定量感觉测试在2型糖尿病周围神经病变诊断中应用价值的研究

目的探讨定量感觉测试(QST)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)周围神经病变诊断中的应用价值。方法对2020年5月至2021年2月在南京鼓楼医院内分泌科住院的18～70岁T2DM患者进行回顾性分析, 收集患者QST参数[热感觉阈值(WDT)、冷感觉阈值(CDT)], 以及热痛觉阈值(HPT)和冷痛觉阈值(CPT)结果, 测定患者双下肢神经传导速度(NCV)参数, 包括腓总神经传导速度、腓肠神经传导速度、胫神经传导速度等。根据周围神经病变诊断标准, 将患者分为非神经病变(NDPN)、小纤维神经病变(SFN)及混合纤维神经病变(MFN)组。采用t检验或单因素方差分析、Mann-WhitneyU或Kruskal-WallisH检验及χ2检验进行组间一般临床资料的比较, 采用多因素logistic回归分析法分析糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的危险因素, 采用Spearman相关法分析QST参数和NCV之间的相关性, 采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估QST参数诊断MFN的敏感性、特异性和诊断价值。结果共纳入279例患者, 其中, NDPN组111例, SFN组116例, MFN组52例。与SFN组相比,...     

振动觉阈值检查对周围神经病变的诊断价值

神经电生理检查可提高其早期诊断率,检查项目包括神经传导速度(nerve conduction velocity,NCV)和末梢感觉定量检查(quantitative sensory test,QST)[1].QST包括定量温度觉检查(quantitative thermal testing,QTT)和定量振动觉检查(quantitative vibratory testing,QVT).本文通过对2型糖尿病(DM)患者进行QVT,同时测定NCV,比较两者检查结果.以了解振动觉阈值检查对糖尿病周围神经病变的诊断价值.     

定量感觉检查在糖尿病周围神经病诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨定量感觉检查(QST)在糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)诊断中的应用价值。方法对139例T2DM患者(T2DM组)和48名正常人(NC组)分别进行QST和神经传导速度(NCV)测定。结果病程≤3年T2DM组QST阈值与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病程≤3年T2DM组QST阈值与病程3年T2DM组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。NCV正常T2DM组冷觉、温觉、热痛觉的阈值与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);T2DM组QST异常率高于NCV的异常率(χ~2=18.019,P0.01);病程3年T2DM组QST的异常率高于病程≤3年T2DM组异常率(χ~2=9.181,P0.01);病程3年T2DM组NCV的异常率高于病程≤3年T2DM组异常率(χ~2=8.53,P0.01)。结论 DPN早期以小纤维受累为主,QST可为DPN的早期诊断提供可靠依据。QST较常规NCV测定在DPN诊断中具有更高的灵敏度,可作为常规NCV的必要补充。     

定量感觉检查在糖尿病周围神经病变诊断中的应用

目的 了解定量感觉检查在糖尿病周围神经病变诊断方面的应用。方法 使用温度觉分析仪及振动觉分析仪,用“极限”（limits)法测定22例正常人及45例糖尿病患者肢体四个部位的温度觉、振动觉阈值,并同时检查感觉传导速度。结果 糖尿病患者的温度觉阈值、振动觉阈值显著地高于年龄匹配的正常人;糖尿病患者温度觉阈值异常率显著地大于振动觉阈值,提示小神经纤维受损比大神经纤维更常见;定量温度觉检查对糖尿病周围神经病变的诊断敏感性高于定量振动觉检查及感觉神经传导速度;糖尿病患者温度觉阈值、振动觉阈值与血糖无显著相关性。结论 定量感觉检查（特别是定量温度觉检查）对糖尿病神经病变的诊断是一种敏感的方法。     

糖尿病周围神经病变定量感觉检查及神经传导速度检查的相关性和临床选择比较

目的分析定量感觉检查（QST）及神经传导速度（NCV）检查在诊断糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）中的相关性及差异,探讨临床应用选择。方法根据有或无DPN症状将434名2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为有症状组和无症状组,每个患者进行双侧正中、尺、胫神经运动支的NCV及正中、腓肠神经感觉支的NCV和冷感觉、热感觉及振动觉的测定,分析比较QST与NCV检查的相关性及不同情况下两种检查的一致性。结果QST与NCV检查结果有显著相关性（P均〈0.001）;温度觉的异常率均显著大于NCV及振动觉（P均〈0.05）;在NCV检查正常的患者中,冷、热感觉的异常率分别为45.6%和36.8%,在QST正常的患者中,正中、尺、胫神经运动支及正中、腓肠神经感觉支的NCV的异常率分别为21.8%、20.9%、29.1%、24.5%和30.9%。结论在DPN诊断中,QST与NCV检查显著相关,但不能完全相互替代,全面了解DPN病情还需要结合临床。     

慢性酒精中毒性周围神经病患者F波和神经传导速度的变化

目的探讨慢性酒精中毒性周围神经病患者的电生理变化特点。方法选取慢性酒精中毒性周围神经病患者23例(病例组)和健康查体者23例(对照组),分别对两组行F波、运动神经传导速度及感觉神经传导速度检查,比较两组各检测指标的差异。结果病例组F波潜伏期较对照组延长,F波异常检出率高于对照组;病例组各神经传导速度明显低于对照组;两组以上结果比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。病例组感觉神经受损较运动神经重,双下肢受累较双上肢重。结论 F波和神经传导速度检查为慢性酒精中毒性周围神经病的临床诊断提供了重要的客观依据。     

定量感觉检查对早期糖尿病周围神经病变患者诊断的价值

根据有或无DPN症状将290名T2DM患者分为有症状组和无症状组,每个患者分别测定QST包括冷感觉（CPT）和热感觉（WPT）及振动觉（QVT）阈值,同时测定双侧正中、尺、胫神经运动支及正中、腓肠神经感觉支的NCV,分析QST与NCV异常率之间的差异和QST阈值与NCV之间的相关性。结果：有症状组T2DM患者CPT阈值明显降低、WPT及QVT阈值明显升高（P值〈0.05）。有症状组和无症状组T2DM患者中QST各项阈值的异常率均明显高于NCV各项的异常率（,P值〈0.05）。T2DM患者QST各项阈值和NCV之间存在一定的相关性。结论：T2DM患者未出现DPN的症状时,已存在QST阈值的异常,并随糖尿病病程的发展逐渐加剧;与NCV检测相比,QST异常能更早发生。     

糖尿病痛性周围神经病的临床及电生理特点分析

目的探讨糖尿病痛性周围神经病（PDPN）的临床和电生理特点。方法严格入选32例PDPN患者,病程〉1年,疼痛视觉模拟评分〉4,未伴有其他内科系统合并症,进行视觉模拟评分（VAS）并记录疼痛性质。电生理检测包括：常规神经传导速度（NCV）、定量感觉检测（温度觉）（QST-t）。结果PDPN往往有客观的感觉异常,但神经系统体征不典型,NCV检测可正常,而QST—t可有异常表现,本组NCV检测13例正常,其中11例QST-t异常;本组NCV异常率为59．4％,QST异常率为87．5％,QST＋NCV异常率为93．7％。VAS与QST的上下肢热痛觉（HP）呈正相关（t=0．595、P=0．009;t=0．784、P=0．004）,与胫神经的感觉神经传导速度（SCV）呈负相关（t=-0．554;P=0．032）;与其它电生理各项参数不相关,与空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、病程及疼痛病程不相关。结论PDPN以小纤维受累为主,QST可为早期PDPN提供客观的临床依据;疼痛程度与C类纤维及下肢胫神经感觉纤维病变有一定的相关性。     

振动觉阈值检查对周围神经病变的诊断价值

神经电生理检查可提高其早期诊断率。检查项目包括神经传导速度（nerve conduction velocity，NCV）和末梢感觉定量检查（quantitative sensory test，QST）（QST包括定量温度觉检查（quantitative thermal testing，QTT）和定量振动觉检查（quantitative vibratory testing，QVT）。本文通过对2型糖尿病（DM）患者进行QVT，同时测定NCV，比较两者检查结果，以了解振动觉闽值检查对糖尿病周围神经病变的诊断价值。     

综合分析法诊断糖尿病周围神经病变对其临床特点和发病危险因素的影响

目的:通过临床和仪器等检查,综合分析诊断糖尿病周围神经病变,探讨其临床特点与发病相关危险因素的变化。方法:筛选434例2型糖尿病患者,收集其一般临床数据,如病史、身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(PPG)、空腹血浆胰岛素(FIns)水平和血脂指标等,结合神经传导速度(NCV)、定量感觉检查(QST)(包括温度觉、振动觉、触觉和痛觉)结果,将其分为有或非糖尿病神经病变组,统计分析神经病变发病情况以及与这些指标的关系。结果:入选糖尿病患者的NCV检查异常率为52.3%,QST异常为62.9%,综合分析结果异常为63.6%,随着年龄和糖尿病病程的增长,神经病变的发生率增加;神经病变组的年龄、糖尿病病程、糖尿病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、身高、体重指数、收缩压、PPG、FIns水平、尿微量蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)等数据明显高于非神经病变组,并与神经病变发病相关(P<0.05),这些指标中年龄、身高、糖尿病病程、PPG、FIns水平、Scr是神经病变发病的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:结合临床和仪器检查综合分析诊断糖尿病神经病变符合疾病的实际特点,最大限度地减少漏诊;分析后的发病相关危险因素与其他诊断方法相似。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.