107例肝细胞肝癌切除术后预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响肝细胞肝癌切除术后的预后因素。方法 回顾性分析广西医科大学肿瘤医院2002年6月~2004年5月间107例肝细胞肝癌手术切除患者的临床资料,选择38项临床病理因素分析其对生存率的影响。Kaplain-Meier法计算生存率,单因素分析采用Log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型筛选出对肝细胞肝癌切除预后有影响的临床病理因素。结果 全组1、3、5年生存率为85.0%,53.3%,43.9%。单因素分析：术前GGT,术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级,术后ALB,术后TBIL,术后ALP,术后GGT,肿瘤最大直径,门静脉癌栓,术中失血情况,围手术期输血,术后是否复发以及手术是否根治切除等。多因素分析：术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后是否复发,手术是否根治切除与预后相关。结论 术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后复发,根治性切除是影响肝细胞肝癌术后生存期的独立预后因素。     

肝癌门静脉癌栓伴肝动脉-门静脉分流的栓塞治疗

目的探讨聚乙烯醇颗粒(PVA)配合碘油乳剂栓塞治疗门静脉癌栓伴肝动脉-门静脉分流(APS)的可行性及疗效。方法对24例原发性肝癌伴有门静脉癌栓伴APS患者进行选择性TACE,根据肿瘤血供特点,采用不同的PVA及碘油乳剂注入方式,对分流血管及肿瘤血供进行栓塞。术后观察APS闭塞情况、肿瘤大小变化、生存期等指标。结果 24例中,23例治疗后APS闭塞;多次治疗后19例肿瘤体积缩小,5例病情进展;3、6、12个月及以上生存率分别为95.83%(23/24)、79.17%(19/24)、79.17%(19/24)。结论 PVA配合碘油乳剂超选择栓塞原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓伴APS安全有效。     

原发性肝癌肝切除术后发生肝功能衰竭的围术期影响因素分析

目的研究原发性肝癌肝切除后患者发生肝功能衰竭的围术期影响因素。方法回顾性分析2011年6月一2015年6月我院收治的原发性肝癌肝切除术后患者526例的临床资料,依据术后是否发生肝功能衰竭将患者分为肝功能衰竭组和无肝功能衰竭组,采用单因素分析和Logistic回归分析肝功能衰竭的围术期危险因素。结果术后发生肝功能衰竭125例,其发生率为23.76%,其中16例患者死于肝功能衰竭,病死率为3.04%。两组患者的年龄、血小板计数、谷草转氨酶、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、合并血管癌检情况、合并基础疾病情况、术前是否行TACE、术中出血量比较,差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝功能Child-Pugh分级、合并血管癌栓、术前是否TACE、术中出血量对是否发生肝功能衰竭均有影响,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肝功能Child-Pugh分级、合并血管癌栓、术前是否TACE及术中出血量是原发性肝癌肝切除术后患者发生肝功能衰竭的围术期独立影响因素。     

TACE治疗原发性肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓疗效及影响因素

目的探讨TACE治疗原发性肝细胞肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的疗效及影响因素。方法回顾性分析685例HCC合并PVTT患者的资料,其中475例接受TACE治疗(TACE组),210例接受支持治疗(支持治疗组)。比较2组患者生存时间,采用Cox模型回归分析影响患者预后的因素。结果 685例患者中位生存时间6.3个月,其中TACE组和支持治疗组中位生存时间分别为7.1个月、5.2个月(P=0.002)。TACE组和支持治疗组患者6、12、24个月累计生存率分别为57.30%、27.30%、12.10%和37.90%、12.20%、3.10%。单因素分析显示,Child-Pugh分级、HCC病灶最大径、谷氨酰转肽酶水平、癌栓分型可能是影响患者预后的因素。多元Cox风险比例模型显示,Child-Pugh分级和癌栓分型是影响患者预后的独立因素。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型癌栓患者中,TACE组和支持治疗组中位生存时间分别为7.8个月、5.5个月,2组6、12、24个月累计生存率差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);Ⅲ、Ⅳ型癌栓患者中TACE治疗组和支持治疗组中位生存时间分别为5.3个月、4.5个月,2组6、12、24个月累计生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.662)。结论对HCC合并PVTT患者行TACE治疗有效,影响患者预后的主要因素为Child-Pugh分级和癌栓分型;对Ⅲ、Ⅳ型癌栓患者TACE未见明显获益。     

TACE治疗对肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者肝切除术后远期生存的影响

目的探讨TACE对肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者肝切除术后远期生存的影响。方法回顾性分析2003年2月至2010年10月在我院接受肝切除治疗的129例肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的临床病理资料,按照术后是否接受辅助性治疗分为TACE组(76例)和非TACE组(53例)。K-M法比较两组患者术后远期生存率,用Cox回归模型分析影响患者术后远期生存的危险因素。通过分层分析比较TACE对不同癌栓类型(参照日本肝癌学习标准:Vp1/2和Vp3/4两组)患者预后的影响。结果 TACE组和非TACE组患者1、2和3年总体生存率分别为:66.7%、74.5%和76.8%vs.71.7%、90.6%、95.3%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015)。Cox多因素回归结果显示:癌栓分型、肿瘤直径大于5cm、肿瘤多发是影响患者总体生存的独立危险因素,而术后TACE是术后生存的影响因素。分层分析通过K-M曲线和Cox多因素回归结果表明,在Vp1/2型癌栓患者中术后TACE可以提高患者总体生存。结论术后TACE能够提高肝癌合并门脉癌栓患者的远期生存,尤其对于癌栓类型是Vp1和Vp2的患者,术后更应积极实施TACE治疗,从而延长患者生存时间。     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓手术疗效及预后分析

目的探讨影响肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人手术疗效和预后的因素。方法回顾性分析我院2000年~2003年收治的68例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人的临床资料。分别按术后是否加用化疗、有无合并肝硬变、肿瘤大小及Child-Pugh分级等进行分组研究,比较各组间术后不同的疗效。结果手术切除加化疗组中位生存时间为17.8月,术后6个月及1、2、3年生存率分别为80.4%及64.7%、47.1%、31.4%;单纯手术切除组分别为14.5月和70.6%、52.4%、29.4%、5.9%。手术切除加化疗组疗效均明显优于单纯手术切除组(P<0.05)。结论手术切除加术后化疗或栓塞治疗是治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人的有效治疗方案。肝硬变、肿瘤大小及Child-Pug分级与病人术后生存时间相关,可作为判断预后的重要指标。     

肝细胞癌切除术后预后因素分析

目的探索影响肝细胞肝癌手术预后的因素。方法回顾性分析2000～2005年76例经病理证实的肝细胞肝癌手术切除患者,选择16项临床、病理学因素,分析其对生存率的影响。结果全组1,3,5年生存率分别为85.53%,48.05%,14.96%。60例获得根治者1,3,5年生存率分别为100%,58.93%和18.35%。影响预后的单因素为:肿瘤根治程度、肝癌结节数目、肝功能分级、肿瘤分期、门脉癌栓、术前血清胆红素、术前白蛋白水平。多因素分析表明:术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、肿瘤结节数目、门脉癌栓和肿瘤根治程度与生存率有显著相关性。结论肿瘤结节数目、门脉癌栓、术前肝功能分级、肿瘤根治程度是影响肝细胞肝癌术后的高风险因素。     

姑息性放疗剂量不是肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的预后因素

目的研究原发性肝细胞肝癌伴门静脉癌栓接受外放疗患者的疗效和预后因素。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年11月期间在复旦大学附属中山医院放疗科进行外放射治疗的126例原发性肝细胞肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。采用6MX或15MV光子,针对癌栓(部分包括肝内肿瘤)外照射,剂量30～60 Gy,中位剂量50 Gy,常规分割。生存分析采用单因素及COX回归多因素分析。结果多因素分析显示白蛋白水平、AFP、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、肝内肿瘤控制情况、淋巴结转移情况和放疗方法是独立的预后因素。放疗剂量与生存无显著性相关。结论在肝细胞肝癌患者中,外放疗治疗门静脉癌栓是安全而有效的。但是,姑息性放疗剂量不是肝细胞肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的预后因素。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝细胞癌预后影响因素分析

目的分析肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)的预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析326例接受TACE治疗的HCC患者的资料。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算患者1、2、3年累积生存率,分别以Log-rank检验及Cox比例风险模型进行预后相关单因素及多因素分析。结果患者1、2、3年累积生存率分别为73.90%、40.20%、22.20%,中位生存期21个月。单因素分析显示,甲胎蛋白(AFP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、巴塞罗那临床肝癌(BCLC)分期、门静脉癌栓、动静脉瘘、远处转移为影响HCC患者预后的相关因素(P均0.05)。多因素分析显示,AFP、GGT、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、BCLC分期、动静脉瘘为HCC患者预后的独立影响因素(P均0.05)。结论影响TACE治疗HCC患者预后的独立因素包括AFP、GGT、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数目、BCLC分期及动静脉瘘。     

Ӱ���ϸ���ΰ��г�������������������

目的 探讨影响肝细胞肝癌手术切除长期生存的预后相关因素。方法 1964～1993年中山大学肿瘤防治中心经手术切除的522例肝细胞肝癌病人，随访至2003年1月，对随访结果进行回顾性分析，计算生存率并作单因素及多因素分析。结果 术后3、5、10和15年累积生存率分别为49．1％、33．8％、16．7％和13．7％；生存5年以上182例，生存10年以上56例，生存15年以上16例。单因素分析结果表明，预后影响因素为性别、术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、GGT水平、术中肝硬化程度、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、有无癌栓、有无卫星结节和是否根治性切除；多因素分析得出影响术后长期生存的预后因素为术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、GGT水平、术中肝硬化程度、肿瘤大小、有无癌栓和是否根治性切除。结论 肝癌切除术后病人长期生存与否取决于肝病背景、肿瘤情况和治疗因素。术前肝功能Child-PughA级、GGT正常、无或伴轻度肝硬化、肿瘤≤5cm、无癌栓以及行根治性切除的肝癌病人可能获得长期生存。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.