非那雄胺片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产与进口非那雄胺片的人体生物等效性。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服非那雄胺片10mg后血清中的药物浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:国产及进口非那雄胺片的AUC0～t 分别为(990 .80±302. 80)、(1007 .46±333. 65) (μg·h)/L ,Cmax 分别为(119. 22±18. 48)、(114. 08±22 .97) μg/L ,tmax 分别为(2. 89±1. 02)h、(2. 64±0. 54)h ,国产制剂相对于进口制剂的人体生物利用度为(103. 35±29 .75) %。结论:国产与进口非那雄胺片具有生物等效性。     

国产替米沙坦片健康人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定18名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80 mg后血浆替米沙坦浓度.用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价.结果:两种替米沙坦片的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,参比制剂、受试制剂的主要药动学参数为:Cmax分别为(931.0±367.7)μg·L-1和(894.2±421.7)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(1.0±0.6)h和(1.4±0.8)h;T1/2β分别为(28.1±14.1)h和(27.0±10.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(4 085±2 313)μg·L-1·h和(3 920±2 199)μg·L-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(4 751±2 742)μg·L-1·h和(4 352±2 569)μg·L-1·h.国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度F0-t为(97.5±15.6)%,F0-∞为(96.5±15.8)%.结论:方差分析和双单侧t检验证明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸依匹斯汀片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究国产和进口盐酸依匹斯汀片(抗组胺药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服国产和进口盐酸依匹斯汀片40mg后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆盐酸依匹斯汀浓度,用DAS软件计算其药代动力学参数。结果2种制剂在人体的药时曲线均符合二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(10.12±1.28)和(10.43±2.44)h;tmax分别为(2.18±0.47)和(2.03±0.41)h;Cmax分别为(65.90±16.45)和(68.17±13.25)μg·L-1;AUC0-36分别为(591.63±88.22)和(600.90±93.74)μg·L-1.h;AUC0-∞分别为(647.04±101.58)和(657.96±87.56)μg·L-1.h。与进口制剂比较,国产制剂的相对生物利用度F0-36为(99.40±12.77)%;F0-36为(98.85±13.72)%。结论国产和进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

马来酸依那普利片的健康人体生物等效性

目的:研究马来酸依那普利片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服马来酸依那普利片试验制剂和参比制剂,剂量分别为20 mg,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中依那普利的浓度.用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(272.6±42.2)μg·L-1和(263.5±42.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.81±0.11)h和(0.80±0.10)h;AUC(0-∞)分别为(664.7±105.1)μg·h·L-1和(661.2±99.5)μg·h·L-1)AUC(0-inf)分别为(698.0±116.3)μg·h·L-1和(689.0±106.0)μg·h·L-1.试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(102.3±19.7)%,结论:试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口奥氮平片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的:考察健康受试者口服奥氮平片的药动学,比较国产制剂与进口制剂的生物等效性.方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,22例男性健康志愿者随机分为2组,交叉单次剂量口服国产或进口奥氮平片10mg,用高效液相色谱电化学检测法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中奥氮平的浓度,采用3P97非房室模型法生物等效性计算程序进行统计分析.结果:国产和进口奥氮平片单次口服后的血药浓度时间曲线相似,主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(20.77±4.86)和(19.31±4.80)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(2.91±0.68)和(3.73±1.24)h;AUC0～144h分别为(643.94±156.35)和(636.53±187.19)μg·h·L1;AUC0～∞分别为(688.42±156.19)和(684.85±192.66)μg·h·L-1.国产奥氮平片对进口奥氮平片的相对生物利用度F-AUC0～144h为(105.2±25.0)%,F-AUC0～∞为(104.8±27.9)%.除Tmax外(P＜0.05),主要药动学参数Cmax,AUC0～144h和AUC0～∞均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:国产和进口奥氮平片具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口吲达帕胺片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究国产和进口吲达帕胺片(抗高血压药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法用随机交叉试验,22名健康男性单剂量空腹口服国产和进口吲达帕胺片2.5mg,采集72h内动态血标本;用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定全血中吲达帕胺的浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果国产和进口片剂的tmax分别为(2.0±0.8)和(2.6±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(121.9±22.3)和(118.5±22.3)μg·L-1,AUC0-72h分别为(2464.9±423.2)和(2317.0±455.2)μg·h·L-1,t1/2分别为(15.4±1.9)和(15.2±2.1)h。国产制剂的相对生物利用度为(107.5±12.7)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 比较国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬片(广谱抗真菌药)在健康人体的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者随机分组,双交叉单次口服国产(试验制剂)与进口(对照制剂)盐酸特比萘芬各250 mg,清洗期为1周.服药后于各时间点采血3 mL,用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 对照制剂和试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(17.26±7.60),(17.94±7.94)h;AUC0-t分别为(5.20±2.06),(4.90±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5.70±2.24),(5.40±1.74)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(1.15±0.48),(1.03±0.36)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.56±0.74),(1.36±0.50)h.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F为104.4%.结论 国产和进口盐酸特比萘芬片生物等效.     

左羟丙哌嗪口崩片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的:建立HPLC-荧光法测定人血浆中左羟丙哌嗪浓度,研究左羟丙哌嗪口崩片的人体生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康男性志愿者20名,随机交叉单剂量17服左羟丙哌嗪17崩片和参比制剂左羟丙哌嗪胶囊,以HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件计算药动学参数与生物等效性.结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药动学参数Gmax分别为(326.5±106.4)μg·L-1和(289.5±101.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.48±0.17)h和(0.57±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(3.6±1.3)h和(3.5±1.3)h;AUCo-t分别为(1 089.3±274.7)/μg·h·L-1和(1 164.9±310.2)μg·h·L-1;AUCo-∞分别为(1 158.3±300.5)μg·h·L-1和(1 241.6±297.5)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.6±7.3)%.结论:左羟丙哌嗪口崩片和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

头孢泊肟酯片人体药动学及生物等效性评价

目的:研究国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片200 mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定其活性代谢产物头孢泊肟的经时血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:国产和进口头孢泊肟酯片的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2.6±0.9)h和(2.7±1.1)h,tmax分别为(3.0±0.6)h和(3.0±0.5)h,Cmax分别为(4.3±0.7)mg·L-1和(4.2±0.8)mg·L-1,AUC0→12分别为(21.1±4.8)mg·h·L-1和(21.9±5.5)mg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(23.1±6.1)mg·h·L-1和(24.0±6.6)mg·h·L-1,国产头孢泊肟酯片的相对生物利用度为(97.8±13.5)%(F0→12)和(97.2±15.9)%(F0→∞).结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.