incidence was 0.39%. RESULTS: Gallbladder cancer diagnosis was carried out by histology in 8 cases, and when port site metastasis in two cases whereas histological exam of cholecystectomy specimen was negative. Recurrence of gallbladder cancer was in port site in 4 cases. The mean rate survival of patients with port site metastases was 19 months.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的诊断、预防和处理经验.方法 回顾性分析8例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右侧副肝管损伤的诊治情况.结果 8例右侧副肝管损伤病例中,5例为术中发现.3例为术后发现,处理方法 :5例副肝管直径小于3.0mm者予以结扎;1例副肝管直径为5.0mm者予以重建并支撑引流半年以上;1例副肝管直径为3.0mm,但近端与邻近肝叶胆管有交通胆管存在,亦予以结扎.结扎及重建的7例患者经6个月至5年随访,预后良好.另1例术中未及时发现和正确处理的副肝管直径为3.5咖的患者术后发生了严重的胆漏和感染等并发症,历经3次引流手术,半年后治愈.全组无死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中必须严格遵守正确的操作规程,警惕副肝管的存在,避免损伤,若发生副肝管损伤,应中转开腹,及时发现和正确处理是获得良好效果的关键.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后预防切口感染的护理研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后预防切口感染的临床护理方法,为临床中术后切口感染的护理提供参考依据,以降低感染的发生.方法 回顾性调查分析2010年3月-2012年3月28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后预防切口感染的护理方法,主要包括心理、基础、切口和营养支持护理等方面.结果 通过针对性的临床护理方法实施,28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后切口感染患者均已经康复出院,平均住院时间为(4.5±1.6)d.结论 在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后预防切口感染患者的临床护理中,应加强患者病史的了解,同时加强心理干预和切口以及营养支持等方面的护理,从而提高护理服务质量.     

Use of an endoprosthesis in the treatment of bile leakage from the cystic duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy]

The case is reported of a female aged 32 years in whom, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed because of symptomatic gallbladder calculi, leakage from the cystic duct occurred. After percutaneous drainage of the perihepatic bile collection, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with papillotomy was performed; since this proved insufficient, an endoprosthesis was inserted into the common bile duct by ERCP, following which the bile leakage ceased.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤613例的体会

目的：探讨行腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的方法及措施。方法：回顾分析613例患者行 LC 的资料。结果：共完成 LC 术609例,中转4例,手术时间30～120min,无胆管损伤发生。结论：严格的术前评估、术者良好的心态、规范的手术操作、果断及时的中转开腹及高度重视胆囊管的变异可有效预防胆管损伤的发生。     

Increased cholecystectomy rates among medicare patients after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A study was undertaken of Medicare claims coded for cholecystectomy and those coded for laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the four year period 1990–1993 in New York State. During this time period there was a 28.12% increase in total cholecystectomies performed and an increase in the proportion of laparoscopic cholecystectomies from 15.86% to 50.0%. The increase in total cholecystectomies appears to be driven by a dramatic increase in laparoscopic procedures. Possible reasons for this increase include the performance of laparoscopy on patients previously assessed as too risky to undergo the conventional procedure, laparoscopy on mildly symptomatic patients who had previously put off a perceived higher risk open procedure and a possible broadening of indications for gallbladder surgery.The dramatic increase in the numbers of cholecystectomies performed in the early 1990s may be due in part to procedures performed on a large pool of procrastinating mildly symptomatic patients. If this is the case, then these increased rates should decline to baseline levels as soon as this pool of patients is exhausted. However, if surgeons are performing laparoscopy on asymptomatic patients with gallstones, then these rates may well be sustained. Such a broadening of indications for gallbladder surgery is of concern to many and has prompted the issuance of guidelines concerning the treatment of gallstones. Any broadening of indications for gallbladder surgery also has significant implications for health care costs and the use of health care resources.     

经十二指肠镜括约肌切开术后选择腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术时机探讨

目的 探讨经十二指肠镜括约肌切开术（EST）后选择腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术时机.方法 胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者240例按随机数字表法分为三组,均行EST联合LC,每组80例,分别于EST术后3d（A组）,7d（B组）,30d（C组）行LC,并对比各组术中和术后相关临床资料情况.结果 B组LC手术时间（52.5±6.4） min,明显较A组（35.8±5.7） min、C组（34.6±2.6） min延长,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;B组中转开腹率10.0％（8/80）,较A组1.3％（1/80）、C组1.3％（1/80）明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;B组术中出血量（51.7土4.8）ml,较A组（27.9±6.4） ml、C组（28.2±3.6） ml明显增多,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.C组的住院总费用（15 361.2±1007.8）元,较A组（10 085.1±695.4）元、B组（10632.4±855.9）元明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 EST术后3d行LC可降低手术难度与中转开腹率,缩短手术时间,手术安全有效,优势明显.     

Finding bile duct injuries using record linkage: a validated study of complications following cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced to Western Australia in 1991 and has become the method of choice for this procedure, although there are concerns about complications, particularly bile duct injuries. Previous studies have investigated this problem but have not confirmed the accuracy of coded information. We used Record Linkage to link operative admissions to subsequent admissions for all people who underwent cholecystectomy between 1988 and 1994. Using ICD9-CM discharge codes, we identified patients with an associated complication. We validated these patients' medical notes to obtain the proportion of complications in the period encompassing the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We found 48 bile duct injuries in 413 patients. Of these 43% were found using complication codes on the operative admission, 79% using linked records of subsequent admissions, and 90% by adding lists of complicated cases from the three teaching hospitals. Any epidemiological research that uses surgical complication codes from operative admissions, particularly in the absence of a specific ICD9-CM code, will lead to significantly underestimating the prevalence of complications. By using record linkage, and validating medical records, we captured a significant proportion of complications.