Spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma,a tumour having frequent association with nephrolithiasis: report of 11 cases including a case with hybrid conventional renal cell carcinoma/ spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma components

AIMS: We present the largest series of an unclassified subtype of renal cell carcinoma, which seems to be a distinct morphological entity and which is sometimes designated as spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma were found among 7000 primary renal cell tumours in Pilsen's routine and consultation files. The patients were five men and six women. They ranged in age from 22 to 65 years (mean 56.8). Microscopically, the tumours were composed of two main populations of cells. First, the preponderant type of cells was formed by flattened, spindle cells with sparse cytoplasm. The second cell type was a small cuboidal cell with clear to light eosinophilic cytoplasm. Spindle-shaped cells were arranged in a fascicular pattern often reminiscent of low-grade smooth muscle tumours. Solid areas of spindle cells were also present. Small cuboidal cells formed sparse tubular structures lined by a row of single cells. In addition to all previous published cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma we observed an association of nephrolithiasis in our cases. It was seen in 3/11 of our patients. A previously unreported feature is the occurrence of a conventional renal cell carcinoma component in one of our cases. Seven of our patients are currently well without signs of recurrence or metastasis, one had metastasis in a regional lymph node at the time of nephrectomy, one died of an unrelated condition, and two were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We present 11 cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, which is believed to be a distinctive morphological entity. Our cases were histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally similar to the previously reported cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma. In contrast to all previously reported cases of spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, we observed an association with nephrolithiasis in three of our cases; moreover, one of our tumours had a conventional renal cell carcinoma component and another revealed a metastatic focus in a regional lymph node. None of our patients died of the disease. This study confirms that spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma has a low malignant potential.     

A case of renal cell carcinoma unclassified with medullary phenotype without detectable gene deletion

Renal cell carcinoma unclassified with medullary phenotype (RCCU‐MP) is a rare variant of renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) characterized by loss of SMARCB1 (INI1 / SNF5 / BAF47) protein expression in patients without sickle cell trait. Here, we report a case of RCCU‐MP in a Japanese patient who had experienced colon cancer 13 years ago, gastric cancer 11 years ago and lung cancer 9 years ago and had received hemodialysis for 15 years. This is the first report of RCCU‐MP in Japan. The patient was not of African descent, and did not have SCT or any other hereditary blood abnormality typical of RMC. The tumor was located in the left kidney, and was composed histologically of rhabdoid cells with marked lymphocyte infiltration; it was immunohistochemically negative for SMARCB1. We were, however, unable to detect mutation in the SMARCB1 gene, reduced messengerRNA expression, or deletion or translocation of chromosome 22, where the SMARCB1 gene is located. These results suggest that RCCU‐MP may not involve the hemizygous loss of this gene noted in typical RMC cases.     

多囊性肾细胞癌1例报道及文献复习

目的：阐明多囊性肾细胞癌的病理形态学特征及鉴别诊断要点。方法：报道1例多囊性肾细胞癌,结合文献对本病的临床病理特征进行探讨。结果：肿瘤由厚的假纤维被膜环绕,瘤体全部由大小不等的囊腔及无膨胀性实性结节的薄的间隔构成,囊腔被覆透明细胞,异形性小,间隔内含聚集的透明细胞上皮巢,结论：多囊性肾细胞癌是一种罕见的有低度恶性倾向的肿瘤,术前影像学,细胞学检查及术后的肉眼特征均与囊性肾瘤,囊性部分分化性肾母细胞瘤相似,最重要的是本瘤缺乏肉眼所见的膨胀性实性结节,显微镜下的关键特征是间隔内可见聚集的透明细胞巢。     

乳头状肾细胞癌32例临床病理分析

目的：探讨乳头状肾细胞癌( papillary renal cell carcinoma, PRCC)的临床病理特征、免疫表型、鉴别诊断和预后。方法回顾性分析32例PRCC患者的临床和病理资料,采用免疫组化EnVision法染色,并对患者进行随访。其中21例行根治性肾切除术,11例行肾部分切除术。结果770例肾上皮性肿瘤中32例为PRCC(4.2%)。镜下见PRCC主要由多少不等的乳头状和管状结构组成,被覆单层立方或多层柱状肿瘤细胞,乳头轴心及间质内可见泡沫细胞、砂砾体沉积,部分肿瘤细胞胞质内可见含铁血黄素。Ⅰ型18例,细胞呈立方形,胞质少,嗜碱性,淡染,Fuhrman分级低级别16例;Ⅱ型14例,细胞呈高柱状,胞质丰富,嗜酸性,Fuhrman分级高级别12例。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PRCC不同程度地表达vimentin、EMA、CK(AE1/AE3)、CK7、CD10和AMACR,均不表达CK(34βE12)和TFE-3。31例患者获得随访,1例术后肝、肺转移,4个月后死亡,3例术后1年分别出现骨、肺、肝等处转移,2年后死亡;死亡患者中Ⅱ型3例、Ⅰ型1例。其余27例均无瘤生存。高核分级、血管内癌栓、淋巴结转移、高临床分期提示患者预后较差。结论 PRCC国内少见,具有独特的病理形态特征,Ⅱ型PRCC较Ⅰ型患者预后差。 PRCC细胞核分级高、出现肉瘤样成分或有透明细胞癌结构可能提示肿瘤具有侵袭性,预后不良。诊断时需结合病理组织学特征、免疫表型和细胞遗传学分析。     

儿童肾细胞癌3例临床病理分析

目的：探讨儿童肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)的临床病理特征、分类、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法：收集2003年~至今湖南省儿童医院3例儿童RCC病例,其中男性2例,女性1例,年龄5.5~9岁。进行光镜及免疫组化检测重新分类。结果：1例镜下以乳头状结构排列胞浆透亮的癌细胞为主,乳头间可见纤维、血管及炎细胞浸润,伴有较多钙化小体结构;其余2例镜下均以实性巢索状、腺管状排布的嗜酸性颗粒癌细胞为主,灶性区域有少量透明癌细胞排列成不典型乳头状结构,未见钙化小体;免疫组化结果：其中1例表达TFE3、Vimentin、CK-pan和CEA;第2例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA及p53;第3例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA、NSE、CgA、Syn及Ki-67。结论：儿童RCC较少见,HE形态下以乳头状结构排列的透明癌细胞类型需结合TFE3免疫组织化学或基因检测等手段明确诊断。术前采用静脉化疗能提高肿瘤完整切术率。儿童RCC整体预后与成人相比较好,但Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(Xp11 RCC)预后较透明细胞性肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)差,由于其在儿童期多表现为惰性进展,需长期的随访观察。     

囊性肾细胞癌3例报道及文献复习

目的探讨囊性肾细胞癌的病理形态学特征及鉴别诊断。方法对3例囊性肾细胞癌进行光镜观察及免疫组化标记,并复习文献。结果肿瘤有确切的瘤体,由厚的假纤维包膜围绕,切面见大小不等的囊腔。镜下见囊腔被覆无明显异型的透明细胞,纤维性囊壁间隔中可见透明细胞巢。免疫表型:透明细胞CK、EMA强阳性,CD68、M ac387阴性,K i-67、p53弱阳性。结论囊性肾细胞癌少见,预后好,术前易与多囊肾、囊性变肾细胞癌和囊性肾瘤等混淆。本瘤的特征是囊性区显著,囊腔内衬单层或数层异型小的透明细胞,囊壁之间可见透明细胞巢。     

甲状腺样滤泡性肾细胞癌的临床病理特点

甲状腺样滤泡性肾细胞癌(thyroid-like follicular renal cell carcinoma,TLFRCC)是一种非常少见的肾原发性恶性上皮性肿瘤,确诊主要依靠病理组织学及免疫组织化学,外科手术切除是最好的治疗方法,预后好.通过对郑州人民医院2014年收治的1例TLFRCC患者的临床资料、大体特征、组织病理学及免疫表型等进行分析,并结合文献报道的28例,进一步探讨TLFRCC的临床病理特点、免疫表型、诊断与鉴别诊断及遗传学特点.     

多房囊性肾细胞癌32例临床病理分析

目的：探讨多房囊性肾细胞癌( multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma, MCRCC)的临床病理特征,提高对该肿瘤的认识。方法复习32例MCRCC的临床资料,观察其病理学形态和免疫表型特征,结合随访资料评价其预后。结果32例中13例位于左肾,18例位于右肾,1例双肾;肿瘤平均最大径4.6 cm(1.0~8.0 cm);男女比为2.2：1。11例行根治性肾全切术,21例行肾部分切除术。肿瘤均为多房囊性,缺少实体成分,囊壁内衬单层(偶为多层或小乳头状)胞质透明或淡粉染、Fuhrman核1级的瘤细胞,腔面富于薄壁血管。瘤细胞表达CK(32/32)、CK7(25/32)、EMA(32/32)、CD10(23/32)、vimentin(20/32),均不表达CD68。术后随访5~140个月,均未见复发和转移,无肿瘤相关死亡病例。结论 MCRCC的瘤细胞核级低、无实性瘤巢;囊壁腔面衬覆胞质透亮或淡粉染细胞伴丰富薄壁血管是诊断线索,免疫表型有助于诊断,患者一般预后良好。     

229例肾细胞肿瘤的临床病理学分析

目的研究肾细胞肿瘤的临床表现、组织学分型、形态学特征及预后。方法复习229例连续肾细胞肿瘤的临床资料、大体标本、HE切片、免疫组化染色结果,按2004年WHO肾细胞肿瘤分类标准重新分类,并随访。结果229例肾细胞肿瘤占同期肾实质肿瘤89.1%(229/257),其中223例(97.4%)为肾细胞癌,6例(2.6%)为肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤。肾细胞癌中,透明细胞癌180例(78.6%),乳头状肾细胞癌19例(8.3%),嫌色细胞癌13例(5.7%),1例嫌色细胞癌伴肉瘤变,多房性囊性肾细胞癌6例(2.6%),Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关肾细胞癌2例(0.9%),未能分类的肾细胞癌2例(0.9%),集合管癌1例(0.4%)。透明细胞癌5年生存率为75.5%;乳头状肾细胞癌5年生存率为80%;嫌色细胞癌随访6例,随访期8~57个月,1例于57个月后死于肿瘤转移;多房性囊性肾细胞癌随访2~40个月,无复发和转移。结论肾细胞肿瘤是一组形态学上各有特征的异质性肿瘤,以恶性为主,其中透明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、嫌色细胞癌最常见。不同类型肾细胞癌预后不同。WHO肾细胞癌的组织学分型有其实用性和先进性。     

转移性透明细胞性肾细胞癌42例临床病理分析

目的探讨转移性透明细胞性肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析42例转移性CCRCC的临床病理资料,并复习相关文献。结果 42例转移性CCRCC中,男性35例,女性7例;转移部位依次为肺19例,骨8例,淋巴结及软组织各3例,肾上腺、皮肤及脑各2例,肝、小肠及鼻腔各1例。42例转移性CCRCC中,31例于肾原发灶手术切除后3周~11年出现转移,4例原发灶与转移灶同时发现;28例转移灶为单发,14例为多发性。34例转移性CCRCC仍具有原发性CCRCC的组织学形态,4例出现多灶状坏死,6例呈肉瘤样分化。Fuhrman细胞核分级:Ⅰ级4例、Ⅱ级13例、Ⅲ级18例、Ⅳ级7例。17例间质小血管呈簇状增生。免疫组化标记42例转移性CCRCC中CD10、vimentin、CAⅨ、PAX8、RCC和EMA阳性例数分别为39例(92.9%)、40例(95.2%)、38例(90.5%)、38例(90.5%)、31例(73.8%)和38例(90.5%)。结论转移性CCRCC具有独特的临床病理学特征,结合临床病史及肿瘤组织形态学特点,联合免疫组化标记vimentin、EMA、CD10、CAⅨ、PAX8等有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

Merkel cell carcinoma metastasizing to the kidney mimicking primary neuroendocrine renal cancer

A 56-year-old male with a history of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma presented with a solid mass of the left kidney, measuring 10 cm in largest diameter. On histology, the tumour was composed of loosely packed uniform cells with round-to-oval nuclei and scant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells diffusely expressed pancytokeratin and neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56 (NCAM). Distinct paranuclear dot-like expression of cytokeratin 20 showed the lesion to be metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. This is the first reported case of Merkel cell carcinoma metastatic to the kidney mimicking primary neuroendocrine renal cancer. We discuss the differential diagnosis of the tumour and perform a systematic literature review, including potential indications for renal tumour biopsy in patients with a history of nonrenal malignancy.     

肾集合管癌4例临床病理分析

目的探讨肾集合管癌(collecing duct carcinoma,CDC)的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对4例CDC进行临床病理学观察及免疫组化标记,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤位于肾髓质内,镜下为管状、乳头状结构,肿瘤细胞呈靴钉样,伴间质纤维化及炎症细胞反应,肿瘤旁集合管上皮细胞可见异型增生;免疫表型示肿瘤细胞CKpan、CKL、CKH及CK7均(+),vimentin部分(+)(2/4),CK20、CD10、RCC均(-)。结论 CDC是一种高度恶性的肾上皮性肿瘤,临床罕见,易误诊,免疫组化有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

透明细胞（管状）乳头状肾细胞癌临床病理学分析

目的：探讨透明细胞（管状）乳头状肾细胞癌（clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma,CCTPRCC）临床病理学特征。方法：复习2012年至2014年肾细胞癌病理学切片,筛选CCTP-RCC病例。观察CCTP-RCC巨检及镜检特征,行免疫组化染色以及分子遗传学检测。结果：肾细胞癌中CCTP-RCC占2.0%（4/201）。肿瘤平均直径2.8 cm（范围1.2~4.5 cm）。囊性、乳头状、管状以及实性生长方式出现频率分别是100%（4/4）、100%（4/4）、100%（4/4）以及75%（3/4）。4例（100%）细胞轻度异型性。Fuhrman细胞核分级2级3例（75%）,1级1例（25%）。细胞核远离基底膜的细胞占17.5%（范围10%~20%）,其他位置占82.5%（范围80%~90%）。4例（100%）见平滑肌组织,3例（75%）见发育不全血管。3例（75%）T1a,1例（25%）T1b,所有病例均为I期肿瘤。免疫组化CK7 4例（100%）弥漫强阳性;CD10 3例（75%）阴性反应,1例（25%）局灶弱阳性。分子遗传学4例FISH检测17号染色体为二倍体。平均随访时间15.5（3~23）个月,所有病例没有局部复发、淋巴结转移以及远处转移。结论：CCTP-RCC是一种少见的RCC亚型;病理诊断应结合生长方式、细胞学以及间质表现三方面综合分析;典型免疫表型是CK7弥漫强阳性,CD10阴性或局灶阳性。     

Pathological staging of renal cell carcinoma: a review of 300 consecutive cases with emphasis on retrograde venous invasion

Aims

Pathological staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be challenging compared to other cancer types, as invasion often manifests as finger‐like protrusions into vascular spaces or renal sinus tissue. Although prior studies have shown larger tumour size to be correlated highly with renal sinus invasion, prospective data on evaluating pathological stage are limited. We evaluated a large series reported by one urological pathologist.

Methods and results

Three hundred consecutive specimens were reviewed. Tumours larger than 5 cm were routinely sampled extensively or grossly re‐reviewed when no extrarenal extension was identified on initial examination. Apparent multifocal disease was assessed critically for intravascular spread. Retrograde venous invasion was reported in 15 of 300 (5%) cases, 13 of 15 of which were clear cell RCC. Of a total of 163 specimens with clear cell histology, only five of 34 (15%) tumours 7 cm or larger were reported as pT2, all of which had an explanatory comment indicating the absence of definitive extrarenal spread. In contrast, 15 of 20 (75%) pT2 tumours were non‐clear cell histology (papillary, chromophobe and translocation‐associated). Comparing pT3a or higher tumours, the median tumour size in cases with retrograde venous invasion was 8.0 cm, compared to 6.2 cm in cases without retrograde venous invasion (P = 0.005).

Conclusions

Our findings support that retrograde venous invasion should be considered carefully before diagnosing multifocal clear cell RCC, which is rare in the sporadic setting. In the absence of vascular invasion, multifocal clear cell papillary RCC can be a mimic. pT2 occurs more frequently with non‐clear cell histology (particularly papillary or chromophobe RCC).

     

Confusing cases: clear cell but not renal cell lesions in kidney

Diagnosis of low-grade clear cell lesions in kidney can be challenging to the pathologist in practice. There is limited information in the literature addressing the practical issues that may be encountered in this regard. Herein is presented two cases: one was an adrenal cortical nodule; the second, an intrarenal adrenal heterotopia that was assumed to be renal cell carcinoma initially. Certain red flags should prompt pathologists to investigate further; close morphological examination including immunohistochemistry may be warranted in these lesions.     

Cytopathology of retrograde renal pelvis brush specimens: An analysis of 40 cases with emphasis on collecting duct carcinoma and low-intermediate grade transitional cell carcinoma

We report our experience with 40 retrograde renal brush samples of pelvic-calyceal lesions with confirmatory tissue studies. On-site cytopathologic evaluation was performed in 38 of these specimens. The final histologic diagnoses included 24 cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 17 of which were low-intermediate grade tumors. All 24 cases were diagnosed cytologically as TCC (22), or as suspicious for TCC (2). Three cases classified as collecting duct carcinomas were resected; the cytologic specimens in 2 of these cases were interpreted as TCC, and one as reactive change. There were three renal cell carcinomas (RCC); cytologically, one was considered a papillary neoplasm, one suspicious for malignancy, and one as reactive. Two cases of atypical renal cysts were reported as suspicious for malignancy in both cytologic and histologic material. There was one case of metastatic colon carcinoma identified in the brush specimen. Finally, tissue studies in the remaining 7 cases showed reactive/inflammatory changes; however, four of the corresponding pelvic brush specimens were considered abnormal. A review of the above cases is reported with the objective of presenting the cytologic features seen in collecting duct carcinoma, low-intermediate grade TCC, and diagnostically difficult cases with cyto/histomorphologic discrepancies. The contribution of on-site assessment to diagnostic accuracy is also discussed. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:312–321. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.