Large Unilateral Breast Autoinflation After Breastfeeding Linked to Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Injection Augmentation Mammaplasty

Augmentation mammaplasty using polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) injection is associated with myriad complications. A patient treated by the authors had bilateral breast augmentation with PAAG injection and experienced large unilateral right breast autoinflation after breastfeeding, which required surgical clearance of a likely galactocele or sterile pus collection that resulted in deformity. Patients with PAAG filler injection-augmented breasts should avoid breastfeeding. The authors recommend against using PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty, especially in women intending to breastfeed. Physicians and patients must be aware of the complications associated with PAAG before gel administration.     

Breast Cancer Following Augmentation Mammaplasty with Polyacrylamide Hydrogel (PAAG) Injection

Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) as an implanted material for augmentation mammaplasty has been used for years in China. Many kinds of complications associated with PAAG use have been reported in the clinical literature. This report presents two cases of breast cancer occurring after injection of PAAG in augmented breasts. The delayed diagnosis and more aggressive disease due to PAAG injection should be cause for concern. It is very important to detect breast cancer early when it is covered by the induration of the injected gel and inflammation reaction after PAAG injection. PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty may affect the outcome of breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis.     

Late Hematoma, Seroma, and Galactocele in Breasts Injected With Polyacrylamide Gel

Late hematoma or seroma and galactocele caused by augmentation mammaplasty have been reported in patients with silicon breast prostheses but are extremely rare in patients injected with polyacrylamide gel (PAAG). In a retrospective survey, the incidence, clinical manifestations, and management of late hematoma, seroma, and galactocele in 28 of 2,610 patients who underwent breast augmentation with PAAG injection were investigated, and 5 typical cases are presented. The diagnostic and managing methods for this complication have been assessed. The incidence of late hematoma or seroma was 0.65% and that of galactocele was 0.35% among patients with PAAG-injected breast augmentations. The clinical onsets of such late PAAG complications were of two types: rapid enlargement in 17 patients and progressive expansion in another 11 patients. Aspiration, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful and sensitive tools for diagnosis. Foreign body reaction, PAAG-related tissue necrosis and fibrosis, and granuloma were shown, and the bacterial cultures in all 12 cases were negative. Needle aspiration with pressure dressing has been advocated as a reliable method for small diseases, and surgical exploration with irrigation-vacuum drainage and evacuation with capsulectomy have been considered more effective for recurrent, large, and long-term cases. In conclusion, these late complications rarely present after large-volume injections of PAAG for breast augmentation. The PAAG-related pathologic inflammatory tissue changes are suggested as the pathogenesis for the complication. Trauma and breastfeeding are considered to be stimulating factors.     

注射隆乳术后并发症的高频超声检查与手术治疗

目的：探讨注射隆乳术后并发症的高频超声检查与治疗。方法：对19例注射隆乳术后并发症的患者，采用7.5～10.0MHz高频超声检查．诊断后，并对其进行手术治疗。结果：术后随访1个月至2年，注射隆乳材料大部分被取出，并发症状消失。结论：注射隆乳术后并发症通过高频超声检查，有辅助诊断及指导治疗的意义。尽量手术抽取隆乳材料是治疗并发症的有效方法。     

Complications of breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel

Since 1997, the hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (PAAG), an injectable alloplastic biomaterial, imported from the Ukraine has been used for augmentation mammaplasty in China. There were twelve patients with various complications visiting our hospitals after breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel by other clinics, even though such procedures are not performed in our clinical practices. The complications included four cases of PAAG-induced multiple induration and lumps, and one with lactation, three cases of hematoma, two cases of inflammation (infection), and persistent mastodymia, unsatisfactory contour results and abnormal skin sensations in each case. All patients have been treated by removing the injected gel and giving antibiotics. Other procedures included replacement by silicon breast prostheses, mammotomy, and segmental mastectomy. We suggest that the injectable hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel be contraindications for breast augmentation in any young female who is not married, or without a child, with a tendency to hemorrhage, and with little mammary tissue. Some considerations to prevent and manage these complications are discussed.     

双平面法隆乳术治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症

目的探索治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法对15例水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现严重并发症者，于注射物取出及残腔灌洗后，应用乳腺下平面与胸肌下平面双平面隆乳术进行治疗。结果随访12例术后患者，随访时间3个月-1年，平均6．8个月，无假体移位及畸形出现，10例（20只）乳房形态良好，2例（3只乳房）可触及假体边缘，1例（1只）乳房轻度硬化达BakerⅡ级。结论双平面隆乳术是治疗水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症切实有效的方法。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的　探讨处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法　分析 4 8例行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术者术后出现的多种并发症 ,采取手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术等综合治疗手段。结果　本组 4 8例术后效果均感满意 ,辅助检查显示无肉眼可见的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留。结论　手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的一种切实有效的可行方法。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的 探讨一种安全、有效、简便的处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的方法。方法 对37例行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现的多种并发症，采用肿胀稀释后低负压吸引及切除聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶浸润的腺体组织等方法处理。结果 本组37例患者，术后自觉症状消失，乳腺组织柔软、均匀，辅助检查示无明显可见的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留，效果满意。结论 根据患者的具体情况，采用肿胀稀释后低负压吸引及切除聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶浸润的腺体组织，是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的切实有效的可行方法。     

注射聚丙烯胺水凝胶隆乳后慢性严重感染的分析与处理

目的探讨处理注射聚丙烯胺水凝胶（hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel,HPG）隆乳后慢性迁延性感染的最佳途径,以提高治愈率。方法对注射HPG隆乳后慢性感染患者,结合腹腔镜反复多次手术取出注射材料．大面积彻底刮除残腔异物,灌洗清除感染坏死组织,连续多次进行局部创腔冲洗,负压引流等综合手段,彻底控制感染与炎症。结果126例于治疗1～3周后,乳腺及胸腹壁内感染得到控制．全部清除残腔及坏死组织,创口愈合,乳房及胸腹壁无缺损出现。结论注射HPG隆乳后慢性迁延性感染．手术加有效的药物控制的治疗方法．能在短期内有效消除感染．并保持乳房结构完整而治愈。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症处理

目的 探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后各种并发症及处理方法.方法 自2003年2月至2007年2月收治45例聚丙烯酰胺注射隆胸术后病人,采用注射器抽取及手术切开直视下水凝胶取出术,其中20例取出同时行假体隆胸术.结果 本组病例治疗均获得了满意效果.结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术是目前治疗并发症的较好方法,假体隆胸术可以改善水凝胶取出后的乳房形态.     

提高颗粒脂肪注射隆乳移植成活率和减少并发症的方法

目的：探索提高颗粒脂肪注射隆乳移植成活率和减少并发症的方法。方法：以肿胀法抽吸不同部位脂肪颗粒，经过分离纯化后，加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子，分多层次扇形线状注射。结果：自2003年7月以来，应用脂肪抽吸，颗粒脂肪注射移植隆乳术48例，均获得良好效果，无一例出现感染、液化、硬结等并发症。结论：控制颗粒脂肪注射量、分离纯化、应用细胞生长因子、采用多层次多点注射以增加脂肪颗粒与受区组织的接触面积，是提高手术效果，减少并发症的有效方法。     

Swelling of the breast following augmentation mammaplasty and minimally invasive cardiac surgery

Complications following breast augmentation procedures occur in the acute setting, usually in the form of hematoma, seroma, wound breakdown or infection. Late complications of augmentation mammaplasty usually manifest as either a failure of the prosthesis (eg, leak, rupture) or capsular contracture. We present an interesting case of a hematoma following augmentation mammaplasty that occurred 7 years postoperatively. What makes this case particularly intriguing is that in the time period between the augmentation mammaplasty and the late hematoma, the patient underwent minimally invasive cardiac surgery to treat a malfunctioning mitral valve. Ultimately, the breast implant was salvaged and the patient obtained a very satisfactory result. This case is important to report because as more women choose to have breast augmentation procedures and as more people have minimally invasive cardiac surgery, this clinical scenario will be encountered with greater frequency. We also make several suggestions that we feel may help avoid the problems seen with this patient in the future.     

A False-Positive Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) Imaging Result for a Patient After Augmentation Mammaplasty

Background  Various materials and methods have been used for augmentation mammaplasty since it was first performed in Japan in the late 1940s. Although augmentation mammaplasty is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, a number of studies have reported that breast implants, or subsequent changes around these foreign substances, can affect images made by mammography, CT, or MRI during breast cancer screening. A method that is increasingly being used to detect cancer is positron emission tomography (PET). Methods  To determine the effect of augmentation mammaplasty on PET imaging, we subjected ten women who had previously undergone augmentation mammaplasty to PET imaging as well as other imaging methods. We also measured tumor markers and performed pathologic studies. Results  The histologic analyses failed to detect any cases of malignancy. We assess the efficacy of PET for detecting breast cancer in women who had undergone augmentation mammaplasty and describe the features of the PET images of these women. Finally, we discuss future research objectives in relation to PET-based screening for breast cancer. Conclusion  It is important to identify an imaging methodology that improves the detection of breast cancer in patients with a previous mammaplasty. We show here that FDG-PET may improve breast cancer detection after mammaplasty.     

注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳并发症的分析及处理

目的探讨注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyacrylamide hydrogel,PAH）隆乳术后各种并发症的发生原因、处理原则及操作方法。方法对41例55只乳房注射PAH隆乳术后出现并发症的患者进行分类、处理、总结和分析;对要求同期隆乳者,行硅凝胶假体置入术。结果注射隆乳术后感染的5例患者,均在治疗2-3周后,炎症消退,引流切口愈合,随访6个月至2年未再复发。24例无感染仅行取出PAH者,无1例出现继发性感染,但单纯抽吸PAH者22%仍有缩小的硬结;手术取出者无1例出现硬结,无感染。要求同时行隆乳者12例,术后随访6个月至2年,手感和外形均较满意,无感染和硬结等。结论注射隆乳术后并发症的处理,以手术取出PAH为主,根据PAH的层次、范围、是否有包膜等决定手术的方式。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症处理临床分析

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理方法。方法本组病例12例,注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后14～51个月,出现乳腺感染脓肿2例,多发性硬结形成或移位8例,有恐惧心理要求取出水凝胶2例。所有患者术前均行彩超或MRI检查定位。经乳晕切口取出9例,其中3例行一期硅胶假体隆乳术,2例乳腺脓肿感染经乳房下皱襞切口切开引流。结果随访3～12个月,患者均对取出术效果满意,乳房外形对称,无明显硬结扪及,无感染复发。术后B超检查仍可见少量水凝胶存在于乳腺组织中。结论水凝胶取出术采用乳晕切口直视下手术较为合理,对于乳腺脓肿选择乳房下皱襞切口。是否一期硅胶假体隆乳取决于胸大肌组织受累程度、患者的要求和术者的经验。水凝胶注射隆乳术后假体很难彻底清除,应加强对患者的术后随访和心理疏导。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后MRI检查方案及临床价值分析

目的:探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(polyamide hydrogel,PAMHG)注射隆乳后磁共振(magnetic resonance image,MRI)检查的标准化方案及临床应用价值。方法:30例曾注射PAMHG隆乳后取出术前的患者(共60只乳腺)行双侧乳腺MRI检查,其中14例行增强MRI,对MRI表现与手术、病理结果对照分析。结果:PAMHG于T1加权成像(T1-weighted image,T1WI)表现为与腺体相等信号,快速自旋回波(Turbo Spin Echo,TSE)T2加权成像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)即TSE-T2WI为高信号,结合特异性选择衰减反转恢复技术(Spectrally Selective Attenated Inversion Recovery,SPAI R)进行脂肪抑制(Fat Saturation,FS)的TSE-T2WI-SPAI R脂肪抑制(fat saturation,FS)像表现为明显高信号。其中83.3%(50/60)的乳腺中PAMHG内可见多发低信号间隔,83.3%(50/60)的乳腺中PAMHG无光滑囊壁;10%(6/60)PAMHG形态规则,可见边缘光滑均匀的囊壁;6.7%(4/60)PAMHG囊壁边缘不规则。PAMHG分布于皮下形成硬结占66.7%(40/60),分布于腺体内形成硬结占16.7%(10/60),分布于胸大肌下呈条带状占83.3%(50/60),乳腺后方肋间肌肌间隙出现PAMHG游走占16.7%(10/60)。所有PAMHG均无对比增强,增强后发现伴发的恶性导管内乳头状瘤及纤维腺瘤各1例。结论:横轴位T1WI、TSE-T2WI-SPAI R脂肪抑制像、矢状位TSE-T2WI-SPAIR脂肪抑制像结合多时相增强MRI为PAMHG注射隆乳后MRI检查的理想方案,对术前判定PAMHG分布及术后随访有重要的临床意义。     

Tissue Degeneration 7 Years After Breast Augmentation With Injected Polyacrylamide Hydrogel (PAAG)

Injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) is a jelly-like transparent implant used in breast augmentations. This type of implant had been used since 1998, but its use was prohibited in China in 2006 due to numerous complications that had arisen from its use. In one case, a rare appearance of PAAG tissue degeneration was observed 7 years after an injectable breast augmentation using PAAG.     

乳房假体隆乳术后并发症12例分析

目的 减少隆乳术并发症的发生，提高隆乳术的远期效果。方法 对１２例乳房假体隆乳术后１～１３年间出现并发症患者的临床表现及包膜病理变化进行分析讨论。结果 １２例１５侧乳房中，单侧９例并发１种并发症者４例，并发２种者４例，并发３种者１例；双侧３例，并发同一种并发症者２例，并发３种并发症者１例。各种并发症有其特有的包膜病理及临床特点。结论 严格执行无菌操作、熟练掌握该术技能、造反优质假体、首选胸大肌下置     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症及其处理

目的:探讨处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症的最佳方法.方法:对30例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症临床资料的分析,采用手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术等综合治疗手段.结果:经手术及其他对症治疗后,所有患者获得满意效果.结论:手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的一种切实有效的可行方法.