三七总皂苷鼻腔给药的药代动力学与药效学

目的研究三七总皂苷鼻腔用粉雾剂以混悬液形式给药后在大鼠体内的药代动力学过程及对心脑血管疾病的保护作用。方法HPLC测定三七总皂苷混悬液大鼠鼻腔给药后血样中人参皂苷Rg1的浓度，考察药物在体内的动力学过程，并计算其绝对生物利用度；结扎SD大鼠的左冠状动脉建立急性缺血性心肌梗死模型，夹闭沙鼠的双侧颈总动脉建立脑缺血再灌注模型，考察三七总皂苷混悬液对心脑血管疾病的保护作用。结果三七总皂苷混悬液鼻腔给药后，Rg1在大鼠体内的过程符合二室模型，其绝对生物利用度为103.56％；对大鼠急性缺血性心肌梗死及沙鼠脑缺血再灌注所引起的脑水肿和脑卒中症状均具有明显的缓解作用，且呈剂量依赖性，剂量越高，保护作用越强。结论药代动力学和药效学结果证明，三七总皂苷鼻腔给药制剂具有很好的开发前景。     

三七总皂苷口服脂质体的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的制备三七总皂苷(TPNS)口服胆盐脂质体,考察其药剂学特征及在大鼠体内的药动学行为。方法薄膜分散法制备TPNS胆盐脂质体,对其外观形态、粒径分布、包封率进行评价,并以注射用血栓通和血栓通胶囊为参比制剂,将18只大鼠随机分成血栓通胶囊灌胃组、TPNS脂质体灌胃组和血栓通溶液尾静脉注射组进行药动学行为考察。结果制备的TPNS脂质体呈类球形结构,粒径为(163.0±5.28)nm,包封率为(80.6±2.14)%,3组实验的AUC_(0~t)分别为865.39、1442.79和2124.38h·μg·mL~(-1),自制TPNS脂质体相对于血栓通胶囊的生物利用度为166.72%。结论 TPNS胆盐脂质体外观良好,包封率较高,能显著提高TPNS口服给药的生物利用度。     

三七总皂苷非注射途径给药剂型的研究进展

三七总皂苷作为中药三七的主要活性成分,在心脑血管疾病的多个环节发挥着重要作用。目前,三七总皂苷在临床上常用的剂型是注射剂和普通片剂,都存在各自的不足之处,限制了其在临床上的使用。随着中医药制剂工艺的进一步发展和临床的需求,三七总皂苷的剂型逐渐多样化,本文对非注射途径的给药剂型进行了总结。     

三七总皂苷和灯盏花素单用与联用时主要成分的药动学比较

目的考察三七总皂苷(主要成分为三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rd)和灯盏花素(主要成分为野黄芩苷)复方粉针制剂在健康比格犬体内的药动学,并与单独使用三七总皂苷粉针或灯盏花素粉针时的药动学参数进行比较。方法建立检测给药后不同时间点的比格犬血样中三七总皂苷各组分及野黄芩苷浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)方法,计算各成分的药动学参数。结果单次给予复方粉针后,三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Rd及野黄芩苷的血浆消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为(1.08±0.30),(0.95±0.16),(1.40±0.39),(51.08±10.42),(64.84±17.70)及(2.00±0.88)h;峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(4641.00±758.84),(11325.00±1418.62),(1822.00±253.37),(39380.00±5644.03),(12964.00±2738.41)及(2669.00±841.79)ng·mL-1;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0-∞)分别为(2832.31±308.38),(3454.00±473.08),(1210.80±161.06),(1360410.90±277244.88),(320529.65±101345.47),(450.68±90.50)ng·mL-1·h。与三七总皂苷粉针或灯盏花素粉针单次给药相比,复方粉针单次给药后,血药浓度-时间曲线相似;三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rd的Cmax显著升高(P<0.05);人参皂苷Rb1和野黄芩苷Cmax差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);t1/2、AUC0-∞差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论三七总皂苷粉针和灯盏花素粉针联合用药可提高三七总皂苷部分组分的Cmax,对野黄芩苷的药动学没有明显影响。     

三七总皂苷在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的 考察三七总皂苷iv和ig给药后,人参皂苷Rb_1、人参皂苷Rg_1和三七皂苷R_1在大鼠体内的药物动力学过程,并研究了冰片或维拉帕米的合用对Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1体内过程的影响.方法 将 Wistar大鼠随机分为两组,分别ig和iv给予三七总皂苷,用HPLC法检测血药浓度,以内标法定量.结果 Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合二室模型;与iv给药相比,ig给药后3种成分的相对生物利用度分别仅为2.47%、3.58%、3.25%;与冰片或维拉帕米合用能够影响药物的体内过程.冰片可提高Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1的吸收速率常数,使其C_(max)显著增加.维拉帕米则可提高Rb_1、Rg_1的吸收速率常数并降低其消除速率常数,但对R_1的影响不显著.结论 三七总皂苷在大鼠体内的过程较复杂,受很多因素的影响.     

三七总皂苷对甘草酸单铵在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的:以甘草酸单铵(monoammonium glycyrrhizinate,MG)为对照,研究甘草酸单铵-三七总皂苷(monoammonium glycyrrhizinate-Panax notoginseng saponins,MG-PNS)复方制剂在大鼠体内的药动学特征,考察PNS对MG药动学的影响。方法:大鼠分别静脉注射20,50,100 mg·kg~(-1)的MG及MG-PNS合剂,采用HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中MG的浓度,经3P87药动学处理软件得药动学参数。结果:在各剂量下,大鼠静脉注射MG或MG-PNS合剂,血浆中MG浓度均呈双指数衰减,符合开放型二房室模型;MG均表现出非线性药动学特征。与MG组相比,低和高剂量(20和100mg·kg~(-1))MG-PNS组中MG的药动学特征存在差异,尤其是高剂量组AUC_(0→∞)上升,清除下降;中剂量组(50 mg·kg~(-1))两者无差异。结论:PNS对MG的体内药动学过程有影响,并随剂量不同而改变。     

三七总皂苷鼻腔用制剂的研究

目的研究能够提高三七总皂苷生物利用度的给药途径和制剂。方法采用鼻腔给药筛选提高药物生物利用度的适宜制剂。结果本试验中制备的制剂在不引起黏膜刺激性的条件下，大幅度提高了PNS的生物利用度。结论可从给药途径和剂型两方面考虑提高药物吸收，降低刺激性。     

药动学-药效学结合模型的研究进展

本主要对近年来药动学．药效学结合模型在模型建立、药理学、毒理学、临床应用及新药研发等方面的进展进行了综述，并展望其发展前景。     

药效学方法测定川芎挥发油鼻腔给药的药动学参数

目的研究川芎挥发油鼻腔给药的表观药动学参数。方法 以甩尾法（温浴法）镇痛效应为指标，鼻腔给予川芎挥发油后测定其表观药动学参数。结果药动学参数鼻腔给药为:Dmin＝1.101 mg·kg 1，β＝0.378 ；t1/26 h 1，（β）＝1.830 4 h，Kα＝21.536 5 h 1，t1/2（Kα）＝0.032 2 h，α＝9.511 6 h 1，t1/2（α）＝0.072 9 h，tmax ＝0.739 h。结论川芎挥发油鼻腔给药的达峰时间较快，吸收迅速，起效时间短。     

三七皂苷长循环纳米粒的肠吸收及药动学研究

目的:研究三七皂苷(PNS)长循环纳米粒(PNS-LCN)的肠吸收及药动学。方法:采用大鼠外翻肠囊实验,测定PNS、PNS-LCN和PNS-壳聚糖物理混合物(Cs)中三七皂苷R1、Rg1、Rb1在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的渗透系数(Papp);大鼠分别灌胃给予PNS、PNS-LCN、PNS-Cs后于不同时间点取血,测定大鼠血浆中R1、Rg1、Rb1的血药浓度。结果:与PNS比较,PNS-LCN中R1在十二指肠和空肠,Rg1在空肠和回肠,Rb1在回肠和结肠的Papp升高;PNS-Cs中R1在十二指肠,Rg1在十二指肠、空肠和回肠,Rb1在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的Papp升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。PNS-LCN中R1、Rg1、Rb1生物利用度分别为PNS的3.65、3.63、2.96倍;PNS-Cs中R1、Rg1、Rb1生物利用度分别为PNS的0.31、0.77、1.36倍。结论:PNS-LCN可以明显提高PNS中R1、Rg1、Rb1的生物利用度,是PNS-LCN提高PNS渗透性和延长PNS在大鼠体内消除时间等综合作用的结果。     

三七总皂苷肠溶胶囊在比格犬体内的药代动力学

目的探讨三七总皂苷(PNS)肠溶胶囊在比格犬体内的药代动力学。方法比格犬采用随机交叉给药方案,口服PNS肠溶胶囊86.2 mg·kg-1或血栓通胶囊111.8 mg·kg-1后,用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定犬血浆中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的血药浓度,采用3P97药动学软件计算药动学参数和基于曲线下面积(AUC0-∞)自定义权重系数整合血药浓度后的药动学参数。结果与参比制剂血栓通比较,受试制剂PNS R1、Rg1、Rb1的达峰时间延长:R10.18±0.09 vs(0.16±0.06)h,Rg12.03±0.76 vs(1.74±0.27)h,Rb1 0.76±0.39 vs(0.74±0.17)h;吸收延迟时间延长:R1 0.96±0.16 vs(0.50±0.11)h,Rg10.87±0.05 vs(0.02±0.01)h,Rb10.92±0.12 vs(0.44±0.07)h,3种成分及其整合后PNS的相对生物利用度分别为248.41%,107.19%,152.94%和155.31%。整合后,血栓通胶囊和PNS肠溶胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为:AUC0→t39.17±3.89 vs(46.91±3.86)mg.L-1.h,Lag时间0.45±0.18 vs(0.92±0.13)h,tmax0.74±0.17 vs(0.77±0.13)h,Cl(3.84±0.24 vs 1.84±0.97 L.kg-1.h-1)。结论本实验制备的PNS肠溶胶囊能提高PNS的口服生物利用度。     

布洛芬离子导入凝胶剂在家兔体内的药动学

目的:通过研究布洛芬凝胶剂的药动学,为布洛芬离子电导入经皮给药系统的临床应用提供理论依据.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定布洛芬凝胶剂透皮给药后不同时间家兔血药浓度,计算药动学参数.结果:布洛芬离子导入凝胶剂的吸收速度、峰浓度及血药浓度时间曲线下面积虽低于离子导入溶液剂,但AUC及C max 分别为透皮给药对照组的 2.6 倍和 4.5 倍,且吸收速度快.结论:布洛芬凝胶剂经离子导入有良好的吸收性.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the combination of furosemide retard and triamterene

Summary The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the combination of furosemide retard (30 mg)/triamterene (50 mg) were compared with furosemide (30 mg) in 18 healthy male volunteers aged 39.3±6.3 years. After the administration of furosemide the onset of its effect was very rapid, reaching a maximum between 1.5 to 3 h, and followed by rebound after 9 to 10.5 h. In contrast the combination furosemide retard/triamterene showed a protracted course with a duration of effect up to 12 h. The general effect over 12 h of the two preparations was equivalent with respect to the excretion of urine, sodium, chloride and calcium, but the combination caused significantly less excretion of potassium (p0.05) than furosemide. After a lag-phase of 33.9±5.4 min the maximum plasma concentration of furosemide was reached after 3.47±0.66 h, and the elimination half-life was approximately 2 h. After a lag-phase of 33.0±17.8 min the maximum plasma concentration of the main metabolite of triamterene, the OH-TA sulphuric acid ester, was reached after 1.7±0.59 h, and its elimination half-life amounted to 1.25±0.37 h. Because of the sustained release of furosemide from the retard-formulation, its principal pharmacokinetic parameters were better adapted to those of triamterene. The consequences were not only a protracted effect but also an improved electrolyte profile, especially with regard to reduced loss of potassium. In the case of renal insufficiency, however, the potassium level in serum might be increased to an undesirable extent.     

三七皂苷的溶血性及免疫佐剂作用

目的:评价三七皂苷的溶血性及免疫佐剂作用。方法:以分光光度法测定三七皂苷对红细胞的溶血百分率;以卵白蛋白(OVA) 100μg、OVA 100μg加氢氧化铝2mg及OVA 100μg加不同剂量三七皂苷(50、100、200μg)分别免疫ICR小鼠,二次免疫(间隔14天)后,用MTT法检测Con A、PWM和PHA诱导脾淋巴细胞增殖反应,ELISA检测血清中的抗OVA抗体效价。结果:三七皂苷浓度为500和250mg/L时红细胞的溶血百分率分别为11.6％和3.6％;OVA加三七皂苷100μg免疫组小鼠Con A、PWM和PHA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于OVA对照组(P<0.01);OVA加三七皂苷(50、100、200μg)免疫细小鼠血清中抗OVA抗体效价高于OVA对照组(P<0.01)。结论:三七皂苷具有免疫佐剂活性及较低的溶血性。     

Two new saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng

Two new saponins, notoginsenosides Ng1 (1) and Ng2 (2), together with seven known compounds (3–9), were isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR experiments. Compounds 6 and 7 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against HCT-116, with IC₅₀ values of 4.98 and 0.64 μmol/L, respectively.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling with pancuronium

Summary The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium were studied following intravenous infusion in eleven patients undergoing surgical anaesthesia. Measurement of the plasma concentrations (C_p) of the neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) and the concomitant intensities of paralysis allowed their simultaneous modelling. The pharmacokinetic parameters derived for pancuronium were in the range of previously reported values, except that the mean total systemic plasma clearance (0.79±0.28 ml·min^–1·kg^–1) was reduced and the mean terminal phase half-life (169 min) was longer in these patients. Plasma concentration and % paralysis data were successfully fitted to a previously proposed pharmacodynamic model. This model assumes a separate effect compartment which exchanges drug directly with the central kinetic compartment (integrated effect model). The steady-state C_p necessary to produce 50% paralysis (EC_pss(50)) was estimated to be 0.21±0.08 µg·ml^–1 (mechanical response) and 0.18±0.05 µg·ml^–1 (EMG response). An analysis using the Hill equation of the C_p-response relationship, during and after the constantrate infusion of pancuronium bromide, resulted in effective plasma concentrations for 50% paralysis (EC_p50) of 0.35±0.06 µg·ml^–1 and 0.20±0.09 µg·ml^–1, respectively, for mechanical twitch response. The corresponding values for EMG response were 0.32±0.06 µg·ml^–1 and 0.17±0.06 µg·ml^–1. Using this latter approach, the EC_p50 estimated during onset of paralysis was significantly higher than that estimated during offset of paralysis (p<0.05); no such difference was apparent between this latter parameter and the EC_pss(50) of the integrated effect model (p>0.05). No significant differences were observed between any of the pharmacodynamic parameter estimates generated from the data obtained from the two methods of assessment of neuromuscular function (mechanical vs. EMG response) (p>0.05).     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon formulations of budesonide

AIMS

A hydrofluoroalkane formulation of budesonide pressurized metered-dose inhaler has been developed to replace the existing chlorofluorocarbon one. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of both formulations.

METHODS

Systemic bioavailability and bioactivity of both hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon pressurized metered-dose inhaler formulations at 800 µg twice daily was determined during a randomized crossover systemic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study at steady state in healthy volunteers. Measurements included the following: plasma cortisol AUC_24h[area under the concentration-time curve (0–24 h)], budesonide AUC_0–12h and C_max. Clinical efficacy was determined during a randomized crossover pharmacodynamic study in asthmatic patients receiving 200 µg followed by 800 µg budesonide via chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluoroalkane pressurized metered-dose inhaler each for 4 weeks. Methacholine PC₂₀ (primary outcome), exhaled nitric oxide, spirometry, peak expiratory flow and symptoms were evaluated.

RESULTS

In the pharmacokinetic study, there were no differences in cortisol, AUC_0–12h[area under the concentration-time curve (0–12 h)], T_max (time to maximum concentration) or C_max (peak serum concentration) between the hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon pressurized metered-dose inhaler. The ratio of budesonide hydrofluoroalkane vs. chlorofluorocarbon pressurized metered-dose inhaler for cortisol AUC_24h was 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.93–1.11) and budesonide AUC_0–12h was 1.03 (90% confidence interval 0.9–1.18). In the asthma pharmacodynamic study, there was a significant dose response (P < 0.0001) for methacholine PC₂₀ (provocative concentration of methacholine needed to produce a 20% fall in FEV₁) with a relative potency ratio of 1.10 (95% confidence interval 0.49–2.66), and no difference at either dose. No significant differences between formulations were seen with the secondary outcome variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon formulations of budesonide were therapeutically equivalent in terms of relative lung bioavailability, airway efficacy and systemic effects.     

三七皂苷抗肝纤维化作用的现状

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝病共同的病理基础，是慢性肝病发展到肝硬化、肝癌的必经途径。寻找有效的抗肝纤维化药物是近年研究的热点，其中对三七的研究也取得了很大进展。现综述近几年三七皂苷在保护肝细胞、抑制肝星状细胞活化、促进肝星状细胞凋亡、抑制细胞外基质的合成及促使其降解等方面的作用及可能机制，同时也阐述了三七皂苷在抗肝纤维化中的重要意义及应用前景。     

苯甲酸利扎曲普坦原位凝胶鼻喷剂的制备

目的：一种新型治疗偏头痛的鼻喷剂——苯甲酸利扎曲普坦（RZTB）原位凝胶鼻喷剂的制备。方法：经大鼠的鼻腔灌流试验来筛选最佳浓度的吸收促进剂;通过测定胶凝温度确定原位凝胶材料泊洛沙姆407（P407）和泊洛沙姆188（P188）的合适比例;利用胶凝温度、黏度、粒径分布、喷射角度和每喷主药含量来调整处方中各组分的比例,确定RZTB原位凝胶鼻喷剂的最优处方。结果：羧甲基壳聚糖（CMCS）具有较好的吸收促进效果,制备的RZTB原位凝胶鼻喷剂的最佳处方为：20% P407、2% P188、0.1% CMCS和0.5% RZTB。结论：本实验所得的RZTB原位凝胶鼻喷剂,制备工艺简单可行,为曲坦类药物新剂型的研发提供了依据。