气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量

目的建立同时测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚含量的气相色谱测定方法。方法采用气相色谱内标法,FID检测器,HP-INNDW AX石英毛细管柱(30m×250μm,0.25μm),应用程序升温(140℃保持4.1min以后20℃.min-1升至240℃),进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;分流进样,分流比10:1。结果薄荷脑在0.32～3.2mg.mL-1,冰片在0.56～5.6mg.mL-1,麝香草酚在0.16～1.6mg.mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率,薄荷脑为99.8%,(RSD=1.3%);冰片为99.2%(RSD=1.5%);麝香草酚为99.8%(RSD=0.9%)。结论该方法简单可靠,适合于止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中冰片、薄荷脑和麝香草酚的含量

目的建立气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中的冰片、薄荷脑和麝香草酚的含量。方法采用聚乙二醇毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),FID检测器,程序升温:初始温度110℃,7℃/min升至200℃,分流进样,分流比为20∶1。结果3种成分的线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=6)分别为薄荷脑100.7%,RSD为1.2%;冰片100.4%,RSD为1.2%;麝香草酚100.8%,RSD为1.4%。结论方法简便、快速、准确。     

气相色谱法测定止痒酊中冰片薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定止痒酊中冰片、薄荷脑的含量.方法:采用石英毛细管柱(Agilent 0.5 3mm×1 5m),FID检测器,程序升温,初始温度80℃保持2 min后开始升温,以7C/min升温至140℃,分流进样,分流比为5∶1,进样量为1μL.结果:冰片质量浓度的线性范围0.5017～1.5051 mg/mL,平均回收率(n=6) 99.57％( RSD=0.90％);薄荷脑质量浓度的线性范围0.4994～ 1.4982mg/mL,平均回收率(n=6)为99.55％ (RSD=1.03％).结论:气相色谱法灵敏、准确、可靠,可作为止痒酊质量控制方法.     

气相色谱法测定复方达克罗宁薄荷脑润肤止痒水中薄荷脑含量

目的 建立测定复方达克罗宁薄荷脑润肤止痒水中薄荷脑含量的气相色谱法.方法 色谱柱为Agilent DB-Waxetr毛细管柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm),采用分流进样方式,分流比为10∶1,进样口温度和柱温分别设定为250 oc和120℃,以氢焰离子化检测器作为检测气,检测器温度设定为250℃,裁气为氮气,柱前压69.9 Mpa,流速1.5 mL/min.结果 薄荷脑质量浓度线性范围为0.335 6～1.678 g/L,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.64%,RSD为0.55%(n=6).结论 所用方法操作简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于测定制剂中薄荷脑的含量.     

毛细管气相色谱法同时测定少林风湿跌打膏中薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯和冰片的含量

目的:建立毛细管气相色谱法同时测定少林风湿跌打膏中薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯和冰片的含量。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取制备样品溶液。HP-INNOWax Polyethylene Glycol(30 m×0.35 mm×0.25μm)石英毛细管色谱柱,柱温110℃,进样口温度200℃,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),分流进样,分流比10.0∶1,载气为氮气,流速1.0 mL.min-1,进样量1μL。结果:薄荷脑在0.423~2.642 mg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),水杨酸甲酯在0.405~2.532 mg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999),冰片在0.412~2.575 mg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999);平均加样回收率薄荷脑为102.2%(RSD=2.0%),水杨酸甲酯为102.1%(RSD=2.0%),冰片为102.5%,(RSD=2.0%)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于少林风湿跌打膏制剂及中间体的质量控制。     

GC测定苍耳子鼻炎胶囊中薄荷脑和冰片含量

目的 建立苍耳子鼻炎胶囊中薄荷脑和冰片的含量测定方法.方法 采用聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M填充柱(涂布浓度为10%);柱温:150℃;进样口温度:210℃;FID检测器,检测器温度:230℃.结果 薄荷脑线性范围为0.395～3.162μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.38%,RSD为0.94%(n=9);冰片线性范围为0.386～3.088μg(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.43%,RSD为1.0%(n=9).结论 本法灵敏、准确,重现性好,可以用于测定苍耳子鼻炎胶囊中薄荷脑和冰片的含量.     

GC法测定蛇脂冰肤软膏中薄荷脑和冰片的含量

目的:采用气相色谱法测定蛇脂冰肤软膏中薄荷脑、冰片的含量。方法:样品经正己烷超声处理后,采用Agilent INNO-WAX毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm);FID检测器;色谱条件:柱温:110℃,载气流速1.5 mL.min-1,进样口温度:250℃,检测器温度:300℃。进样量:1μL。结果:薄荷脑在0.0762～6.0995 mg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6),龙脑在0.0460375～3.683 mg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6)。薄荷脑的平均加样回收率(n=9)为101.1%,龙脑的平均加样回收率(n=9)为101.7%。结论:该方法灵敏度高、专属性好、操作简便、重现性好。     

气相色谱法测定清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立测定清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑含量的气相色谱法。方法:采用DB-FFAP弹性石英毛细管柱(25 m×0.32 mm×0.50μm);FID检测器;载气：N₂;流速1 mL/min,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;柱温：初始温度70℃,保持4 min,然后以10℃/min升温至120℃,保持5 min,再以5℃/min升温至180℃,保持2 min,最后以25℃/min升温至200℃,保持5 min;进样量1μL;分流比2∶1。结果:薄荷脑质量浓度在0.01～0.10 mg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.998 5),平均回收率为99.9%(n=9,RSD=3.8%)。结论:本方法快速、简便,结果可靠、准确,重现性好,适用于清宣止咳颗粒中薄荷脑含量的测定。     

GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量

目的建立GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚含量的方法。方法 GC色谱条件为Zebron ZB-Wax(30 m×0.32 mm,0.50μm)毛细管柱;进样口温度180℃;检测器温度150℃;FID检测器;柱温初始温度为160℃,以30℃·min~(-1)速率升温至200℃;载气为氮气。结果樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚的线性均为25~500 mg·L~(-1)(r≥0.998 3)。樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的平均回收率分别为100.28%(RSD=1.63%,n=9)、99.61%(RSD=1.42%,n=9)和101.94%(RSD=1.56%,n=9)。结论该方法可用于止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定胃刻宁片中薄荷脑含量

目的建立测定胃刻宁片中薄荷脑含量的气相色谱法。方法以萘为内标物,安捷伦HP-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm),FID检测器,氮气为载气,柱温为110℃,进样口温度250℃,检测器温度为250℃,分流比为25∶1。结果共测定了6批样品,在该色谱条件下,薄荷脑和内标物萘能得到良好分离。薄荷脑加样回收率为101.04%,RSD=0.81%(n=6)。结论该法灵敏、准确,重复性好,可用于控制该制剂的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.