Benefits of tissue harmonic imaging in the evaluation of abdominal and pelvic lesions

Background: We compared tissue harmonic imaging (THI) and conventional ultrasonography to determine whether THI improves image quality and facilitates lesion characterization. Methods: Eighty-nine various abdominal or pelvic lesions in 71 patients(34 men and 37 women; age range = 3–90 years, median age = 52 years) were evaluated with conventional ultrasonography and THI. Examinations were performed with frequencies of 2–5 MHz. All the images were stored on a hard disk and evaluated separately by three radiologists. Results: According to the interpreters, THI improved overall image quality in 67 (74%) to 76 (84%) and lesion characterization in 28 (31%) to 36 (40%) of 89 lesions when compared with conventional ultrasonography. All three observers agreed that image quality and lesion characterization were improved in 62% and 17% of the lesions, respectively. Lesion groups containing five or more lesions were compared for any difference of improvement in overall image quality and lesion characterization. For overall image quality, a significant difference was found (p < 0.05). For lesion characterization, there was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: THI improved overall image quality and lesion characterization.     

超声引导下穿刺活检对早期肝癌的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下穿刺活检对早期肝癌的诊断价值。方法对43例影像学检查不能确诊且直径〈3.0 cm的肝脏小结节患者进行超声引导下穿刺活检,并与术后病理对照（肝内转移性病灶复查影像学证实）。结果 43例均一次性取材成功,无明显并发症发生;术后病理显示：原发性肝细胞癌32例,毛细胆管癌2例,局灶性脂肪肝1例,肝血管瘤2例,肝硬化结节2例,影像学复查示转移性肝癌4例,超声引导下穿刺活检把1例原发性肝细胞癌误诊为肝硬化结节,正确诊断率为97.67%（42/43）。结论超声引导下穿刺活检对早期肝癌的诊断具有重要临床应用价值。     

Real-time imaging with the sonographic contrast agent SonoVue: differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic lesions.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the ability of contrast-enhanced sonography with SonoVue (Altana Pharma, Konstanz, Germany), a sulfur hexafluoride microbubble contrast agent, to reveal differences between benign and malignant focal hepatic lesions. METHODS: One hundred twenty-six lesions in 124 patients with focal hepatic lesions detected by B-mode sonography (hepatocellular carcinoma, n = 36; metastasis, n = 25; cholangiocellular carcinoma, n = 1; lymphoma, n = 2; focal nodular hyperplasia, n = 9; adenoma, n = 4; regenerative cirrhotic nodule, n = 13; hemangioma, n = 29; and focal hyposteatosis, n = 7) were examined in a prospective study. After intravenous injection of 2.4 mL of SonoVue, the liver was examined continuously for 3 minutes by low-mechanical index pulse inversion sonography. RESULTS: For the discrimination of malignant versus benign liver lesions, SonoVue-enhanced sonography improved sensitivity from 78% to 100% and specificity from 23% to 92% compared with baseline sonography. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a significant improvement in this discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.510 +/- 0.054 [SD] at baseline sonography, 0.998 +/- 0.003 with SonoVue-enhanced sonography; P < .001). The following flow patterns in the early phase were diagnosis specific: early central starlike pattern for focal nodular hyperplasia, peripheral globular-nodular pattern for hemangioma, and diffuse arterial enhancement for malignant lesions. Homogeneous enhancement in the late phase was predictive for benign lesions (P < .001). Conversely, 93% of patients without contrast enhancement in the late phase had malignant lesions (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: SonoVue-enhanced sonography has greater specificity and sensitivity than baseline sonography for the differentiation of benign and malignant liver lesions.     

Critical US visibility with tissue harmonic imaging of subcutaneous nodules

Introduction

Assessment of US ability to identify subcutaneous nodular lesions using conventional B mode imaging (CBMI) and tissue second harmonic imaging (THI).

Materials and Methods

Three different types of equipment were used (Philips Envisor HDC, Philips HD 11 XE and GE Logic E) with 12–13 MHz probes and THI probes with variable frequency. One experienced operator studied 31 patients (24 women, 7 men, mean age 49 ± 15) with 52 subcutaneous nodular lesions of which 43 were palpable and 9 were nonpalpable. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-square test.

Results

19/52 subcutaneous nodular lesions were hyperechoic, 10/52 were isoechoic and 23/52 were hypoechoic. Of the hyperechoic nodules, 8/19 (42%) (p < 0.005) were not detected using THI, as they “disappeared” when THI was activated. Of the isoechoic nodules only 1/10 was not detected using THI, and of the hypoechoic nodules only 2/23 were not detected. Of the nodular lesions detected using CBMI and also using THI (41/52), 16/41 were shown more clearly using THI than using BMCI. No nodule was detected with the exclusive use of THI.

Conclusions

The statistical significance of the “disappearing” lesions (p < 0.005), mainly hyperechoic (42%), at the activation of THI must lead to a reconsideration of routine activation of THI during the entire US examination in the evaluation of subcutaneous lesions in order to avoid the risk of missing important lesions. The present results suggest that both BMCI and THI should be used in the study of subcutaneous lesions.     

超声造影在脂肪肝背景下肝局灶性病变诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影在脂肪肝背景下肝局灶性病变的病灶检出和定性诊断等方面的应用价值。 方法对2018年1月至2020年7月在瑞金医院和瑞金无锡分院进行肝超声造影检查的108例轻中度脂肪肝患者（共153个病灶）的超声造影资料进行回顾性分析。部分病灶检查使用高帧频造影模式。所有的入组病灶最终由穿刺活检、手术病理证实、CT增强或MRI增强等其他影像学诊断经随访证实。比较常规超声与超声造影在病灶检出和定性诊断方面的应用价值,计算相应的诊断准确性、敏感度和特异度,采用χ²检验比较2种超声模式对于病灶良恶性诊断准确性的差异。 结果入组153个病灶中60个为良性,93个恶性,结果显示超声造影可以提高脂肪肝背景下肝局灶性病灶,尤其是微小转移瘤的检出率,其病灶检出率可由常规超声的78.43%（120/153）提高到98.69%（151/153）,而对于病灶的良恶性诊断准确性可由69.93%提高到94.12%,差异具有统计学意义（χ²=11.719,P=0.0016）,且敏感度和特异度均>91%,阳性预测值>94%。 结论超声造影可明显提高脂肪肝背景下肝局灶性病变特别是微小转移灶的检出率,大大提高肝局灶性病变的诊断准确性,为临床诊疗工作提供组织微循环灌注等重要诊断信息。     

Hypoechoic focal liver lesions: characterization with contrast enhanced ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the late sinusoidal phase of contrast enhancement with a 2nd-generation ultrasound contrast enhanced medium in the characterization of hypoechoic focal liver lesions. METHODS: We studied 88 hypoechoic liver lesions (diameter range, 1-18 cm; with 18 lesions 2 cm or less) found on conventional grayscale sonography (US) with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Final diagnosis was made using contrast enhanced helical CT, contrast enhanced MR, angiography (DSA), and/or histopathic confirmation or clinical imaging follow-up. RESULTS: There were 37/88 benign lesions demonstrated: 17 cavernous hemangiomas, 3 capillary hemangiomas, 11 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH), 3 focal areas of sparing in hepatic steatosis, 2 adenomas, and 1 intrahepatic necrotic area. Malignant lesions demonstrated included 51/88: 27 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in cirrhosis, 11 metastatic carcinomas, 10 metastatic endocrine tumors, 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas (CCC) and 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). CEUS characterized 30/37 (81%) benign lesions and 45/51 (88%) malignant lesions. On the basis of the results obtained during the sinusoidal contrast enhanced phase of CEUS, diagnosis of benignancy was possible in 35/37 (95%) of benign liver lesions and diagnosis of malignancy in 49/51 (96%) of malignant liver lesions. The enhancement pattern of 13 small (< or = 2 cm in diameter) hypervascular liver lesions (3 capillary hemangiomas, 2 FNHs, 4 HCCs, 4 metastatic endocrine tumors) was better demonstrated on CEUS than on helical CT. In these cases the hyper vascularization of the lesions shown on CEUS was not confirmed on CT. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS distinguished malignant from benign hypoechoic liver lesions with an accuracy of 95%.     

超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺对于肝脏局灶病变的诊断价值

目的 旨在评估超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺活检对于肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年6月到2020年5月鼓楼医院肝穿刺活检354例患者共401个病灶。354例患者分为两组,A组为超声引导下经皮肝穿刺65患者77个病灶,B组为超声造影引导下经皮肝穿刺289例患者324个病灶。通过对比分析两组不同诊断准确率来评价穿刺前超声造影的价值。结果 超声造影穿刺组总的诊断准确性优于超声穿刺组（95.1% vs85.7%, P=0.003）,对于恶性诊断性超声造影穿刺优于未造影穿刺组（95.3% vs 84.7%, P =0.008）。超声造影穿刺组的特异性和阳性预测值强于未造影穿刺组（83.8%和64.0%,P=0.036;95.3%vs 84.7%,P=0.008）。特别对于小于2厘米的病灶,超声造影穿刺组（96.3%,52/54）诊断精确性明显优于A组(74.1% ,20/27),X2=6.891,P=0.009。结论 超声造影引导下穿刺肝脏局灶性病变是一种风险低、操作方便且能明显提高诊断率的诊断技术,特别对于小于2厘米的病灶更具诊断优势。     

Real-Time Contrast-Enhanced–Guided Biopsy Compared with Conventional Ultrasound–Guided Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Hepatic Tumors on a Background of Advanced Chronic Liver Disease: A Prospective,Randomized, Clinical Trial

We aimed to compare contrast-enhanced–guided liver biopsy (CEUSLB) and ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (USLB) in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLLs) developed on a background of advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). Between 2011 and 2019, patients diagnosed with liver tumors on a background of ACLD were evaluated for inclusion in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to the CEUSLB or USLB group. In total, 144 patients were randomly assigned to either CEUSLB (n = 79) or USLB (n = 65). Overall, in the CEUSLB group, the sensitivity was significantly better (94.74% vs. 74.6%, respectively; p = 0.001). Both the fragment length of the biopsy specimen and the single puncture success rate were statistically higher in the CEUSLB group (p = 0.022 and p = 0.0006, respectively). There was no difference in terms of major or minor complications (p = 0.682). CEUSLB is a feasible technique that increases the diagnostic sensitivity for liver tumors developed in ACLD.     

超声造影对肝局灶性小病变伴肝灌注异常的研究

目的 运用灰阶实时超声造影(CEUS)观察肝局灶性小病变(≤3 cm)伴动脉相肝灌注异常--一过性肝高增强(THHE)的显像特征及鉴别诊断价值,探讨可能的发生机制.方法 运用超声造影剂SonoVue及对比脉冲序列(CPS)造影成像技术检查268灶肝局灶性小病变,回顾性观察病变周围出现THHE的CEUS声像图特征,分析其伴随不同性质病变的发生率、形态及增强特征.结果 268灶肝局灶性小病变中45灶(16.8%)周围检测出THHE,CEUS表现为肝动脉相病变周围不同形态和范围的快速高增强区域,边界清晰,随即快速消失呈等增强,平均增强持续时间为(22.6±13.6)s.THHE的形态分为4型:Ⅰ型,楔形或扇形(51.1%);Ⅱ型,环状包绕形(20.0%);Ⅲ型,类结节形(11.1%);Ⅳ型,不规则形(17.8%).根据病变的性质分为3组:①良性肿瘤组88灶,8灶(9.1%)出现THHE,7灶呈Ⅲ型和Ⅵ型;②恶性肿瘤组141灶,31灶(22.0%)出现THHE,21灶呈Ⅰ型;③瘤样病变组39灶,6灶(15.4%)出现THHE,4灶呈Ⅱ型.三组病变周围THHE的CEUS增强分型构成比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),良性肿瘤组THHE出现率低于恶性肿瘤组和瘤样病变组(P＜0.05).结论 CEUS检出的肝局灶性小病变伴THHE是动脉相肝灌注异常的声像表现,在不同性质病变其发生率和形态构成略有不同,充分识别THHE有助于鉴别诊断、避免误诊及正确评估病变范围.     

Ultrasound of focal liver masses

Detecting and characterizing focal liver lesions is one of the most difficult challenges in imaging today. All standard noninvasive imaging modalities are less sensitive than generally perceived, and characterization is imperfect. Liver sonography's main strengths are its ability to definitively characterize common benign lesions (eg, cysts and hemangiomas), safety, low cost, and its ability to guide biopsy. Sonography's weaknesses include its inability to image the entire liver in many patients and its inferiority to CT as a means of detecting extrahepatic malignant disease. Sonography is less sensitive than CT or MRI in detecting focal lesions. Ultrasound contrast agents will certainly improve liver lesion detection and characterization, but their impact is not yet clear.Typical findings in common focal liver lesions are discussed, and some hints to improve sonographic diagnosis are presented. Increased color Doppler flow should bring the possibility of hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia to mind, but Doppler diagnosis is ultimately not highly specific. Sonography, including Doppler analysis, is useful to assess the resectability of malignant masses. Intraoperative ultrasound is the most sensitive imaging modality in detecting focal liver lesions.     

Cirrhosis: Diagnosis by liver surface analysis with high-frequency ultrasound

To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the sonographic analysis of liver surface irregularities for the diagnosis of cirrhosis, the authors conducted a prospective and blinded study in 70 subjects with abnormal liver function tests. All patients included underwent liver biopsy within 15 days of the sonographic study. Twenty-three subjects with no signs or symptoms of liver disease were examined to assess the sonographic appearance of normal liver surface. Studies were performed with a small-parts probe, high-frequency transducer (7.5 MHz). Three basic patterns of liver surface were found: type I, normal; type II, focal abnormality; and type III, diffuse irregularity. Considering diffuse surface irregularity as an objective sonographic sign of cirrhosis, the study's sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity 81.5%, and positive and negative predictive values were 80% and 88.5%, respectively. Disease prevalence for cirrhosis was 45%. We conclude that sonographic analysis of the liver surface is a useful noninvasive test for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in the appropriate clinical setting.     

Comparing differential tissue harmonic imaging with tissue harmonic and fundamental gray scale imaging of the liver.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare fundamental gray scale sonography, tissue harmonic imaging (THI), and differential tissue harmonic imaging (DTHI) for depicting normal and abnormal livers. METHODS: The in vitro lateral resolution of DTHI, THI, and sonography was assessed in a phantom. Sagittal and transverse images of right and left hepatic lobes of 5 volunteers and 20 patients and images of 27 liver lesions were also acquired. Three independent blinded readers scored all randomized images for noise, detail resolution, image quality, and margin (for lesions) on a 7-point scale. Next, images from the same location obtained with all 3 modes were compared blindly side by side and rated by all readers. Contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated for the lesions, and the depth of penetration (centimeters) was determined for all images. RESULTS: In vitro, the lateral resolution of DTHI was significantly better than fundamental sonography (P = .009) and showed a trend toward significance versus THI (P = .06). In the far field, DTHI performed better than both modes (P < .04). In vivo, 450 images were scored, and for all parameters, DTHI and THI did better than sonography (P < .002). Differential tissue harmonic imaging scored significantly higher than THI with regard to detail resolution and image quality (P < .001). The average increase in penetration with THI and DTHI was around 0.6 cm relative to sonography (P < .0001). The contrast-to-noise ratio for DTHI showed a trend toward significance versus THI (P = .06). Side-by-side comparisons rated DTHI better than THI and sonography in 54% of the cases (P < .007). CONCLUSIONS: Tissue harmonic imaging and DTHI do better than fundamental sonography for hepatic imaging, with DTHI being rated the best of the 3 techniques.     

延迟相全肝扫查联合再次造影对肝脏恶性肿瘤检出的价值

目的评价超声造影延迟相全肝扫查联合再次造影对肝脏恶性肿瘤检出的价值。方法对行肝脏超声造影检查的22例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者采用低机械指数实时连续成像技术(造影剂SonoVue),延迟相进行全肝快速扫查寻找异常低增强区。并再次注射造影剂对延迟相发现的异常低增强区进行观察,超声造影诊断结果以增强CT/MRI、穿刺或手术病理诊断、临床及超声随访结果为参照,计算B型超声、超声造影发现病灶个数,计算并对比两种方法对疾病诊断的漏诊率。结果采用延迟相全肝扫查联合再次注射SonoVue后,22例患者中,超声造影诊断肝转移瘤4例,B型超声仅诊断2例、漏诊2例;超声造影诊断肝癌或肝癌复发18例,B型超声拟诊14例,漏诊4例。超声造影对22例患者疾病漏诊率为0(0/22),B型超声漏诊率27%(6/22),二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B型超声发现病灶18个,超声造影检出病变47个,超声造影延迟相新发现病灶29个。结论延迟相全肝扫查联合再次注射造影剂可提高肝脏恶性病变的检出率,减少疾病漏诊率,值得在临床工作中推广。     

Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: sensitivity of CT and ultrasonography.

Patients with cirrhosis are at increased risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The heterogeneous hepatic parenchyma produced by cirrhosis makes detection of hepatomas more difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivities of CT and ultrasonography for detecting hepatomas in cirrhotic patients. A retrospective analysis was performed of 733 patients who underwent liver transplantation at our institution. A study population of 21 patients was selected who met our inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria required a pathologic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, pathologic evidence of cirrhosis, and contrast-enhanced CT and sonographic examinations performed within 1 week of each other. The sensitivities of CT and ultrasonography were determined by comparing the imaging findings with pathology findings from serially sectioned total hepatectomy specimens. A total of 40 hepatomas were detected pathologically in the 21 patients in our study population. CT identified 12 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detected 18 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 57%, lesion detection sensitivity = 45%). Ultrasonography identified 14 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detected 21 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 67%, lesion detection sensitivity = 51%). Combining the findings of CT and ultrasonography allowed identification of 17 of 21 patients with hepatomas and detection of 24 of 40 individual lesions (patient detection sensitivity = 80%, lesion detection sensitivity = 60%). We conclude that CT and ultrasonography have a low sensitivity for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.     

Diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of liver cirrhosis in children: Histopathological correlation

We have correlated flow abnormalities in the hepatic vasculature with histological findings in the liver to determine the accuracy of Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in children. Eighteen children admitted for evaluation of unknown liver disease were examined prospectively and blindly with Doppler ultrasound prior to liver biopsy. Biopsy specimens showed established cirrhosis in 9 of 18, early cirrhosis in 5 of 18, and no cirrhosis in 4 of 18 children. Doppler studies were also performed on 20 control subjects. The portal vein velocity was decreased (p < 0.0005) and the arterio-portal velocity ratio was increased (p < 0.0005) in the established cirrhosis cohort relative to the controls. For the criteria of the established cirrhosis cohort, the sensitivities of the loss of the reverse flow component in the hepatic veins, the arterio-portal velocity ratio being greater than 3.0, the portal vein velocity being less than 20 cm/s, and the existence of focal flow acceleration in the hepatic veins were 100%, 78%, 67%, and 44%, respectively. The specificity of all of these criteria was 100%. The indicators were not useful in the diagnosis of early cirrhosis. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

声触诊组织量化技术鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变

目的探讨声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采用VTQ技术对93例肝脏局灶性病变患者96个病灶及15名正常志愿者进行检测,获取病灶及肝实质的剪切波速度(SWV)值。结果病变组与正常对照组的SWV值的组内相关系数(ICC)均>0.71。恶性病变组SWV值最大,良性组次之,正常对照组最低(P<0.05),以SWV=1.96m/s作为良、恶性病变的诊断阈值,诊断恶性病变的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性和阴性预测值分别91.68%,98.41%,80.02%,89.62%和96.57%;血管瘤与肝硬化结节及局灶性结节增生(FNH)、肝细胞癌(HCC)与肝转移癌的SWV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。局灶性恶性病变组周围肝实质SWV值大于良性组及正常组(P<0.05),良性组略大于正常组(P>0.05);血管瘤、FNH病种间和肝转移癌、HCC、肝硬化结节及胆管细胞癌(CCC)病种间的周围肝实质的SWV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 VTQ可定量反映不同类型肝脏局灶性病变的硬度,有助于鉴别诊断。     

肝脏实性占位病变超声诊断的临床研究

目的 :探讨肝脏实性占位病变尤其是≤ 3cm的小肝癌应用二维超声和彩色多普勒的诊断价值。方法 :采用 Medison- 880 0及 Toshiba- 35 0彩色多普勒超声诊断仪 ,探头频率为 3.5 MHz,对 16 8个肝脏实性占位病变进行检查 ,并与超声引导下细针穿刺活检所得病理结果对照。结果 :16 8个肝脏实性占位病变中 ,肝细胞肝癌和肝转移癌占 72 % (12 1/ 16 8) ;32个≤ 3cm肝脏占位病变中 ,肝细胞肝癌和肝转移癌占 5 3% (17/ 32 )。结论 :彩色多普勒超声检查可提高肝脏占位病变的诊断 ,对病灶性质存有异议时可行超声引导下穿刺活检     

Magnetic resonance of focal liver lesions in hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.

Detection of focal liver nodules in patients with cirrhosis continues to be a radiologic challenge despite progressive advances in liver imaging in the past 2 decades. Patients with hepatic cirrhosis have a high predisposition to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the early detection and diagnosis of this tumor is very important because the most effective treatment is surgical resection, transplantation, or local ablation therapy when the tumor is small. Cirrhotic livers are mainly composed of fibrosis, together with a broad spectrum of focal nodular lesions ranging from regenerative nodules to premalignant dysplastic nodules to overt HCC. Awareness of such lesions and interpretation of imaging studies in these patients requires a critical review to detect subtle tumors, and a thorough understanding of the imaging appearance of the malignant and benign masses that can occur in the cirrhotic liver. Although the recent advances in liver imaging techniques, especially computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR), have facilitated the detection and characterization of focal liver nodules in cirrhotic patients, discriminating between HCC and precancerous nodules remains problematic with all available imaging techniques. Nevertheless, MR imaging appears to have more potential than other imaging techniques in the study of cirrhotic patients and MR may be more appropriate than the other imaging modalities for the detection of small HCCs. In this article we review the imaging characteristics of nodular focal lesions that arise in cirrhotic livers, with special attention to MR imaging features.     

Serum beta 2-microglobulin in chronic liver diseases

Serum beta 2-microglobulin was determined in 53 patients with chronic liver diseases. No elevation was shown in fatty liver due to obesity or alcoholism. Serum beta 2-microglobulin was abnormal only in 4% of the patients with chronic hepatitis. Determination of serum beta 2-microglobulin seems not useful for the differential diagnosis between chronic hepatitis and fatty liver due to obesity or alcoholism. Serum beta 2-microglobulin was elevated in 29% of the patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, in 41% of those with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and in 75% of those with primary liver carcinoma. The average serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration was significantly higher in non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis than in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. There was a significant correlation between serum beta 2-microglobulin and gamma-globulin concentrations in liver cirrhosis.     

肝脏局灶性小病变的超声造影研究

目的提高超声造影检查肝脏局灶性病变的诊断准确率。方法对46例肝脏局灶性小病变患者(直径≤3.0cm)行常规超声和超声造影检查,结果与病理检查和增强CT(15例)对比分析。结果常规超声检查显示,低回声29例,等回声4例,高回声12例,周围有声晕6例,漏诊肝细胞性肝癌1例。46例肝脏局灶性小病变的常规超声、超声造影及增强CT的诊断准确率分别为65.2%、95.6%及73.3%。肝脏局灶性小病变大部分病灶具有典型的增强模式。结论超声造影能够提供肝局灶性病变的血流灌注,明显优于常规超声,可作为定性诊断肝脏局灶性病变的一种可靠的新手段。