肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者腹水病原菌鉴定及耐药性分析

目的：观察肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）患者腹水病原菌的分布特点,并分析其耐药性状况。方法回顾性分析87例肝硬化合并 SBP 患者的临床资料,分析腹水细菌培养和药物敏感试验结果。结果在87例患者腹水中共分离出92株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌64株（69.6%）,革兰氏阳性菌24株（26.1%）,真菌4例（4.3%）;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌菌株7例（23.3%）,产 ESBLs 肺炎克雷伯菌菌株2例（16.7%）;对革兰氏阴性菌耐药性较高的抗生素为头孢类（23.3%～41.7%）及喹诺酮类抗生素（55.0%）,对革兰氏阳性菌耐药性较高的是氨苄西林（72.7%）和哌拉西林（63.6%）。结论肝硬化合并SBP 患者往往存在革兰氏阴性菌感染,且耐药现象比较明显。应根据药物敏感试验报告合理选用抗生素治疗。     

肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者腹水病原菌及其耐药分析

自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）是肝硬化常见的严重并发症，住院的肝硬化患者SBP发病率约为10%～30％，一旦发生，常使肝硬化病情加重，腹水难以消退，并促使肝肾综合征的发生，最终危及患者生命。因此，早期诊断和合理治疗至关重要。本研究对我院2005年6月-2007年6月住院的肝硬化并发SBP患者54例（腹水细菌培养均阳性）进行回顾性分析，探讨腹水病原菌的分布及其耐药情况，旨在为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考。     

肝硬化腹水并发自发性腹膜炎50例临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的特点,为科学治疗提供临床指导。方法回顾性分析50例肝硬化并发SBP患者的临床资料。结果50例患者中。发热37例（74．0％）,腹胀41例（82．0％）,腹痛30例（60．0％）,腹水多形核白细胞（PMN）比值〉0．50者43例（86．0％）,腹水细菌培养阳性27例（54．0％）。结论肝硬化并发SBP临床表现不典型．腹水PMN比值是诊断SBP的敏感指标之一。大肠杆菌为该疾病主要病原菌,对头孢噻肟和第三代喹诺酮类药敏感,可作为首选药物。     

肝硬化腹水并自发性细菌性腹膜炎86例临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化腹水患者并发白发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的诊断、治疗及预防。方法回顾性分析我们收治的86例肝硬化腹水并发SBP患者的临床特点、实验室检查、治疗及预后情况。结果86例患者有典型临床表现者35例（40．7％）；腹水细胞数符合诊断标准者（PMN≥0．25×10^9／L）者69例（80．2％）；腹水细菌培养53例阳性8例（8．39％），药敏试验均对头孢三、四代和左氧氟沙星敏感。抗菌治疗选用头孢三代及左氧氟沙星，有效率70．9％。结论肝硬化腹水并发SBP的临床表现多不典型，诊断要综合分析；符合诊断标准者或疑诊者，选用头孢三代和左氧氟沙星抗菌治疗效果好。     

肝硬化患者发生败血症的病原菌种类及治疗药物选择

目的明确肝硬化患者败血症的病原菌,筛选敏感抗生素,为临床合理抗菌治疗提供依据。方法收集疑似血液感染的肝硬化患者血液标本,床旁注入血培养瓶,经BacT／Alert 3D血培养仪进行培养,分离所得菌株用法国梅里埃公司的VitecⅡ或API鉴定系统进行鉴定,用K—B法进行药敏试验,分析近10年的病原菌及敏感药物。结果10年间在各种标本类型中共分离到病原菌8543株,其中血培养阳性2065（24．2％）株,包括革兰阴性杆菌1233（59．7％）株,革兰阳性球菌787（38．1％）株,真菌28（1．4％）株和其他病原菌17（0．8％）株。药物敏感性结果显示,革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南和阿米卡星的耐药率较低,分别为7．46％、6．49％和5．27％,产ESBLs的菌株对除碳青霉烯类和头孢美唑外的β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率均高于不产酶株。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁100％敏感。结论肝硬化患者血液感染致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且菌种多样化,对多种抗生素的耐药严重,临床应根据感染病原的种类和药物敏感性合理使用抗菌药物,提高治愈率,并不断监测其变化趋势。     

肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎112例临床分析

目的：探讨肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析112例确诊为肝硬化合并SBP患者的临床资料。结果：112例患者均为不同程度发热、腹痛、腹部压痛、反跳痛，从轻微症状到典型腹膜炎表现。其中93例（83．0％）腹水多形核白细胞（PMN）比值≥0．50；57例腹水细菌培养阳性（50．9％），病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，其中大肠埃希菌为主要致病菌；药物敏感试验对第三代头孢菌素和第三代氟喹诺酮类药物敏感。结论：肝硬化合并SBP临床表现大多数不典型，腹水PMN比值是诊断SBP重要而可靠的指标；病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主，抗感染治疗首选第三代头孢菌素和第三代氟喹诺酮类药物。     

失代偿期肝硬化腹水并发白发性细菌性腹膜炎52例临床分析

目的探讨失代偿肝硬化腹水并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析52例肝硬化腹水并发SBP患者的临床资料。结果52例肝硬化腹水并发SBP患者中,腹水细菌培养阳性率为3．85％,致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,多数患者缺乏典型腹膜炎的症状及体征。结论及时准确的早期诊断和有效抗菌素治疗可明显提高SBP患者的治愈率。     

肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎医院感染及社区感染病原学研究

目的 探讨肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)患者中医院感染与社区感染病原菌分布特点及耐药情况.方法 纳入北京地坛医院2001年1月至2008年12月腹水细菌培养阳性的肝硬化合并SBP患者226例,鉴定细菌并行药物敏感试验,数据行卡方检验和t检验.结果 医院感染的SBP患者共86例,占38.0%;社区感染的140例,占62.0%;Child-Pugh分级C级在医院感染和社区感染中各占97.7%和82.8%(x2=11.489,P=0.001),病死率分别为50.0%和30.0%(x2=9.081,P=0.003).腹水细菌培养出病原菌共232株、28种,其中医院感染SBP及社区感染SBP病原菌均以革兰阴性菌为主,分别占77.5%和76.9%,列前两位的均是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,革兰阳性菌分别占19.1%和21.7%,真菌占3.4%和1.4%(P＞0.05).医院感染的SBP 32株大肠埃希菌和14株肺炎克雷伯菌中,分别有19株和5株产β-内酰胺酶(ESBL);社区感染的SBP60株大肠埃希菌和32株肺炎克雷伯菌中,只有11株大肠埃希菌产ESBL(P＜0.05).医院感染SBP革兰阴性菌对头孢菌素及喹诺酮耐药率明显高于社区感染SBP(P＜0.05),但均对亚胺培南较敏感(P＞0.05);医院感染SBP及社区感染SBP的革兰阳性菌株中,未发现对万古霉素耐药.结论 Child-Pugh C级肝硬化患者更易发生医院感染的SBP,且预后差;医院感染SBP及社区感染SBP病原菌群分布相似,以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,但产ESBL阳性率明显升高.     

肝硬化合并自发性腹膜炎病原菌及其耐药的研究进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)系无腹腔脏器穿孔而发生的急性腹膜细菌感染[1]。是肝硬化腹水患者常见而严重的并发症,发生率约4%~25%[2]。Guarner报道[3]住院肝硬化患者SBP的发生率为8%~27%,多表现为腹痛、腹水迅速增长、腹膜刺激征,病死率很高。发生第1次SBP的30天病死率为32%,1年病死率约为78%[4]。如何针对其病原菌使用敏感抗生素及早治疗,对降低肝硬化自发性腹膜炎患者的预后及死亡率有着重要的临床意义。本文就有关肝硬化合并SBP的常见病原菌及其耐药情况作一综述。1肝硬化合并SBP的病原菌SBP感染绝大多数为单一细菌感染,厌氧菌感染…     

新生儿感染常见致病菌检测及耐药分析

目的：了解新生儿科感染常见致病菌的种类及耐药现状,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析1516株细菌培养标本的致病菌构成及药物敏感试验结果。结果药敏试验阳性335株（22．1％）。各种病原菌的检出率依次为大肠埃希菌154株（46．0％）、肺炎克雷伯菌102株（30．4％）、白假丝酵母菌33株（9．8％）、铜绿假单胞菌11株（3．3％）、金黄色葡萄球菌10株（3．0％）、鲍曼不动杆菌4株（1．2％）及其他病原菌21株（6．3％）。革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况较严重,除对美罗培南敏感之外,对其他各类抗生素均有不同程度耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌除对拉氧头孢有22．2％的耐药率外,对其他常用抗生素均敏感。白假丝酵母菌对特比萘芬完全耐药,对咪康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率也较高,分别为42．9％和35．7％,对氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶、克霉唑较为敏感,耐药率均低于15％,对酮康唑和两性霉素则完全敏感。结论应加强病原菌监测,合理选择抗生素,并严格执行消毒隔离制度,以控制新生儿医院感染,减少耐药发生。     

Increasing frequency of Gram-positive bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

AIM: To evaluate the characteristics and possible recent changes of the microbial causes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 42 cirrhotic patients with positive ascitic fluid culture and without evidence of secondary peritonitis who were admitted consecutively to our Department between 1998 and 2002. RESULTS: Twenty (48%) of 42 patients with positive ascitic fluid culture were diagnosed during 1998-1999 (period A) and the remaining 22 (52%) patients during 2000-2002 (period B). Gram-negative bacteria were the cause of SBP in 15 (75%) of the 20 patients during period A and in only nine (41%) of the 22 patients during period B (P=0.026). SBP patients with Gram-positive bacteria compared with those with Gram-negative bacteria were less frequently in Child class C (P=0.058) and had significantly higher ascitic fluid protein (P=0.014) and albumin concentrations (P=0.009) and lower ascitic fluid neutrophil count (P=0.008). Resistance to quinolones was detected significantly more frequently in the isolated Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Culture-positive SBP in cirrhotic patients are caused more frequently by Gram-positive bacteria during the recent years, which are, in their vast majority, resistant to quinolones.     

肺结核合并肺部感染患者的病原菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨肺结核合并肺部感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对2013年7月至2015年6月我院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染的181例患者采集痰液标本,分离培养病原菌进行药敏试验并分析.结果 181例患者的所有合格痰液标本中共分离出病原菌214株,其中136株为革兰阴性菌株占63.55％,革兰阳性菌株56株(26.17％),真菌22株(10.28％);药敏试验结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对头孢唑林、氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢曲松、氨曲南等具有较强的耐药性(均＞50％),对亚胺培南及阿米卡星敏感;主要革兰阳性菌对红霉素、青霉素、头孢唑林及阿奇霉素等抗菌药有较强的耐药性(均＞50％),对万古霉素敏感;主要真菌对酮康唑、氟康唑及伏立康唑等有较强耐药性,对两性霉素敏感.结论 肺结核患者发生肺部感染情况较复杂,感染的细菌菌株不同,对多种抗菌药耐药率较高,应加强耐药性监测工作,减少不合理用药,避免增加致病菌耐药概率,使肺结核患者得到积极有效的治疗.     

Unresolved issues in the prophylaxis of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis

Bacterial infections are highly prevalent and a frequent cause of hospitalization and short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Due to their negative impact on survival, antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in high-risk subgroups of patients with cirrhosis has been the standard of care for decades. Patients with prophylaxis indications include those at risk for a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) due to a low ascitic fluid protein count and impaired liver and kidney function, patients with a prior episode of SBP and those with an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding. Only prophylaxis due to gastrointestinal bleeding has a known and short-time duration. All other indications imply longlasting exposure to antibiotics-once the threshold requirement for initiating prophylaxis is met-without standardized criteria for re-assessing antibiotic interruption. Despite the fact that the benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing bacterial infections episodes and mortality has been thoroughly reported, the extended use of antibiotics in patients with cirrhosis has also had negative consequences, including the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.Currently, it is not clear whether restricting the use of broad and fixed antibiotic regimens, tailoring the choice of antibiotics to local bacterial epidemiology or selecting non-antibiotic strategies will be the preferred antibiotic prophylaxis strategy for patients with cirrhosis in the future.     

耐多药肺结核耐药基因突变与临床疗效探讨

目的　了解耐多药肺结核耐药基因的突变与临床疗效的关系,为耐多药肺结核的治疗提供参考依据。方法 108例病人痰标本用PCR-SSCP方法检测了五种耐药基因和传统的药敏试验,并与临床疗效进行比较分析。结果 耐多药肺结核耐药基因检测率分别是耐异烟肼的katG基因突变率为70.4%,耐利福平的rpoB基因突变率72.2%,耐链霉素的rpsL基因突变率71.9%,耐吡嗪酰胺的pncA基因突变率53.4%,耐乙胺丁醇的embB基因突变率31.7%,其中高浓度耐药菌的基因突变率远高于低浓度的突变率。根据药敏试验及耐药基因检测结果指导治疗,应用以KAOP为基础的化疗方案,配合患者过去未曾用过的1～2种抗结核药物,经过平均1.4年的治疗,108例耐多药病人74.1%的病人痰菌阴转,且67.5%的病人痰结核杆菌培养阴转,83.3%的病人病灶吸收好转,65.3%的空洞闭合,取得了临床上较为满意的疗效。结论 对耐多药肺结核进行耐药基因检测是一项重要工作,对指导治疗及预后判断有一定的参考价值。但尚需进行更多的观察。     

呼吸与危重症医学科5年医院感染病原学及耐药性分析

目的：了解呼吸与危重症医学科(RICU)近5年医院感染流行病学特点及细菌耐药性。方法对医院呼吸与危重症医学科2009年6月至2014年6月所分离的病原菌分布构成及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出病原菌1411株,其中革兰阴性菌为1254株占88.87%,革兰阳性菌共分离出137株,占9.71%。最常见革兰阴性菌为鲍氏不动杆菌554株,占39.26%;最常见革兰阳性菌为屎肠球菌67株,占4.75%。多重耐药革兰阴性菌前3位是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,检出率分别是36.36%、31.25%、24.83%;革兰阳性球菌对替加环素、万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺仍保持较高敏感性。结论革兰阴性杆菌仍为呼吸与危重症医学科医院感染的主要病原菌,且呈多药耐药性特点,应采取行之有效的干预对策,控制细菌耐药性迅速增长的不良趋势。     

46例感染中毒症临床资料分析

目的分析46例感染中毒症患者血培养致病菌的种类、耐药谱、临床特征及预后。方法对我院住院诊断为感染中毒症的46例患者血培养和药敏结果及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果46例感染中毒症患者血培养共分离出致病菌49株革兰阳性菌24株(49.0%),革兰阴性菌20株(40.8%),真菌5株(10.2%)。多种菌株对常用抗生素出现多重耐药。46例患者治愈33例(71.7%),死亡5例(10.9%),自动出院8例。结论随着新型抗生素在临床的广泛应用,革兰阳性菌感染中毒症有上升的趋势,并且呈多重耐药。     

定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎

目的 探讨定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA基因诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR联合基因芯片检测76例临床疑似SBP肝病患者和6例对照的非感染性腹腔积液肝病患者腹水细菌16SrRNA基因,与腹水细菌培养同时比较.结果76份疑似SBP患者腹水标本中,定量PCR联合基因芯片检测阳性17份,阳性率为22.4%,其中革兰氏阳性菌8份、革兰氏阴性菌9份;腹水细菌培养阳性6份,阳性率为7.9%,均为革兰氏阴性菌,两种方法比较,x2=18.05,P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义.两种方法检测腹水细菌阳性的6份标本,菌株鉴定结果相一致.对照病例细菌检测结果呈阴性.结论 定量PCR联合基因芯片检测腹水细菌16SrRNA基因,较腹水细菌培养的敏感性和特异性高;不仅能作出快速诊断,还能确定SBP所感染的病原菌,具有实际应用价值.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the significance of determining ascitic bacterial16S rRNA by quantitative PCR combined with microarray (PCR-microarray) in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Methods Ascitic bacterial 16SrRNA was determined by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR-microarray in 76 cases of suspected SBP and 6 cases of non-infectious ascites with chronic liver diseases.The results were compared with ascitic bacterial culture simultaneously. Results Of 76 ascitic samples, 17were detected bacteria positive by PCR-microarray, including 8 Grams positive(G+) and 9 Grams negative (G-), which was higher than that by bacterial culture which had only 6 ascitic samples detected positive (all G-); the positive rates were 22.4% vs 7.9%, respectively (P ＜ 0.01). The bacterial strains detected by both methods in 6 cases had a consistency with each other. No bacteria were detected in another 6 cases of noninfectious ascites with chronic liver diseases. Conclusions Determination of ascitic bacteria 16S rRNA by PCR-microarray has a higher specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of SBP as compared with the bacteria culture. Application of this novel method can not only accelerate SBP diagnosis but also stratify the different pathogens.     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎病原菌大肠埃希菌74株药敏分析

目的分析肝病患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎病原菌大肠埃希菌的药敏检测,以供临床治疗参考。方法回顾性分析74例肝病患者经腹水培养筛选出的74株大肠埃希菌,按照院内感染和非院内感染检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）阳性菌株,采用Kirby—Bauer法检测药物敏感性。结果74株大肠埃希菌中,36株为院内感染,38株为非院内感染,两组患者年龄、性别、病情严重程度比较无显著性差异,ESBLs阳性株分别为21株（58．3％）和18株（47．4％）,两组比较无显著性差异（P=0．3450）。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率高,产酶大肠埃希菌呈多重耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物、三代和四代头孢菌素耐药率高,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢美唑敏感率高。除复方新诺明外,院内感染和非院内感染的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌素耐药率间无显著性差异。结论无论院内感染还是非院内感染,引起重型肝病患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎的常见病原菌大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌素的耐药性明显较高,氟喹诺酮类药物、三代和四代头孢菌素耐药率高,加用β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合制剂敏感率可提高,头孢美唑、亚胺培南可作为首选抗菌素。     

Low incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients

AIM: To compare the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic outpatients and inpatients undergoing therapeutic paracentesisMETHODS: From January 1 to May 31, 2004, 1041 patients from 70 different hospitals underwent 2123 therapeutic abdominal paracentesis (AP) performed as a outpatient procedure in 355 and as inpatient procedure in 686 cases respectively. The following parameters were compared prospectively between outpatients and inpatients: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) prevalence, age, gender, cause of cirrhosis, symptoms, score and grade according to Child-Pugh classification, cirrhosis complications, antibiotics treatment, serum creatinine, platelet count and ascitic protein concentration.RESULTS: SBP was observed in 91 patients. In the whole population the SBP prevalence was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.2-10.6) it was 11.7% (95%CI: 9.5-14.3) in inpatients and 3.1% (95%CI: 1.7-5.5) in outpatients (P < 0.00001). SBP prevalence was 8.3% (95%CI: 4.3-15.6) in symptomatic outpatients vs 1.2% (95%CI: 0.4-3.4) in asymptomatic outpatients (P < 0.002). Patients undergoing outpatient AP were significantly different from those undergoing inpatient AP; they were older (61.1 ± 11.1 years vs 59.4 ± 11.7 years; P = 0.028), cause of cirrhosis was less often alcohol (83 .7 vs 88.2%; P < 0.001), Child-Pugh score was lower (8.9 vs 10.1; P < 0.001) and more often B than C (63.7% vs 38%; P < 0.001). In addition, in outpatients the platelet count was higher (161 ± 93 Giga/L vs 143 ± 89 Giga/L; P = 0.003), serum total bilirubin concentration was lower (38.2 ± 60.7 μmol/L vs 96.3 ± 143.3 μmol/L; P < 0.0001), and ascitic protein concentration higher (17.9 ± 10.7 g/L vs 14.5 ± 10.9 g/L; P < 0.001) than in inpatients.CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic cirrhotic outpatients, the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is low thus exploratory paracentesis could be avoided in these patients without significant risk.     

老年呼吸科患者感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药分析

目的了解老年呼吸科患者感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VPI微生物自动鉴定系统,对我院2012年至2013年,老年呼吸科患者的各类临床标本进行细菌鉴定,药敏试验采用琼脂扩散法检测14种抗生素敏感性,并药敏结果进行分析。结果 506株肺炎克雷伯菌标本分布以痰液为主,其中产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌258株,检出率为49.01%,检出506株肺炎克雷伯菌与其他细菌形成混合感染有164株(占32.14%),铜绿假单胞菌合并肺炎克雷伯杆菌52例,占31.7%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌。结论老年呼吸科患者产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,所以监测产ESBLs的发生率及其耐药趋势能够预防和控制耐药菌的产生和传播。