Early revascularization improves survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.

The effects of coronary revascularization by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass grafting, or both, on survival were evaluated in 81 patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-two patients had successful revascularization and 49 patients had unsuccessful or no revascularization. Revascularization was achieved by coronary angioplasty in 22 patients, coronary bypass surgery in 2 and angioplasty followed by bypass surgery in 8. No significant differences were noted between the two groups with regard to baseline clinical or hemodynamic variables. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was employed in 27 (84%) of the 32 patients in the group with revascularization and in 19 (39%) of the 49 patients without revascularization (p = 0.0006). The in-hospital survival was significantly better in the patients with--18 (56%) of 32--than in the patients without revascularization--4 (8%) of 49 (p less than 0.0001). At a mean follow-up period of 21 +/- 15 months, this survival difference persisted--16 (50%) of 32 patients with revascularization survived versus 1 (2%) of 49 patients without revascularization (p less than 0.0001). The mean time from the onset of shock to revascularization differed significantly between survivors (12.4 +/- 15 h) and nonsurvivors (58.5 +/- 93 h) in the group with revascularization (p = 0.0004). In the revascularization group, the in-hospital survival rate was 77% (17 of 22) when revascularization was performed within 24 h but only 10% (1 of 10) when it was performed after 24 h (p = 0.0006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Early discharge after acute myocardial infarction

Approximately 50% of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction have an uncomplicated course and an excellent prognosis. To be considered as having an uncomplicated course, patients should not have ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, second or third degree atrioventricular block, pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, infarct extension, persistent hypotension, sinus tachycardia, or sustained supraventricular tachycardia occurring within the first 4 days of hospitalization. Patients with recurrent angina in the postinfarction period may also be at increased risk. Early and rapidly progressive rehabilitation programs permit the safe discharge of patients with an uncomplicated course after 7 days. Functional exercise testing before, or soon after, early discharge may identify high-risk patients and alter their management.     

ST段早期恢复反映急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后心肌再灌注

目的 比较溶栓再通后早期ST段恢复与未恢复者住院期间临床结局的差异，探讨ST段早期恢复在心肌再灌注中的作用。方法 108例溶栓经酶学等指标临床判定再通的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者，按照有无早期（溶栓后2h)ST段恢复分为两组。连续测定血清肌酸激酶（CK）水平，了解心肌酶峰出现时间及峰值；放射性核素评估左心室功能。观察4周住院期间充血性心力衰竭（CHF）、室壁瘤、心肌梗死后心绞痛发生情况及病死率。结果 无论是前壁MI还是下壁MI，ST段早期恢复组左心室射血分数均高于未恢复组（P＜0．05）；CK峰值则低于未恢复组（P＜0．05）。住院期间ST段恢复组核素心肌显像充盈缺损、CHF及室壁瘤发生率低，心肌梗死后心绞痛发生率高（P值均小于0.05)。结论 同ST段未恢复组相比，溶栓再通后ST段早期恢复者临床预后好。心电图模式可以反映再灌注程度。     

Coronary revascularization for acute myocardial infarction in the HIV population

Objective

To analyze trends in management and outcomes of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the United States.

Background

Infection with HIV is an independent risk factor for accelerated atherosclerosis associated with higher rates of AMI. Current trends and outcomes of HIV‐infected individuals presenting with AMI in the United States remain unknown.

Methods

Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database we identified HIV‐infected individuals who underwent PCI for an AMI from 2002 to 2013. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity‐score matching were performed to analyze outcomes.

Results

We identified a total of 59 194 patients of which 7841 underwent PCI during index hospitalization (13.3%). Most patients were men (71%), ≥50 years of age (82%), and white (74%). ST‐elevation myocardial infarction was present in 21% of cases. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was 5.67 ± 0.4. Predictors of post‐procedural complications included female sex, black race, higher CCI, and placement of a bare metal stent, whereas predictors of mortality included occurrence of a complication, ST‐elevation myocardial infarction, age ≥70 years, and higher CCI. Conversely, placement of a drug‐eluting stent was associated with a reduced risk of complications and mortality. After propensity‐score matching, HIV‐infected individuals were less likely to undergo PCI and receive a drug‐eluting stent, while having longer length of stay, higher hospitalization costs, and higher in‐hospital mortality when compared to non‐infected individuals.

Conclusion

Significant disparities continue to affect HIV‐infected individuals undergoing PCI for AMI in the United States.

     

Thrombolytic therapy followed by early revascularization for acute myocardial infarction

During a 24-month period, 192 patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated with intracoronary or intravenous streptokinase (SK). In 147 patients (77%) an open infarct artery was demonstrated by coronary angiography; 117 of these 147 patients were judged to have viable myocardium supplied by a critically narrowed coronary artery and underwent revascularization 3 +/- 2 days after SK therapy. In-hospital mortality was 6% (12 of 192). The mortality rate over the subsequent 20 +/- 7 months of follow-up was lower for those in whom SK therapy was successful (1 of 137, 0.7%) than in those in whom it was not (6 of 43, 14%) (p less than 0.001), and tended to be lower for those treated with intravenous (2 of 111, 2%) rather than intracoronary SK (5 of 69, 7%, p = 0.11). Reinfarction occurred in 3% of the 180 survivors of hospitalization, angina pectoris in 11% and congestive heart failure in 7%. Clinical outcome was similar for patients treated with intravenous and intracoronary SK and for patients treated in community hospitals and the referral center.     

Gender differences of revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Women are less likely to undergo revascularization after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We assessed whether this was due to patterns of hospital admission or less frequent revascularization even when resources are available. Using New York City hospital discharge records from 1995 to 2002, we determined revascularization rates for patients who were hospitalized for AMI. Rates of admission to hospitals capable of revascularizing and revascularization use were assessed by gender. Odds ratios of admission and procedure use were determined after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and accounting for availability of revascularization in neighborhoods of residence. Of 93,978 patients with AMI (43.7% women), 27% were revascularized (32% and 20% for men and women, respectively, p <0.001). Moreover, women were less likely than men to be admitted to hospitals capable of revascularization (45% vs 52%, p <0.001) and to undergo revascularization (54% vs 60%, p <0.001) when admitted to capable hospitals. These differences were similar for residents of neighborhoods with or without revascularization services. Odds ratios for men versus women were 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.26) for admission to revascularizing hospitals and 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.22 to 1.34) for using revascularization among patients in revascularization hospitals. The in-hospital mortality advantage of men over women persisted after revascularization (9.6% vs 14.5%). In conclusion, less revascularization after AMI among women was associated with less frequent admission to hospitals capable of revascularization and less frequent revascularization even when admitted to performing hospitals. However, improving revascularization among women does not eliminate the gender disparity of in-hospital death after AMI.     

Early intravenous beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction

The clinical effects of early intravenous beta-blockade followed by short-term oral treatment in acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been studied in 30 randomized trials totaling almost 28,000 patients. This treatment reduces the incidence of infarction by 10-15% in patients with threatened MI, reduces infarct size by 20-30%; reduces the incidence of nonfatal reinfarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest and mortality each by about 15%. Treatment has to start within 12 h of the onset of symptoms to be able to reduce measures of infarct size and infarct development. If patients are carefully selected serious side effects are rare and reversible. Based on the different presumed mechanisms of benefit it would be reasonable to expect the combination of i.v. beta-blockade and other therapies of proven benefit to be more beneficial than either class of agent used alone.     

Rheolytic thrombectomy during percutaneous revascularization for acute myocardial infarction: experience with the AngioJet catheter

BACKGROUND: Although balloon angioplasty and stenting are effective in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI), reduced coronary flow and distal embolization frequently complicate interventions when thrombus is present. Adjunctive treatment with mechanical thrombectomy devices may reduce these complications. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated the angiographic and clinical outcomes of 70 patients with acute MI (16% with cardiogenic shock) and with angiographically evident thrombus who were treated with AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy followed by immediate definitive treatment. Procedure success (residual diameter stenosis <50% and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow > or =2 after final treatment) was achieved in 93.8%. Clinical success (procedure success without major in-hospital cardiac events) was achieved in 87.5%, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 7.1%. Final TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 87.7%. AngioJet treatment resulted in a mean thrombus area reduction from 73.2 +/- 64.6 mm(2) at baseline to 15.5 +/- 30.1 post-thrombectomy (P <.001). Subsequent definitive treatment included stenting in 67% and balloon angioplasty alone in 26% of patients. Procedural complications included distal embolization in six patients and perforation in two patients. There were no further major adverse events during 30-day follow-up. CONCLUSION: Rheolytic thrombectomy can be performed safely and effectively in patients with acute MI, allowing for immediate definitive treatment in thrombus-containing lesions.     

Rheolytic thrombectomy with AngioJet catheter during transluminal coronary revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Although balloon angioplasty and stenting are effective in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (M1), reduced coronary flow and distal embolization frequently complicate interventions when thrombus is present. Adjunctive treatment with mechanical thrombectomy devices was suggested to reduce these complications. METHODS: We evaluated immediate angiographic, in-hospital and 30-day follow-up clinical outcomes of 185 patients with acute MI and angiographically evident thrombus who were treated with AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy followed by immediate definitive treatment. RESULTS: Procedural success (residual diameter stenosis <50% and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] flow >2 after final treatment) was 97%. Rheolytic thrombectomy success was achieved in 7% of patients. Subsequent definitive treatment included stenting in 67% and balloon angioplasty alone in 26% of patients. Final TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 89%. AngioJet treatment resulted in mean thrombus area reduction from 69.6 mm(2) at baseline to 17.3 mm(2) post-thrombectomy (p<0.001). Procedural complications included distal embolization (7.6%) and perforation (1.1%). Clinical success (procedure success without major in-hospital cardiac events) rate was 88%, in-hospital mortality - 7.0%. There were no further major adverse events during 30-day follow-up. CONCLUSION: Rheolytic thrombectomy can be performed safely and effectively in patients with acute MI, allowing for immediate definitive treatment of thrombus-containing lesions.     

Exaggeration of nonculprit stenosis severity during acute myocardial infarction: implications for immediate multivessel revascularization

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the prevalence and clinical significance of exaggerated nonculprit lesion stenosis in the setting of acute (<12 h) myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND: Although microvascular spasm may reduce nonculprit artery flow during AMI, it is unknown whether increased tone may exaggerate nonculprit lesion severity. METHODS: In patients with additional angiography within nine months of AMI, and significant nonculprit lesions imaged in matching views, stenosis severity was compared between studies in a random blinded fashion using validated quantitative coronary angiography software. Baseline demographics, medications, hemodynamics at each study, and clinical status at follow-up (infarct/unstable angina/stable angina) were used to determine the independent influence of the infarct presentation on stenosis exaggeration. RESULTS: From 548 patients with AMI (1/99 to 6/01, 321 with multivessel disease), 112 had additional angiography; of these 48 had 59 lesions suitable for analysis. Between infarct and noninfarct angiograms there was a significant change in minimal lumen diameter (1.53 +/- 0.51 mm vs. 1.78 +/- 0.65 mm, p < 0.001) and percentage stenosis (49.3 +/- 14.5% vs. 40.4 +/- 16.6%, p < 0.0001) of the nonculprit lesion without significant change in reference segment diameter, which was not predicted by changes in medication or hemodynamics. Twenty-one percent of patients had lesions >50% at AMI that were <50% at non-AMI angiography. Infarct versus noninfarct setting was the only significant independent predictor of change in nonculprit stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Significant exaggeration of nonculprit lesion stenosis severity occurs at infarct angiography, which may affect revascularization decision making in an appreciable number of patients.     

血运重建对急性心肌梗死患者心脏胶原重塑的影响

目的:探讨血运重建对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心脏胶原合成和降解代谢的影响。方法:对65例AMI患者分别予以常规强化内科保守治疗(常规治疗组,20例)或在此基础上的血运重建治疗(血运重建组,45例),应用酶联免疫法分别检测AMI后1周、3个月及6个月的血清Ⅰ型前胶原羟基端肽(PⅠCP)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂因子-1(TIMP-1)含量,并计算PⅠCP/PCⅢ的比值。以48例正常人为对照组。结果:与对照组比较,常规治疗组各亚组和血运重建组6个月亚组的PⅠCP及常规治疗组和血运重建组各亚组的PCⅢ明显增高(P<0.05),而2组的PⅠCP/PCⅢ、MMP-1及TIMP-1显著降低(P<0.05)。血运重建组各亚组的PⅠCP、1周亚组的PCⅢ及6个月亚组的MMP-1低于常规治疗组相应时点亚组(P<0.05)。结论:AMI后出现心脏胶原重塑的表现。在常规治疗的基础上,血运重建可进一步抑制AMI后心脏胶原的合成与降解。     

Glucose control during acute myocardial infarction

The need for tight glycaemic control in the immediate aftermath of myocardial infarction is controversial. Trials of glucose–insulin–potassium (GIK) therapy, given without regard to glucose levels, have only confused the issue. Despite considerable clinical interest, only three randomized controlled trials have, as their primary goal, aimed to determine whether better glycaemic control improves the outcomes of myocardial infarction. This review examines the results of these trials and other data to support the case for tight glycaemic control in patients with myocardial infarction.     

梗死相关血管延迟血运重建对急性心肌梗死的临床疗效

目的 探讨梗死相关血管延迟血运重建对急性心肌梗死的临床疗效.方法 将275例急性心肌梗死患者分为延迟血运重建治疗组（124例）和药物治疗组（151例）.对所有患者随访4～88个月,观察住院期间和随访期间的临床不良事件和超声心动图的变化及利用QRS计分评估梗死范围的变化.结果 延迟血运重建组平均住院时间[（13.8±9.7）日]显著少于药物治疗组[（19.8±8.9）日]（P〈0.05）;延迟血运重建组的复合终点事件发生率显著少于药物治疗组（P〈0.05）;随访期间,延迟血运重建组的心力衰竭及复合终点事件的发生率显著低于药物治疗组（P〈0.05）.超声心动图随访结果示延迟血运重建组的左室射血分数显著高于药物治疗组（P〈0.05）,延迟血运重建组的左室舒张末期内径显著小于药物治疗组（P〈0.05）.延迟血运重建组的心肌梗死范围回缩率（0.376±0.129）显著大于药物治疗组（0.173±0.098）（P〈0.05）.结论 延迟血运重建能减少住院和随访期间心脏事件发生率、改善左心室功能、使心肌梗死面积缩小,改善急性心肌梗死病人的预后.     

不同的经皮冠状动脉血运重建方式在急性心肌梗死中的应用

目的 :观察急诊直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)、补救性PCI和延迟PCI 3种不同的经皮冠状动脉 (冠脉 )血运重建术治疗急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的疗效及并发症。方法 :因AMI住院并接受PCI治疗者 5 8例。急诊直接PCI者 19例 ,溶栓后梗死相关血管未通行补救性PCI者 12例 ,溶栓后梗死相关血管开通行延迟PCI 2 7例。直接PCI或补救性PCI者仅处理梗死相关血管 ,延迟PCI者除处理梗死相关血管外 ,对严重狭窄的非梗死相关血管也同时进行了处理。术后随访 3～ 2 4个月 ,观察心血管事件的发生情况。结果 :直接PCI和补救性PCI组梗死相关血管均成功开通 ,延迟PCI组除梗死相关血管外 ,对 17支非梗死相关血管进行了扩张或支架术 ,结果均获得成功血运重建。术中冠脉内血栓的发生率直接PCI和补救性PCI者较高 ,梗死相关血管重建术后即刻慢复流的发生率直接PCI和补救性PCI组也较延迟PCI组高 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 2 0 %梗死相关血管和 2 9.4 %非梗死相关血管行直接支架置入 ,均获得有效的血运重建。梗死相关血管支架的置入率为 96 .7%。扩张后即刻造影结果平均残余狭窄为 (8± 6 ) % ,未发生与手术相关的严重并发症 ,手术成功率为 10 0 %。术后随访期间 3例死亡 ,2例术后 3个月内发生心绞痛 ,经造影证实再狭窄。结论 :经皮冠脉血运