昆明山海棠总生物碱对人结肠癌HCT116细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响

目的观察昆明山海棠总生物碱(total alkaloids oftripterygium hypoglaucum hutch,THHta)对人结肠癌HCT116细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响。方法18只Balb/c裸鼠建立人结肠癌HCT116细胞皮下移植瘤模型,瘤体积增至约100mm3时,随机分为对照组、THHta-1(100mg/kg)和THHta-2(200mg/kg)组,实验期间观测皮下移植瘤生长情况及裸鼠体重的变化,计算肿瘤相对增殖率及瘤重抑制率;取肿瘤组织及肝、脾、肾等行病理组织学检查;免疫组化法检测增殖细胞核抗原(proliferation cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)在肿瘤组织中的表达。结果THHta-1组和THHta-2组裸鼠肿瘤体积和重量显著降低,平均抑瘤率为60.4%和80.2%,治疗第21天两组相对肿瘤增殖率均<40%;THHta-1组和THHta-2组肿瘤组织中PCNA阳性细胞率显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。THHta致裸鼠体重减轻但裸鼠肝、脾、肾等组织未见明显病理学改变。结论THHta抑制人结肠癌HCT116细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长,具有体内抗结肠癌活性,其作用...     

人外周血γδT细胞免疫治疗裸鼠皮下人肝癌细胞移植瘤的体内实验研究北大核心CSCD

目的:研究不同剂量的人外周血γδT细胞对裸鼠人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)移植瘤模型的免疫治疗作用。方法:(1)用人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721接种BALB/c裸鼠皮下,建立肝癌裸鼠模型。(2)从健康人外周血中提取单核细胞,体外特异性扩增γδT细胞。(3)将已建立的肝癌裸鼠模型随机分为5组,阳性对照组为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu),阴性对照组为生理盐水,治疗组用不同剂量的γδT细胞(1×105、5×10~5及25×10~5)分别注入裸鼠尾静脉,阳性对照组用5-Fu裸鼠腹腔注射,阴性对照组用生理盐水裸鼠尾静脉注射。观察不同剂量的γδT细胞对肿瘤的抑制效果,包括治疗前后的体重、食物摄取量及生长状况等,并与阳性对照组和阴性对照组比较肿瘤体积(TV)、相对肿瘤体积(RTV)和相对肿瘤增殖率[T/C(%)]变化。结果:不同剂量的γδT细胞对裸鼠移植瘤的生长有不同程度的抑制,RTV与生理盐水阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与5-Fu阳性对照组比较,TV增长明显低于5-Fu阳性对照组,RTV各剂量组抑制程度相似,均略高于5-Fu阳性对照组,T/C(%)各剂量组比5-Fu对照组的相对肿瘤增殖率稍低,但无显著性差异。结论:人外周血γδT细胞对肝癌裸鼠移植瘤具有显著的抑瘤作用,为建立肝癌免疫治疗新方法提供实验依据。     

人外周血γδT 细胞免疫治疗裸鼠皮下人肝癌细胞移植瘤的体内实验研究

目的:研究不同剂量的人外周血γδT 细胞对裸鼠人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)移植瘤模型的免疫治疗作用。方法: 用人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721 接种BALB/ c 裸鼠皮下,建立肝癌裸鼠模型。于从健康人外周血中提取单核细胞,体外特异性扩增γδT 细胞。将已建立的肝癌裸鼠模型随机分为5 组,阳性对照组为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu),阴性对照组为生理盐水,治疗组用不同剂量的γδT 细胞 分别注入裸鼠尾静脉,阳性对照组用5-Fu 裸鼠腹腔注射,阴性对照组用生理盐水裸鼠尾静脉注射。观察不同剂量的γδT 细胞对肿瘤的抑制效果,包括治疗前后的体重、食物摄取量及生长状况等,并与阳性对照组和阴性对照组比较肿瘤体积(TV)、相对肿瘤体积(RTV)和相对肿瘤增殖率[T/ C(%)]变化。结果:不同剂量的γδT 细胞对裸鼠移植瘤的生长有不同程度的抑制,RTV 与生理盐水阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与5-Fu 阳性对照组比较,TV 增长明显低于5-Fu 阳性对照组,RTV 各剂量组抑制程度相似,均略高于5-Fu 阳性对照组,T/ C(%)各剂量组比5-Fu 对照组的相对肿瘤增殖率稍低,但无显著性差异。结论:人外周血γδT 细胞对肝癌裸鼠移植瘤具有显著的抑瘤作用,为建立肝癌免疫治疗新方法提供实验依据。     

鞘氨醇激酶通过调控血管发生促进肝癌转移

目的确定鞘氨醇激酶(SPK)在肝癌转移中的作用。方法用Ad-SPK1腺病毒感染肝癌细胞LM-3使其SPK过表达,Western blot检测SPK1表达及激活情况;Transwell、划痕实验检测肝癌细胞迁移情况。体外管状结构形成实验检测SPK对脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)管状化形成的影响。建立SPK过表达裸鼠模型,体内检测肝癌迁移情况。结果在体外SPK对肝癌细胞的迁移无显著影响;Ad-SPK能够促进HUVEC管状结构形成;裸鼠皮下移植瘤结果显示Ad-SPK促进肿瘤生长和转移。结论鞘氨醇激酶通过调控血管发生促进肝癌转移。     

小干扰RNA抑制卵巢癌模型裸鼠移植瘤葡萄糖调节蛋白94的表达及意义

背景：一些实验在模型鼠移植瘤中葡萄糖调节蛋白94被敲除后,细胞黏附中断,刺激肝起源细胞增殖,进而促进肝肿瘤的发生,推测葡萄糖调节蛋白94在肝癌中起到保护作用。 目的：应用小干扰RNA技术抑制裸鼠卵巢癌模型皮下移植瘤内质网分子伴侣葡萄糖调节蛋白94的基因表达,探讨移植瘤中葡萄糖调节蛋白94基因及蛋白表达的变化对移植瘤生长的影响。 方法：从GeneBank中选取人类葡萄糖调节蛋白94基因序列,构建受控于人RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子U6 的真核表达载体psiSTRIKETM/葡萄糖调节蛋白94。建立人卵巢癌HO-8910细胞株裸鼠皮下接种模型,并将真核表达载体转染入裸鼠移植瘤体内,观察肿瘤生长情况。卵巢癌裸鼠模型经过不同给药方案干预后分为特异性小干扰RNA组,非特异性小干扰RNA组和生理盐水对照组, RT-PCR和免疫组化SP法检测葡萄糖调节蛋白94 mRNA和蛋白在肿瘤内的表达情况,并观察模型裸鼠的移植瘤生长情况。 结果与结论：成功构建RNA干扰质粒载体,所有裸鼠模型均接种成功,5 d后即可见皮下肿瘤形成,14 d左右肿瘤直径达7-10 mm。转染质粒完毕后抑瘤率为65.1%,与非特异性小干扰RNA组和生理盐水对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。psiSTRIKETM/GRP94治疗后瘤体内葡萄糖调节蛋白94 mRNA和蛋白显著下调(P < 0.01)。说明靶向葡萄糖调节蛋白94 mRNA的小干扰RNA可显著抑制人卵巢癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长,其机制可能是诱导葡萄糖调节蛋白94 mRNA和蛋白表达下调所致。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

COX-2抑制剂对肺癌裸鼠移植瘤血管生成素基因表达的影响

目的：探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂尼米舒利（NIM）对肺癌裸鼠移植瘤的血管生成素基因表达的影响及意义。 方法： 人肺癌A549细胞接种于裸鼠皮下，建立肺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型并予NIM治疗，计算NIM的抑瘤率，RT-PCR检测裸鼠移植瘤组织血管生成素-1、2 (Ang-1、Ang-2) mRNA表达, 免疫组织化学法测定裸鼠移植瘤组织微血管密度(MVD)。 结果： NIM可有效抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长，其抑瘤率为43.02%。 NIM治疗组裸鼠移植瘤组织Ang-2 mRNA水平显著低于对照组（P<0.01），Ang-1 mRNA水平无显著改变（P>0.05）, Ang-2/Ang-1 mRNA比值下降（P<0.01）；同时MVD明显低于对照组（P<0.01）。 结论： COX-2抑制剂NIM可下调Ang-2基因表达,改变Ang-2/Ang-1 mRNA比值，该作用可能是COX-2抑制剂抑制肿瘤血管生成从而抑制肿瘤生长的机制之一。     

聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物介导Survivin反义寡核苷酸抑制人肝癌裸鼠 移植瘤生长的作用*☆

背景：采用反义寡核苷酸等治疗方法可以抑制凋亡抑制因子Survivin 的表达,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。目前使用Survivin治疗恶性肿瘤仍存在基因载体转染效率低下、不能长期稳定表达、易被酶降解等难题。 目的：观察聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物(polyamidoamine,PAMAM)脂质体介导Survivin-反义寡核苷酸对人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用。 方法：以人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下注射建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,将PAMAM脂质体和PAMAM分别与Survivin-反义寡核苷酸混合得到载反义基因转染复合物。测定复合物的zeta电位及包封率。将两种载基因复合物注射道裸鼠移植瘤体内,观察两组移植瘤大小,检测移植瘤组织中survivin基因的表达。 结果与结论：PAMAM脂质体-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物的zeta电位高于PAMAM-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物(P < 0.05),基因包封率两组比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。PAMAM脂质体-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物治疗组裸鼠移植瘤质量及survivin蛋白表达低于PAMAM-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物组(P < 0.05)。提示PAMAM脂质体能将Survivin-反义寡核苷酸高效递送到人肝癌移植瘤细胞,降低survivin蛋白的表达,诱导移植瘤细胞凋亡。 关键词：聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物;脂质体;肝癌;反义寡核苷酸;Survivin doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.020      

肝原位移植瘤裸鼠模型的建立及活体荧光成像检测

目的 建立能够通过活体荧光成像系统实时监测肿瘤进展的肝原位移植瘤裸鼠模型.方法 重组质粒pcDNA3.1-Luc转染细胞构建稳定表达荧光素酶的PLC/PRF/5肝癌细胞株,将该细胞注入裸鼠肝脏实质内,应用活体成像技术动态监测肿瘤进展情况,解剖荧光信号阳性裸鼠观察肿瘤组织生长情况.免疫荧光检测肿瘤组织中HBsAg表达.结果 对裸鼠肝原位移植瘤应用活体荧光系统成像,在肿瘤细胞注射部位检测到荧光信号,解剖动物后可在肝脏组织中观察到异质细胞团块.免疫荧光证实移植瘤中有HBsAg表达.结论 肝脏原位移植瘤裸鼠模型建立成功,为抗肝癌药物的研发提供了工具.     

人绒毛膜癌裸鼠原位移植模型的建立

目的建立人绒毛膜癌裸鼠原位移植瘤模型。方法培养人绒毛膜癌细胞系JAR,制备JAR单细胞悬液,给5只8周龄BALB/c裸鼠经皮下注射建立皮下移植瘤模型。待裸鼠皮下成瘤后,无菌条件下取瘤组织并切成1 mm^3组织块,通过手术方式植入10只10周龄BALB/c裸鼠子宫腔内,裸鼠濒死状时4%水合氯醛(10 g/kg)腹腔注射麻醉处死,观察子宫成瘤及腹腔转移情况。解剖取子宫原位移植瘤、腹腔内转移瘤、腹腔淋巴结及其他脏器组织标本,通过组织病理学检查进行鉴定。结果10只BALB/c裸鼠中共有7只裸鼠子宫内可见移植瘤肿块形成,其中2只可同时观察到子宫移植瘤和腹膜转移瘤。在病理学形态和结构上,皮下移植瘤模型、原位移植模型和腹膜转移瘤的瘤细胞与人绒毛膜癌细胞系JAR一致。结论成功建立人绒毛膜癌JAR细胞的BALB/c裸鼠原位移植瘤模型。     

人肺腺癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤淋巴转移模型的构建与筛选

目的构建人肺腺癌的裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,探讨不同注射部位对肿瘤生长和淋巴转移的影响。方法 20只BALB/c裸鼠随机分为4组,每组5只。分别于左侧背部近腋窝、右侧背部近腋窝、左侧后肢和左后爪垫皮下注射A549细胞株,建立人肺腺癌移植瘤模型,考察各组裸鼠肿瘤生长和淋巴结转移情况。结果各组裸鼠成瘤明显,模型构建成功。背部近腋窝种植2组裸鼠肿瘤比后肢和爪垫种植的肿瘤出现时间早,生长速度快(P<0.05)。左侧背部近腋窝、右侧背部近腋窝、左侧后肢和左后爪垫皮下移植瘤的淋巴结转移率分别为41.7%、42.9%、23.1%和21.4%。其中左侧背部近腋窝注射最为方便。结论裸鼠左侧背部近腋窝皮下注射A549细胞操作方便,肿瘤易生长,淋巴转移率高,是构建人肺腺癌皮下移植瘤淋巴转移模型的优选方案。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.