Clinical and laboratory observations of tuberculosis at a Mumbai (India) clinic

Objectives: To study the positivity of sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) smears in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis using 24 hour sputum collection. To detect HIV seropositivity in patients suffering from tuberculosis, and to analyse the pattern of tuberculosis disease in this subgroup. To determine the outcome of patients treated with directly observed therapy. Setting: The tuberculosis referral unit of a tertiary care hospital. Design: A total of 893 consecutive patients with tuberculosis, diagnosed between 1 November 2000 and 30 September 2002, were included in the study. An HIV test was performed in all patients, with adequate counselling and informed consent. Treatment was prescribed as per World Health Organisation treatment categories. Results: Out of 893 patients with tuberculosis, 695 had pulmonary tuberculosis and 198 had extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Out of the 695 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 673 (96.8%) were sputum smear AFB positive. Overall, 71 patients (8.0%) were HIV positive. The pattern of tuberculosis was the same in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Treatment outcome could be analysed in 112 out of 150 patients: 78 patients (70%) were declared cured or completed treatment. Conclusions: Sputum smear AFB could be a very sensitive test when a large quantity of sputum is used. The presence of HIV coinfection does not alter the clinical presentation. Only 70% of patients treated were cured/completed treatment, in spite of a strict directly observed therapy.     

γ-干扰素释放试验在肺结核和肺外结核诊断中的应用

目的:探讨γ-干扰素释放试验(IGRA)在肺结核和肺外结核诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集273例结核病患者与45例健康体检者肝素钠抗凝全血,采用国产IGRA试剂检测其血浆γ-干扰素含量,同时与结核菌素皮肤试验(TST)结果进行平行分析比较;采用抗酸染色(AFB染色)法对结核病患者痰液标本进行染色。结果:国产的IGRA试剂和TST实验的敏感性分别为85.35%和72.53%,特异性分别为86.54%和53.33%,阳性预测值分别为97.08%和90.41%,阴性预测值分别为52.94%和24.24%,准确性分别为85.22%和69.81%。两种方法对肺结核的检出率分别为85.71%(180/210)和74.76%(157/210),二者相比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.943,P<0.01);两种方法对肺外结核的检出率分别为84.13%(53/63)和68.25%(43/63),二者相比较,差异也有统计学意义(χ2=4.375,P=0.036);但两种方法各自对肺结核与肺外结核的检测效果无显著差异。210例肺结核患者中AFB阳性73例,AFB阴性者137例,其中AFB阳性肺结核患者中IGRA阳性率为89.04%(65/73),AFB阴性肺结核患者阳性率为83.94%(115/137);肺外结核63例患者AFB均阴性,IGRA阳性率为84.13%(53/63)。结论:IGRA比TST对诊断结核病有较高的敏感性与特异性,尤其是对AFB阴性的肺结核和肺外结核有80%以上的检出率,有很好的临床应用前景。     

HIV AND TUBERCULOSIS CO-INFECTION IN A REFERRAL CHEST HOSPITAL

Serving personnel of Armed Forces admitted with tuberculosis between Apr 1996–1999 were evaluated for co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV. Sixty (1.06%) of tuberculosis patients were found to be HIV positive. Initial test was done by spot kits and subsequently confirmed by ELISA on two different samples. Majority of the cases were in sexually active age group 48 (80%). Alcohol and smoking was associated in 80% cases. Thirty six (60%) were sputum smear positive for AFB. Twenty eight (46.7%) gave history of exposure to sex workers. Family members were not available for study. Sero prevalence of HIV in association with tuberculosis is less in Armed Forces compared to civil population.KEY WORDS: HIV, Seroprevalence, Tuberculosis     

超声引导下穿刺活检对肺外结核的诊断价值

目的 探讨如何提高超声引导下穿刺活检对肺外结核(extrapulmonary tuberculosis,EPTB)的诊断价值.方法 对152例临床疑诊结核或诊断不明病灶的患者进行超声引导下穿刺活检,综合分析组织切片加特殊染色(病理组)、基因X-Pert MTB/RIF检测(基因组)、结核菌培养(菌培组)及涂片这4种方法...     

结核杆菌核酸定量检测与T-SPOT.TB检测在肺外结核病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨结核杆菌核酸定量与结核感染T-细胞培养(T-SPOT.TB)联合检测在肺外结核病诊断中的应用价值。方法 选择2013-02-01～2015-10-31,在我院已经确诊的各类肺外结核病住院患者共109例作为研究对象(其中结核性胸膜炎69例,结核性脑膜炎23例,肾结核17例)。所有受试者根据感染部位不同,同时检测体液(胸腹水、脑脊液、尿液)结核杆菌涂片、体液核酸定量与全血T-SPOT.TB。结果 109例患者中,结核杆菌涂片检查为阳性的有22例,阳性率20.1%,体液结核杆菌核酸定量检测结果提示有诊断意义的有104例,阳性率95.4%,全血T-SPOT为阳性的有108例,阳性率99.1%,与传统涂片检查结果比较,P＜0.05,具有显著差异。同时体液结核杆菌核酸定量与全血T-SPOT检测结果比较,P＞0.01,无显著差异,呈现高度一致性。结论 结核杆菌核酸定量与全血T-SPOT.TB联合检测,对于肺外结核病的诊断具有重要意义。     

Pulmonary tuberculosis--a review of clinical features and diagnosis in 232 cases

The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is often delayed due to atypical clinical features and difficulty in obtaining positive bacteriology. We reviewed 232 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed in Kedah Medical Centre, Alor Setar from January 1998 to December 2002. All age groups were affected with a male predominance (Male:Female ratio = 60:40). Risk factors include underlying diabetes mellitus (17.7%), positive family history (16.8%) and previous tuberculosis (5.2%). Nearly half (45.3%) of patients had symptoms for more than one year. Only 22% of patients had typical symptoms of tuberculosis (prolonged recurrent fever, cough, anorexia and weight loss), whilst others presented with haemoptysis, chronic cough, COPD, bronchiectasis, general ill-health, pyrexia of unknown origin or pleural effusion without other systemic symptoms. Fifteen percent of the patients presented with extrapulmonary diagnosis. Ninety percent of the patients had previous medical consultations but 40% had no chest radiograph or sputum examination done. The chest radiographs showed 'typical' changes of tuberculosis in 62% while in the other 38% the radiological features were 'not typical'. Sputum direct smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli in only 22.8% of patients and 11.2% were diagnosed base on positive sputum culture. Sputum may be negative even in patients with typical clinical presentations and chest radiograph changes. Bronchial washing improved the diagnosis rate being positive in 49.1% of cases (24.1% by direct smear and the other 25.0% by culture). In 16.8% of cases, the diagnosis was based on a good response to empirical anti-tuberculosis therapy in patients with clinical and radiological features characteristic of tuberculosis. In conclusions, the clinical and radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis may be atypical. Sputum is often negative and bronchoscopy with washings for Mycobacterium culture gives a higher yield for diagnosis. In highly probable cases, empirical therapy with antituberculosis drugs should be considered because it is safe and beneficial.     

Atypical presentations of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed by fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

A total of 356 patients were subjected to fibreoptic bronchoscopy from September 1989 to June 1991 to exclude bronchial carcinoma. Bronchial biopsy, bronchial brush smears and bronchial wash were obtained. Bronchial wash was examined for acid fast bacilli (AFB) compatible with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The total number diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis by fibreoptic bronchoscopy was 21(5.8%). The sputum smears were negative for AFB in all these patients. Previous studies have shown the importance of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in suspected cases of tuberculosis where the sputum smear is negative. This study is further evidence of the importance of routine examination of bronchial wash for AFB in all cases undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy to detect atypical cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

不同抗结核时长对手术标本中不同病原学阳性率影响

目的 探讨不同抗结核时长的手术病理标本5种病原学检测技术阳性率差异及临床意义。方法 对2017年在武汉市肺科医院外科经规范抗结核共282例肺外结核患者按手术取材前抗结核时间不同分为 0~<7 d、7~<14 d、14~<28 d、28~<60 d和≥60 d共5组,对各组采用抗酸染色涂片（AFB）、实时荧光定量PCR（TB-DNA）、RNA恒温扩增实时荧光检测（SAT-TB）、GeneX-pert MTB/RIF (X-pert)、结核培养（CTB）等5种方法进行病原学检查,并对结果进行分析。结果 以临床诊断为标准,282例手术标本病原学总阳性率为89.36%（252/282）,X-pert、TB-DNA、SAT-TB、CTB和AFB阳性率分别为89.36%、78.01%、39.72%、15.25%和14.18%;以CTB为金标准,SAT-TB的阴性预测值为92.35%(157/170);X-pert与CTB判定RFP耐药吻合率为100.00%。组间相同检查比较：CTB在0~<28 d内阳性率无明显差异,但均显著高于≥60 d患者（P<0.001）,其余4种方法 各时间段内比较均无明显差异。组内不同检查间比较： X-pert阳性率在各组内均显著高于AFB、SAT-TB、CTB（P<0.001）,但与TB-DNA比较无统计学差异;TB-DNA各组内均显著高于AFB、CTB、SAT-TB（P<0.05）;各组内CTB与AFB均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;28 d后CTB阳性率均明显低于SAT-TB（P<0.001）。结论 不同抗结核时长的手术病理组织标本中5种病原学检测技术阳性率差异较大,规范抗结核0~28 d内常规送检X-pert、CTB有利于结核病的诊断和治疗,X-pert、TB-DNA、SAT-TB、AFB阳性均不宜作为疗效评估的单一指标,而SAT-TB可作为CTB阴性的预测指标。     

Paucibacillary tuberculosis--a retrospective study

Paucibacillary tuberculosis poses difficulty in the treatment and control of tuberculosis. The present study aims at understanding the extent of such cases among the patients, with respiratory symptoms, attending the outpatient department of the VP Chest Institute, Delhi. The analysis is based on the smear and culture examination of the sputum specimens, submitted from such patients during 1992-1998. Present results demonstrate that 34.8% were paucibacillary (direct smear negative; culture positive cases). Sex has no influence on smear examination results. The frequency of smear negative cases varied in the different age groups; the largest number belonged to the > or = 45 years age group (p < 0.05). Culture examination elicited positive result in these cases.     

Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE--To describe transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among patients and health care workers (HCWs) in a ward and clinic for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in a hospital, four studies were conducted. METHODS--Case patients and control patients were persons who had been treated in the HIV ward or clinic, whose clinical course was consistent with tuberculosis and who had at least one positive culture for M tuberculosis between January 1, 1988, and January 31, 1990, resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin (case patients), or whose isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested (control patients). In the first study, case patients and control patients were compared to identify risk factors for MDR tuberculosis. In the second study, inpatient and outpatient days of MDR tuberculosis case patients were compared to determine whether acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positivity or aerosolized pentamidine use was associated with higher numbers of subsequent MDR tuberculosis cases among exposed patients. In the third study, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed on available MDR and sensitive M tuberculosis isolates. In the fourth study, skin test conversion rates among HCWs in the HIV ward and clinic were compared with those of HCWs in another ward, and the strength of the associations between skin test conversions among HCWs on the HIV ward and the number of person-days that AFB smear-positive case patients and control patients were on this ward was estimated. RESULTS--Case patients were more likely than control patients to have been exposed on the HIV ward or clinic to an AFB smear-positive case patient (P less than .001). Inpatient and outpatient days of MDR tuberculosis case patients were associated with more subsequent cases of MDR tuberculosis if exposing case patients were smear-positive or if they received aerosolized pentamidine (P less than or equal to .01). Of 13 MDR isolates, all had one of two restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns; 10 sensitive isolates had restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns that were different from each other. The HCW skin test conversion rate was higher on the HIV ward and clinic than on the comparison ward (P less than .01). The risk of occupational acquisition of infection increased in direct proportion to the number of person-days that AFB smear-positive case patients were on the HIV ward (r = .75; P = .005), but did not increase in proportion to the number of person-days that AFB smear-positive control patients were there (r = -.36; P = NS). After isolation measures for AFB smear-positive tuberculosis patients were improved, MDR tuberculosis cases decreased to seven of 214 tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSIONS--Nosocomial transmission of MDR M tuberculosis infection to patients and HCWs occurred on the HIV ward and clinic. Infectiousness of MDR tuberculosis case patients was associated with AFB sputum-smear positivity. Case patients with MDR tuberculosis created a greater risk of skin test conversion for HCWs on the HIV ward than drug-susceptible control patients.     

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis among asymptomatic HIV+ patients in Guangxi, China

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） among asymptomatic Chinese patients with HIV infection has not been investigated despite high tuberculosis burden in China. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of PTB among asymptomatic patients with HIV/AIDS in Guangxi to facilitate the development of diagnostic and treatment strategies.Methods All asymptomatic adult HIV-infected patients with CD4 ＜350 cells/μl who attended four HIV clinics in Guangxi between August 2006 and March 2008 were evaluated for active PTB with physical examination, chest X-ray （CXR）,sputum smear and/or sputum liquid culture. Data were described using median （interquartile range, IQR） and frequencies.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with PTB.Results Among 340 asymptomatic subjects, 15 （4%） were diagnosed with PTB, with 4 （27%） sputum smear positive and 8 （53%） sputum culture positive. CXR has higher diagnostic sensitivity （87%） than sputum smear （25%） and sputum culture （67%）, but lower specificity （56%） compared with sputum smear （99%） and culture （100%）. In univariate analysis,injection drug user, body mass index （BMI） ＜18 kg/m2, CD4 ＜50 cells/μl and presence of peripheral lymphadenopathy were associated with an increased risk of asymptomatic PTB, while in multivariate analysis only peripheral lymphadenopathy maintained statistical significance （OR=7.6, 95% CI 1.4-40）. Patients with negative smear and minor or no abnormalities on CXR had longer interval between screening and TB treatment.Conclusions PTB was relatively common in this group of HIV＋ asymptomatic Chinese patients. Diagnosis is challenging especially where sputum culture is unavailable. These findings suggest that an enhanced evaluation for PTB needs to be integrated with HIV care in China and transmission prevention in China to control at both households and health care facilities, especially for patients with factors associated with a higher risk of PTB.     

HIV阳性合并肺结核X线分析

目的：探讨HIV阳性患者合并肺结核的X线特征。方法：分析18例HIV阳性合并肺结核病例的胸部X线平片。18例患者均经ELISA试验证实为HIV阳性，并经痰检或培养发现抗酸杆菌。结果：18例均有渗出实变性病灶，且超过两个肺叶。其中6例见少量纤维化病灶，4例见少量胸腔积液或／和轻度胸膜肥厚。18例中无一例发现钙化、空洞及结节病灶。结论：HIV阳性合并肺部结核的X线表现以渗出实变性病变为主，且范围广泛，反映出免疫系统功能缺损的特征，有必要和其它肺部感染鉴别。     

Comparison of sputum induction with broncho-alveolar lavage in the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

Sputum microscopy and AFB-culture being gold standard and a fundamental tool for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) has got its limitation of low sensitivity. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) has been widely recommended as the diagnostic procedure of choice in smear negative patients. But bronchoscopy is an invasive procedure, costly, not readily available in our country and needs expertise. Several studies abroad have directly compared the yield of sputum induction (SI) with 3% saline (NaCl solution) with Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) through FOB in smear-negative suspected PTB patients and showed that SI was a low cost, safe and well tolerated procedure with equal efficacy to BAL through FOB for the diagnosis of PTB in such patients. For the first time a prospective comparison was conducted in Bangladesh to see the yield of sputum induction (SI) and BAL in 52 selected smear- negative patients of suspected PTB. Each of the samples of induced sputum and BAL fluid were examined for AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen's method. Samples of both SI and BAL from 20 patients were cultured for AFB in Lowenstein-Jensen medium for 6 weeks irrespective of their induced sputum smear being positive or negative for AFB. Data were managed and analyzed using computer program SPSS version 10.0. Agreement of SI and BAL was tested using Pearson Chi-square and Kappa test. The results showed that the yield of SI were significantly more than that of BAL (p<0.05).The AFB smear results from specimens obtained by SI and BAL were in agreement in 75% cases (p=0.02).Statistical analysis of the yield of culture results from SI and BAL group with Fishers Exact test showed they were in agreement in 90% cases (p=0.0001) and was measured by Kappa test as significant (p=0.0004). The sensitivity of AFB-smears in samples from SI and BAL were 74% and 58% respectively. The specificity of smear positivity and of culture was assumed to be 100%. SI is a safe procedure with considerable diagnostic yield and a high agreement with the results of BAL through FOB for the diagnosis of PTB. SI offers an alternative or additional approach to the diagnosis of smear-negative suspected PTB patients and would enhance sensitivity for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.     

Spectrum of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in British Columbia: report of 40 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical features, treatment and outcome of all known cases of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in British Columbia between 1984 and 1990. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Provincial tuberculosis registry and university-affiliated HIV clinic. PATIENTS: All people with HIV infection in whom active tuberculosis was diagnosed during the study period. RESULTS: All 40 patients identified were men; their mean age was 38 years. Of the subjects 30 (75%) were homosexual, 6 (15%) were homosexual and used intravenous drugs, 2 (5%) just used intravenous drugs, and 1 (2%) had had heterosexual contact with prostitutes; for the remaining subject the risk factor for HIV infection was not established. In all cases cultures of specimens from 15 body sources yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thirty-five of the patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and five had HIV infection uncomplicated except for tuberculosis. In 28 (70%) of the cases no AIDS-defining disease had previously been diagnosed, and in 23 (58%) extrapulmonary tuberculosis represented the AIDS-defining disease. Symptoms at presentation included weight loss (in 80% of the cases), fever (in 75%), cough (in 70%) and night sweats (in 55%). The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 0.2 x 10(9)/L (in 15 cases). Tuberculin skin test results were positive in 8 of 16 cases. The most striking radiologic finding was intrathoracic adenopathy. All except one of the 36 patients who received appropriate treatment responded favourably at first. Adverse reactions necessitating changes in treatment occurred in 12 (33%) of the cases. Relapse occurred after completion of therapy in two cases (one at 3 weeks and the other at 9 months after treatment was stopped). Tuberculosis was the cause of death in five cases. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis in people with HIV infection commonly presents as extrapulmonary disease and precedes or coincides with other AIDS-defining opportunistic infections. In most cases tuberculosis is the AIDS-defining disease. Even though radiologic findings are often unusual physicians should suspect tuberculosis. A careful examination for evidence of disease at multiple sites should be done. The duration and choice of therapy must be adequate to avoid relapse.     

结核蛋白芯片联合PPD检测对痰菌阴性肺结核的诊断价值

目的观察结核蛋白芯片和结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purifiedproteiderivative,PPD)实验对痰结核分枝杆菌阴性肺结核(菌阴肺结核)的诊断价值。方法采用结核蛋白芯片和PPD实验,检测53例痰菌阴性活动性肺结核和40例非结核性肺部疾病患者,观察两种方法检测的灵敏性、特异性、检测的一致性和联合检测阳性率。结果结核蛋白芯片诊断痰菌阴性肺结核的敏感性和特异性分别为62.3%、87.5%,敏感性明显高于PPD试验(41.5%),特异性无明显差异;两种方法检测一致率为69.8%;两种检测方法联用阳性检出率为88.7%,高于单独应用任一方法。结论结核蛋白芯片检测对痰菌阴性活动性肺结核病人具有较好的诊断价值,联用PPD检测可提高痰菌阴性肺结核患者检出率。     

Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the amplification of a 169 bp DNA fragment specific for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was evaluated for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). A total of 105 CSF specimens from clinically suspected cases of TBM were studied. Clinical details of the cases and cytochemical parameters of the CSF specimens were recorded. For PCR 10 CSF specimens from cases other than TBM, 4 non-mycobacterial culture isolates (one strain of E coli, one strain of proteus species and 2 strains of salmonella species) and one sample of sterile distilled water were processed as negative controls. For positive control standard culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was processed with every batch of specimens. Besides PCR, smear for AFB by the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and the fluorochrome method and culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium was also carried out. By PCR, 31.42% specimens were found positive, whereas by conventional culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium only 3.8% specimens were positive.     

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Human Immunodificiency Virus Infection

Background

In view of increase in incidence of exptrapulmonary tuberculosis after the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the clinical profile of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection was studied.

Method

The study population comprised patients of HIV infection with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Work up included history, clinical examination, sputum for acid fast bacilli, chext X-ray, ultrasonography (USG) abdomen, fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC), transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and computed tomography of chest.

Results

There were 50 cases, all males with mean age of 35 years. 24(48%) were without pulmonary tuberculosis and 26(52%) had pulmonary tuberculosis. 41(82%) had disseminated disease and 9(18%) involve one site. Fever and weight loss were the most frequent symptoms (79% and 58% respectively) in cases without pulmonary tuberculosis. The most frequent extrapulmonary site was lymph node in 46(92%), followed by spleen in 13(26%), pleura 9(18%), miliary 7(14%) and hepatic 1(2%). The diagnosis was confirmed by invasive methods in 30 out of 50(60%) cases [FNAC in 23(88%), TBNA in 2(25%) and pleural biopsy in 5(55%)].

Conclusion

In HIV infected patients, the most common extrapulmonary site is lymph mode followed by spleen.Key Words: Extrapulmonary TB, HIV Infection     

菌阴肺结核诊断方法研究

目的 :利用联合检测技术对菌阴肺结核作诊断价值的研究。方法 :痰标本采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)TB DNA ,血清标本采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) ,皮肤试验采用PPD 0 1U皮试 ,同步检测。结果 :单项检测的敏感性、特异性依次为 :PCR 96 8%、96 2 % ;LAMIgG 6 9 2 %、98 1% ;PPDIgG 6 2 1%、98 1% ;SCIC 32 2 %、98 1% ;PPD 0 1U 5 3 8%、98 1%。单项检测对菌阴肺结核的检出率相应为 41 7% ,2 8 9% ,44 4% ,2 8 9% ,2 1 4%。联合检测对菌阴肺结核的检出率 2、3、4、5联分别为 6 6 9%、75 0 %、80 4%及 85 7% ,均高于单项检测。联合检测特异性随联合种类增高而轻微下降。若采用联合检测同时阳性方法 ,2、3、4、5联特异性均为 10 0 % ,初治菌阴组阳性检出率 2联方法可达 45 9% ,比任何单项方法检出率要高。结论 :由于原五种方法联合检测特异性有所轻度下降 ,因此联合检测同时阳性判定的方法更适用于初治菌阴肺结核的诊断 ,值得推广     

结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因和突变检测技术在结核性脑膜炎中的诊断价值

目的 评价结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因和突变(GeneXpertMTB/RIF)检测技术对结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis,TBM)的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年6月陕西省结核病防治院收治的同时采用抗酸杆菌(AFB)涂片镜检(简称“AFB涂片”)、BECTECMGIT960液体培养(简称“MGIT960培养”)和GeneXpertMTB/RIF(简称“GeneXpert”)检测的142例疑似TBM患者,其中确诊TBM患者82例、非TBM患者60例。以临床确诊TBM患者为参考标准评价AFB涂片、MGIT960培养和GeneXpert检测对TBM的诊断效能。结果 AFB涂片、MGIT960培养和GeneXpert检测的敏感度分别为3.7%(3/82),24.4%(20/82)和40.2%(33/82);特异度均为100.0%(60/60);符合率分别为44.4%(63/142),56.3%(80/142)和65.5%(93/142)。结论 AFB涂片技术在诊断TBM时的敏感度很低,MGIT960培养检测技术在诊断TBM时的敏感度较高,而GeneXpert检测技术在诊断TBM时的敏感度更高。     

Evaluation of the status of tuberculosis as part of the clinical case definition of AIDS in India

Aim: To assess HIV associated tuberculosis in a high tuberculosis prevalence setting and its status in the clinical case definition of AIDS. Methods: All HIV patients attending the infectious disease clinic, Varanasi, India between January 2001 and December 2003 were included in the study. They were stratified into three distinct immunological categories depending on their CD4 levels in accordance to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classification. Tuberculosis of different organs was defined as detailed below. Results: Tuberculosis was the commonest opportunistic disease, seen in 163 patients. Of these, 68 had exclusively pulmonary tuberculosis, 55 extrapulmonary disease, and 40 the disseminated form. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis had low positive predictive value (PPV) (51% and 42%) for CD4 levels of <200 when compared with the disseminated form (specificity 87% and PPV 75%). Among 86 patients with radiological evidence of tuberculosis, typical radiological features of post-primary tuberculosis were present in 60 cases (70%). Other features such as effusion (14 patients, 16%) and miliary shadows (12 patients, 14%) were comparatively rare. Conclusion: Keeping pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis in AIDS defining illness should be reconsidered. In a similar way tuberculosis in HIV patients from areas endemic with tuberculosis occurs in patients with a wide range of immune status and has a better prognosis than other AIDS defining illnesses. Therefore the inclusion of tuberculosis in clinical case definition of AIDS is not justified.