Clinical symptoms of open lock position of the condyle. Relation to anterior dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.

Nine cases of open lock position of the condyle of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are reported. In two patients recurrent dislocation of the TMJ was diagnosed clinically, and four had previous episodes of anterior dislocation. An arthrotomographic examination revealed that the condyles of the affected TMJs were located anterior to the anterior bands of the disks at an open-mouth position. An arthrographic fluoroscopic examination showed that the anterior bands mechanically obstructed the anteriorly displaced condyles from posterior movement into the articular fossae to various degrees at open-mouth position. One cause of anterior dislocation of the TMJ is thought to be fixation of the condyle in the open lock position resulting from a disturbance of a neuromuscular mechanism. In the two patients with dislocation, occlusal treatment eliminated muscular symptoms and the dislocations completely disappeared.     

颞下颌关节疾病的外科治疗

颞下颌关节疾病(temporomandibular joint disease,TMD)包括颞下颌关节紊乱病、颞下颌关节损伤、颞下颌关节脱位、颞下颌关节强直、先天性或后天性畸形、炎性疾病以及肿瘤等,治疗方法有保守治疗和外科治疗。基础研究有助于了解颞下颌关节疾病的致病机理,并为颞下颌关节疾病的治疗提供理论依据。虽然颞下颌关节疾病的治疗多年来存在争议,但随着对颞下颌关节疾病了解的加深,以及影像学的发展、关节镜和手术方法的改进,颞下颌关节疾病的外科治疗有了明显进步。本文对颞下颌关节紊乱病、颞下颌关节脱位、髁突骨折、颞下颌关节强直、先天性或后天性畸形以及肿瘤等颞下颌关节疾病的外科治疗现况及进展进行了阐述。     

A technique to verify adequacy of eminectomy for recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation

Recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be highly debilitating, especially if the dislocation cannot be reduced by the patient. Despite being regarded as a ‘gold standard’ or ‘salvage’ procedure for refractory TMJ dislocations, complete mediolateral removal of the articular eminence can still lead to recurrences. A technique aimed at intraoperatively verifying the adequacy of osseous reduction in order to minimize the risk of re-dislocation of the TMJ is described.     

基于生物力学分析的分侧口内外联合法 治疗颞下颌关节前脱位

目的 探讨分侧口内外联合法治疗颞下颌关节前脱位的临床效果。方法 利用口颌系统姿态肌链平衡理论对颞下颌关节复位过程进行生物力学分析,改进复位手法;运用分侧口内外联合法治疗87例颞下颌关节前脱位患者,对临床效果进行评价。结果 分侧口内外联合法可有效避免升颌肌群反射性收缩,提高复位效率;87例患者均成功复位,术程用力轻巧高效,髁突下降指征明确,患者并发症少。结论 分侧口内外联合法是一种高效、便捷、微创的颞下颌关节前脱位复位方法,在临床上有一定的推广应用价值。     

基于生物力学分析的分侧口内外联合法治疗颞下颌关节前脱位

目的 探讨分侧口内外联合法治疗颞下颌关节前脱位的临床效果。方法 利用口颌系统姿态肌链平衡理论对颞下颌关节复位过程进行生物力学分析,改进复位手法;运用分侧口内外联合法治疗87例颞下颌关节前脱位患者,对临床效果进行评价。结果 分侧口内外联合法可有效避免升颌肌群反射性收缩,提高复位效率;87例患者均成功复位,术程用力轻巧高效,髁突下降指征明确,患者并发症少。结论 分侧口内外联合法是一种高效、便捷、微创的颞下颌关节前脱位复位方法,在临床上有一定的推广应用价值。     

高渗葡萄糖关节上腔注射治疗颞下颌关节囊松弛（半脱位）和复发性脱位的临床应用

目的：探讨高渗葡萄糖硬化治疗颞下颌关节囊松弛（半脱位）和复发性脱位的效果。方法：采用50%葡萄糖注射剂行关节上腔注射治疗6例颞下颌关节半脱位的患者和7例复发性颞下颌关节脱位的患者,观察疗效;并对其治疗前后Fricton颞下颌关节紊乱指数进行评分,评价患者颞下颌关节功能的变化。结果：13例患者临床疗效满意,随访2月至半年无复发,治疗后患者的颞下颌关节紊乱指数明显改善。结论：采用50%葡萄糖注射剂行关节上腔注射治疗颞下颌关节半脱位和复发性脱位具有良好的效果。     

Treatment of chronic mandibular dislocations by bone plates: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Various surgical procedures have been used to limit mandibular opening in patients with recurrent dislocations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These include intracapsular injection of sclerosing agents and tethering of the mandible. Other methods include obstruction of the condylar translation by downfracturing the zygomatic arch or by bone graft augmentation of the tuberculum and creating a mechanical impediment using Vitallium mesh or a stainless steel pin. MATERIAL: In this paper, two patients are described in whom the range of condylar movement was restricted by a bone plate attached to the lateral surface of the zygomatic arch. One arm of the plate was extended medially just below the articular eminence. One patient had a hypermobile joint in combination with mitral valve prolapse, and the other patient suffered mental retardation. The surgical technique is described in detail. RESULT: Six months postoperatively, TMJ function was unimpeded and there was no recurrence of condylar dislocation.     

Generalized joint hypermobility and temporomandibular disorders: inherited connective tissue disease as a model with maximum expression

AIMS: To study the relationship between generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by assessing prevalence and patient characteristics of TMD in a population of patients with maximum expression of GJH as a symptom of inherited connective tissue disease. In addition, diagnostic reliability of a series of clinical signs indicative of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypermobility was tested. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 42 subjects with GJH, 24 with Marfan syndrome and 18 with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A subgroup of 27 individuals was selected by age (> or = 18 yrs) and was compared to 40 controls with TMD and normal peripheral joint mobility. TMD diagnoses were assigned to each subject according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). RESULTS: In the GJH sample (n = 42), 71.4% of the subjects were symptomatic for TMD. Of those, 13.3% had sought treatment. A myofascial pain diagnosis was made in 69%, disc dislocation with reduction was diagnosed in 85.7%, and TMJ arthralgia in 61.9%. Multiple TMD diagnoses were assigned in 69% of the subjects; of these, 57% had 3 or more subgroup diagnoses. Joint noises (P < .01) and recurrent TMJ dislocations (P < .01) were a frequent finding in adult GJH subjects (n = 27) compared to controls, with symptomatic GJH subjects presenting more and more prolonged dislocation events than asymptomatic subjects (P < .001). TMJ hypermobility signs were expressed significantly more often in GJH compared to controls with TMD and normal joint mobility. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a positive relationship between GJH and TMD.     

Reduction of a chronic bilateral temporomandibular joint dislocation with intermaxillary fixation and botulinum toxin A

A 71-year-old man was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Westmead Hospital for investigation of limited jaw movement and facial pain after a cerebrovascular event eight weeks previously. He was found to have bilateral dislocations of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and was successfully treated with a combination of intermaxillary fixation (IMF) screws and botulinum toxin A.     

Arthrocentesis followed by intra-articular autologous blood injection for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is an excessive forward movement of the condyle beyond the articular eminence with complete separation of the articular surfaces and fixation in that position. This study was conducted to assess autologous blood injection to the TMJ for the treatment of chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation. Fifteen patients with bilateral chronic recurrent condylar dislocation were included in the study. Bilateral TMJ arthrocentesis was performed on each patient, followed by the injection of 2 ml of autologous blood into the superior joint compartment and 1 ml onto the outer surface of the joint capsule. Preoperative and postoperative assessment included a thorough history and physical examination to determine the maximal mouth opening, presence of pain and sounds, frequency of luxation, recurrence rate, and presence of facial nerve paralysis. Eighty percent of the subjects (12 patients) had a successful outcome with no further episodes of dislocation and required no further treatment at their 1-year follow-up, whereas three patients had recurrent dislocation as early as 2 weeks after treatment. Autologous blood injection is a safe, simple, and cost-effective treatment for chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation.     

A new surgical approach for the treatment of chronic recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation

Chronic recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is defined as the complete loss of articular relationships, during mouth-wide opening, between the articular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle-disk complex. The most frequent pathogenetic factors involved in chronic recurrent dislocation of the TMJ are supposed to be trauma, abnormal chewing movements, TMJ ligaments, capsule laxity, and masticatory muscles disorders. In fact, TMJ dislocation occurs more frequently in people with general joint laxity and in patients with internal derangement of the TMJ or with occlusal disturbance.Management of TMJ dislocation remains a challenge. Eminectomy, whose validity has been demonstrated by several authors, acts on the bony obstacle, preventing condylar locking, but does not have a therapeutic effect on TMJ ligament and capsular laxity or masticatory muscle incoordination, which seem to be the real cause of TMJ dislocation in most cases.The authors present a mini-invasive modified technique of eminectomy, which aims to act on both the obstacle and the cause with respect and restoration of TMJ biomechanical constraints.     

自体血注射治疗复发性颞下颌关节脱位的临床观察

对19例复发性颞下颌关节脱位患者行关节腔和囊周组织自体血注射治疗。1年后随诊,16例无关节脱位复发,有效率为84.2%。也没有观察到TMJ骨质破坏和关节强直的现象。自体血注射治疗复发性颞下颌关节脱位是一种简单、安全、经济、有效的微创治疗方法。     

Current problems in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the temporomandibular joint

Complex examination of 2103 patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injuries was carried out. This examination included contrast arthrotomography, computed tomography (CT) and MR tomography of the TMJ. It gas been established, that in mandibular condyle fractures not only bone structures of the TMJ, but also soft tissue ones (the articular disk and capsular-ligamentous apparatus) are being injured. Our investigation has shown that condylar fractures in the region of condylar base and neck are combined with the injuries of the articular disk and capsular-ligamentous apparatus in 54.1 +/- 5.4% cases, mandibular head fractures with its dislocation--in 100%. The term "TMJ injuries" reflecting the injuries of bone and soft tissue structures of the TMJ has been introduced. The classification of TMJ injuries including TMJ contusion, mandibular dislocations, condylar and glenoid fossa fractures, the injuries of the articular disk and capsular-ligamentous apparatus has been developed. Distant results of traditional methods of treatment used in TMJ trauma have been studied and the necessity of the restoring of correct relation: glenoid fossa --articular disk--mandibular head--has been shown. The method of TMJ reconstruction consisting in the restoration of TMJ bone structures and the articular disk and capsular-ligamentous apparatus has been developed.     

Oral health in prevalent types of Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

BACKGROUND: The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) comprise a heterogenous group of heritable disorders of connective tissue, characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and tissue fragility. Most EDS types are caused by mutations in genes encoding different types of collagen or enzymes, essential for normal processing of collagen. METHODS: Oral health was assessed in 31 subjects with EDS (16 with hypermobility EDS, nine with classical EDS and six with vascular EDS), including signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), alterations of dental hard tissues, oral mucosa and periodontium, and was compared with matched controls. RESULTS: All EDS subjects were symptomatic for TMD and reported recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocations. Abnormal pulp shape (13%) and pulp calcification (78%) were observed in subjects affected with classical EDS. Caries experience was higher in EDS compared with controls and was related to poor oral hygiene, influenced by increased mucosal fragility and restraint of (wrist) joint mobility. The overall periodontal status in EDS was poor, with 62% of EDS subjects presenting high periodontal treatment needs (community periodontal index for treatment need, CPITN = II). CONCLUSION: Oral health may be severely compromised in EDS as a result of specific alterations of collagen in orofacial structures. When considering dental treatment in EDS, a number of tissue responses (mucosa, periodontium, pulp) and precautions (TMJ dislocation) should be anticipated.     

Treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint with injection of autologous blood alone,intermaxillary fixation alone,or both together: a prospective,randomised, controlled clinical trial

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous blood injection in the treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a prospective randomised controlled clinical study. Forty-eight patients (11 men and 37 women) with chronic recurrent dislocation of the TMJ were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equally sized groups. Patients in the first group were treated with injection of autologous blood (ABI) alone into the superior joint space and the pericapsular tissues. Those in the second group were treated with intramaxillary fixation (IMF) alone for 4 weeks, and those in the third group were treated with ABI and IMF for 4 weeks. Interincisal distance, digital panoramic radiograph, incidence of recurrent dislocation, and pain in the TMJ were assessed postoperatively at 2 weeks and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The mean (SD) reduction in interincisal distance in the group treated with both techniques was 11.0 (1.9), which was significantly higher than in either the group treated with ABI, which was 8.5 (2.4) or IMF, which was 9.1 (2.1). The results in the ABI group and the IMF group did not differ significantly. The combined group showed the biggest decrease. The ABI alone group had the most recurrences (n = 8, which were treated by repeated injections with no recurrence after the third). The IMF alone group had only 3 and there were none in the combined group. We conclude that ABI is a simple and safe technique for the treatment of dislocation of the TMJ in the outpatient clinic. Recurrence can be overcome by multiple injections. However, the best clinical results are given by a combination of ABI and IMF.     

Ultrasound-guided lateral pterygoid muscle botulinum toxin: an injection for recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation in a brain injury patient

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection using nerve stimulation or electromyography for recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation has been reported for...     

牵引成骨和正颌外科技术在TMJ强直继发OSAS治疗中应用

目的　 30例 TMJ强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者 ,单侧 TMJ强直 18例 ,双侧强直 9例 ,TMJ强直术后 3例。患者均有严重的小下颌畸形并伴轻度的上颌后缩畸形 ,睡眠呼吸暂停指数 AI>5 ,且睡眠时血氧饱和度都有不同程度的降低。方法　应用术前后临床检查、头影测量分析和夜间多导睡眠检测筛选患者和评价治疗效果。采用电脑辅助的诊断和手术模拟及预测系统 ,获得充分扩展口咽和纠正颌面畸形的最佳手术方案 ,以 TMJ重建、牵引成骨和正颌外科方法治疗患者。结果　本研究有 15例患者接受患侧下颌升支倒置 TMJ重建、植骨前移 ,健侧升支矢状劈开、下颌前移和颏前移成形术 ;其中有 3例行二期的上颌的 L e Fort 截骨术。 6例行双侧 TMJ重建、植骨前移下颌和颏成形术。 3例施行同期双颌截骨前移和颏成形术 ;6例行单或双侧 TMJ重建、牵引成骨术。全部病例创口均正常愈合 ,无一例感染。术后复查 (平均 5 .2 5年 ,最短 1年 ,最长 8年 ) :1例术后 TMJ强直复发 ,余张口度均在 3cm以上 ;术后颌面形态获得明显改善 ;2 9例患者眠眠呼吸障碍解除和睡眠质量获得提高 ;1例 AI>5 ,睡眠呼吸障碍改善不明显。结论　 TMJ强直继发 OSAS的治疗既要兼顾关节强直的解除 ,又要矫正牙颌面畸形 ,更不容忽视睡眠呼吸障碍的治疗 ;     

Recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint: a literature review and two case reports treated with eminectomy

Aims: Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a troublesome condition that occurs in a chronic or acute form. It is a distressing and highly embarrassing situation that may occur as a result of daily activities such as yawning, laughing, or during events that require keeping the mouth open for a long time. This review aims to present and discuss different conservative and surgical techniques to treat patients with a dislocated mandible, and to present two cases of surgical treatment.

Methodology: A search of the literature was completed (Medline, PubMed) using the keywords TMJ dislocation, TMJ luxation, mandibular dislocation and surgical and non-surgical methods of treatment for this condition.

Results: Eminectomy (Myrhaug’s surgery) has been used with satisfactory results. Most of reports present large series of patients with more than one year of follow-up and no recurrence of complications. Is less invasive and take a short operation time; need no bone transplantation or placing any kind of foreign body into the joint.

Conclusion: Eminectomy results in long-term resolution of recurrent TMJ dislocations, when compared with others surgical techniques.     

45例复发性颞下颌关节前脱位的分类及治疗探讨

目的 介绍一种基于MRI上关节盘与髁突相对位置的颞下颌关节复发性前脱位分类方法,以及针对不同类型采用不同手术方法治疗的经验。方法 选择2003年5月—2016年5月治疗的45例颞下颌关节复发性前脱位患者。依据MRI分为Ⅰ型（关节盘无移位）、Ⅱ型（关节盘移位）、Ⅲ型（骨关节病）及Ⅳ型（存在精神或神经功能障碍）,依据分类选择不同的手术治疗方法。结果 Ⅰ型28例（62.2%）,Ⅱ型12例（26.7%）,Ⅲ型2例（4.4%）,Ⅳ型3例（6.7%）。Ⅰ型患者采用关节结节增高术或关节镜下硬化剂注射术;Ⅱ型患者采用颞下颌关节盘复位固定术（锚固）及关节镜下关节盘复位固定术,辅助关节结节增高术;Ⅲ型患者根据临床症状进行手术;Ⅳ型患者均采用关节结节凿平术。随访期间未发现开口受限、开口疼痛、脱位复发。结论 基于MRI影像学特点对颞下颌关节脱位进行分类,对术者选择合适的治疗方案具有指导意义。