大鼠不同程度高位颈脊髓损伤后膈肌运动诱发电位变化特点

目的了解不同程度高位颈髓损伤后大鼠膈肌运动诱发电位（MEP）的变化特点,分析以MEP评价高位颈髓损伤中MEP预测呼吸功能预后的价值。方法采用改良Allen法,分别以30gcf、50gcf、80gcf和100gcf冲量打击40只SD大鼠C3、4颈髓,造成不同程度的高位颈髓损伤。于伤前及伤后1个月连续记录膈肌MEP。观察MEP潜伏期及波幅的变化特点。同时采股动脉血,进行pH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压及血氧饱和度的监测,了解不同程度的高位颈髓损伤大鼠呼吸功能的变化。分析不同程度的高位颈髓损伤后膈肌MEP潜伏期及波幅值的变化与呼吸功能预后的相关性。结果大鼠高位颈髓损伤前膈肌MEP波形稳定,通常包括1个正向波峰和负向波峰,其潜伏期和波幅平均值分别为（3．13±0.29）ins和（6．78±3．48）mv。不同程度高位颈髓损伤后MEP潜伏期不同程度改变,损伤越重,潜伏期越长。潜伏期变化与呼吸功能恢复显著相关。当MEP潜伏期延长超过101％时,呼吸功能很难恢复。结论MEP能较为客观、敏感地反映高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能损伤程度,可以作为判断呼吸功能预后的可靠指标。     

副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤大鼠膈肌运动功能的电生理评价

目的探讨副神经移位膈神经后高位颈髓损伤大鼠膈肌Motion Evoked Potentials(MEP)的特点.方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只.随机分为1、2、3、4、5、6月六个时间组.取两侧锁骨下切口,钝性分离胸大肌,暴露颈7,8及胸1神经根,将存在副膈神经的大鼠剔除.取下颈部正中切口,于颈6水平游离膈神经,锐性切断.在锁骨下水平于副神经主干发出内、外侧支以前切断.然后将副神经近侧断端与膈神经远侧断端用12～0医用无损伤针线缝合外膜.同法进行对侧手术.术后第1、2、3、4、5、6月各组样本取颈后正中切口,切除颈4全椎板充分显露颈髓并于颈3,4水平锐性横断.将1枚EEG电极置于大鼠头颅中线皮下作阳极,另1枚EEG针插入硬腭粘膜下作阴极.采用Reporter型肌电图仪给予单个方波电脉冲刺激,将同心圆针电极插入胫前肌证实MEP完全消失.于两侧腋前线肋下缘作切口,充分显露该处膈肌腹腔侧.直视下于腋前线第9肋骨下缘垂直胸壁将同心圆针电极插入膈肌肋部.地线均置于胸骨处.信号经放大后打印记录以备后续分析.同时将10只正常大鼠于C3,4水平横断脊髓并检测膈肌MEP.结果神经移位后随着时间延长,大鼠膈肌MEP潜伏期逐渐缩短,波幅逐渐增大.6个月组MEP波幅为(6.35±0.51)mv,潜伏期为(3.41±0.36)ms.与正常值比较无显著统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论电生理证实副神经移位膈神经能有效地重建高位颈髓损伤大鼠膈肌运动功能.     

植入式电刺激膈肌起搏器恢复高位颈髓损伤的呼吸功能

据统计美国约有脊髓损伤(spinal cordin jury，SCI)患者30万，2001年SCI新发病例约为1万1千人，52％发生在颈髓，其中20％在急性期需行气管切开机械通气，且最终仍有约5％(200～400人)呼吸机不能撤除。我国估计SCI患者约有100万，每年新发病例约5万。随着医疗急救技术的进步，高位颈髓损伤呼吸功能障碍而依赖呼吸机长期存活的病     

神经移位技术在高位颈脊髓损伤后膈肌功能重建中的应用

神经移位技术最先广泛应用于治疗臂丛神经损伤,主要是指通过将供体神经移位吻合到失神经支配的靶周围神经上,即将结构完整、原始功能可丧失的供体神经移位转接到去神经的受体神经上,供体神经通过轴突再生使得受体神经重塑功能,从而重新支配失神经支配的肌肉。近年来,将起源于颈髓损伤水平以上的神经移位吻合到膈神经上,似乎成为一种颇具潜力的重建高位颈脊髓损伤后膈肌功能的重要手术方式。     

副神经移位膈神经后高位颈髓损伤大鼠血气分析指标变化特点研究

[目的]探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤大鼠呼吸功能时血气分析指标的变化特点.[方法]健康雄性SD大鼠60只.随机分为1、2、3、4、5、6个月6个时间组.取下颈部正中切口,将双侧副神经在锁骨下水平发出内、外侧支之前切断,移位缝接膈神经干起始部.术后第1、2、3、4、5、6个月各组样本取颈后正中切口,切除C3全椎板充分显露颈髓并于C3、4水平锐性横断.分别于横断C3、4脊髓后10、30 min于颈总动脉处插管抽取动脉血各0.2 ml.利用ABL50型血气分析仪(雷度公司,丹麦产)进行pH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压及血氧饱和度的监测.此后,每30 min检测1次.同时测定10只正常SD大鼠血气指标作为对照.[结果]C3、4脊髓横断后10 min,第1、2个月组大鼠呼吸停止,血氧饱和度为0及(1.9±0.7)%.3个月组大鼠表现出严重呼吸性酸中毒,pH值为7.19±0.04,PCO2为(73.5±6.17)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),PO2为(32.7±4.26)mmHg,SO2为50.7%±8.93%,(18±5)min后呼吸停止.4个月组大鼠出现轻度CO2潴留,SO2为(88.6±4.02)%,30 min后为(57.1±6.27)%.5、6个月组大鼠血气分析指标正常,正常值维持时间第5个月组为(176.31±22.53)min,第6个月组为(58.70±12.62)h.[结论]从血气分析指标变化来观察,副神经移位膈神经可能是重建高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能的一种治疗方法.     

副神经移位恢复高位颈髓横断伤大鼠膈肌运动功能的初步研究

目的：探讨副神经移位膈神经恢复膈肌运动功能的可行性。方法：成年雄性SD大鼠100只随机分成A、B2组。经颈前路显露两侧膈神经干，于C6水平切断。A组原位缝接；B组游离副神经，在其主干进入斜方肌前切断，并与膈神经干缝接。术前：术后5min及第1、2、4、6、8个月观察膈肌的位移，然后于C3－4水平横断脊髓了解膈肌的位移变化。比较各时间点2组膈肌位移的恢复率。结果：高位颈髓横断伤前2组膈肌位移恢复率无显著性差异，而高位颈髓横断伤后3组膈肌位移恢复率明显优于A组。结论：副神经移位膈神经能有效地恢复高位颈髓横断伤大鼠的膈肌运动功能。     

副神经移位膈神经后膈肌运动诱发电位与病理学对照研究

[目的]探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤大鼠呼吸功能后膈肌的病理学变化及膈肌运动诱发电位(motion evoked potential,MEP)的特点。[方法]健康雄性SD大鼠60只。随机分为1～6个月6个时间组。取下颈部正中切口,将双侧副神经在锁骨下水平发出内、外侧支之前切断,移位缝接膈神经干起始部。术后第1～6个月各组样本取颈后正中切口,切除C3全椎板充分显露颈髓并于C3、4水平锐性横断。证实胫前肌MEP完全消失后,于两侧腋前线肋下缘作切口,显露该处膈肌腹腔侧。直视下将同心针电极于腋前线第9肋骨下缘垂直胸壁插入膈肌肋部,监测其MEP的变化。然后完整取出膈肌,于电子天平称重。并于右侧腋前线顺膈肌肌纤维方向切取2 mm宽肌条行HE染色。分析膈肌肌纤维截面积的变化。[结果]神经移位后随着时间延长,大鼠膈肌MEP潜伏期逐渐缩短,波幅逐渐增大。6个月组MEP波幅为(6.35±0.51)mV,潜伏期为(3.41±0.36)m s。同时,膈肌逐渐饱满,肌重逐渐恢复,6个月为正常对照组的(97.23±4.07)%。肌纤维截面积也逐渐增大,6个月组达(1 741±439)μm2为正常对照组(1 809±461)μm2的(98.28±3.65)%。6个月组的各数据与对照组比无显著差异(P>0.05)。[结论]从电生理及病理学来看副神经可作为运动神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能。     

副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学研究

目的 :探讨副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤患者呼吸功能的解剖学可行性。方法 :选取经福尔马林固定的成人尸体30具,解剖分离颈部双侧膈神经及副神经共60侧,测量副神经主干终点(设定为副神经进入斜方肌处)及膈神经起始点的宽度及厚度、副神经出胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经主干起始点及终点的距离、胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度,寻找副神经沿胸锁乳突肌外侧缘斜出的位置、副神经起始点与甲状软骨的位置关系及副神经入斜方肌内侧缘的位置与锁骨中线的关系。选取5具尸体(10侧)的副神经主干终点及膈神经起始点标本,进行切片、免疫组织化学染色,计数运动神经纤维含量。结果:副神经进入胸锁乳突肌后,5侧穿过胸锁乳突肌下行,55侧在胸锁乳突肌的深面继续向下外穿行,其在胸锁乳突肌后缘,距胸锁乳突肌锁骨止点85.2±5.9mm处浅出;在肩胛提肌表面,副神经越过颈后三角行至斜方肌前缘于锁骨中线内侧13.2±1.9mm处进入斜方肌,于斜方肌深面分为2~5支支配斜方肌。副神经主干终点的宽度为1.61±0.39mm,厚度为0.61±0.23mm,胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度为59.2±12.2mm。16侧膈神经起始点位于甲状软骨的中点水平,32侧位于甲状软骨上缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨下缘水平,6侧位于甲状软骨上1/3水平。膈神经起始点处的宽度为1.43±0.27mm,厚度为0.60±0.26mm,副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离为26.9±6.0mm,至膈神经终点的距离为76.7±8.2mm。胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘间的副神经长度大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘至膈神经起始点的距离(P=0.000)。膈神经起始点的运动神经纤维含量为836±311条,副神经主干终点的运动神经纤维含量为1290±371条,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.019)。结论:胸锁乳突肌外侧缘与斜方肌内侧缘之间的副神经长度明显大于副神经胸锁乳突肌外侧缘点至膈神经起始点的距离,从解剖学的角度证明了在不损伤胸锁乳突肌的情况下副神经可与膈神经起始点无张力直接吻合。     

急性脊髓损伤后磁刺激运动诱发电位及体感诱发电位的诊断意义

目的 研究磁刺激运动诱发电位（ｍｏｔｏｒ ｅｖｏｋｅｄ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ,ＭＥＰ）对脊髓损伤（ｓｐｉｎａｌ ｃｏｒｄ ｉｎｊｕｒｉｅｓ,ＳＣＩ）后运动传导功能的诊断价值。方法 采用Ｍａｇ－２型磁刺激仪对３２例ＳＣＩ患者进行经颅磁刺激ＭＥＰ检查,分别在双侧外展拇短肌（ａｂｄｕｃｔｏｒ ｐｏｌｌｉｃｉｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ,ＡＰＢ）和胫前肌（ａｎｔｅｒｉｏｒ ｔｉｂｉａｌｉｓ,ＡＴ）进行记录。同时检测Ｆ     

高位颈髓损伤后膈肌呼吸功能障碍治疗的研究进展

近年来由于交通及建筑业的飞速发展,车祸及高处坠落伤所致的高位颈髓损伤的发生率呈上升趋势。除现场死亡者外,55％的伤者发生了全瘫或不全瘫,大约有20％的患者伴有急性颈髓损伤,导致呼吸功能丧失,需行气管切开呼吸机辅助呼吸。经过治疗后大约5％的高位颈髓损伤患者需要长期呼吸机辅助呼吸。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragm thickness and excursion in patients with cervical spinal cord injury

Objective: To evaluate the diaphragm thickness and excursion in patients with cervical spinal cord injury and reliability of diaphragmatic ultrasonography.Design: A Pilot Case–Control Study.Setting: China Rehabilitation Research Center (CRRC) /Beijing BO AI Hospital.Participants: Sixty participants with cervical spinal cord injury and sixty control participants were eligible for inclusion in this study.Interventions: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the diaphragm.Outcome Measures: All demographic data were evaluated. Diaphragm thickness, thickening ratio, and diaphragm excursions were assessed at the end of quiet tidal breathing and maximal inspiration. The reliability of inter- and intra-ultrasonography operators were evaluated.Results: Diaphragm thickness was significantly higher in patients with cervical spinal cord injury than the control group (P < 0.001). Diaphragmatic excursion of the right hemidiaphragm was significantly greater in patients with cervical spinal cord injury than the control group (P < 0.001) at the end of quiet tidal breathing. No difference was found in diaphragmatic excursion between two groups (P = 0.32) at the end of maximal inspiration. No significant difference was shown between two groups in thickening ratio. Intraclass correlation coefficients of inter-and intra-ultrasonography operators for the thickness and excursions of the diaphragm were greater than 0.93.Conclusion: Compared with the control group the diaphragm in patients with cervical spinal cord injury is hypertrophied and the diaphragm excursion is greater. Ultrasound is a highly reliable tool for the evaluation of diaphragm thickness and excursion in patients with cervical spinal cord injury.Trial Registration: This trail was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (NO. ChiCTR-ROC-17010973).     

体感诱发电位用于脊柱手术中脊髓功能的监测

目的评估体感诱发电位(SEP)用于脊柱手术中脊髓监测的可行性，以及皮质体感诱发电位(CSEP)与皮质下体感诱发电位(Sub—CSEP)监测的适应证。方法42例脊柱手术患者，年龄6～68岁，咪唑安定、丙泊酚及维库溴铵静脉诱导，安氟醚吸入维持麻醉．术中均应用CSEP和Sub—CSEP监测脊髓功能。结果CSEP受麻醉影响较大，Sub—CSEP波形稳定，全组7例诱发电位出现异常，其中3例与临床相符，4例为假阳性，无假阴性发生，准确率为90．5％。结论CSEP适于麻醉深度的监测，Sub—CSEP是脊柱手术中脊髓功能监测较为理想的方法。     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位监测脊髓创伤的实验研究

目的：观察脊髓创伤与运动诱发电位的关系，了解运动诱发电位在脊髓中的传导通路。方法：对３９只猫采用脊髓Ａｌｅｎ损伤模型和部分切断伤模型进行经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位（ＴＭＳ－ＭＥＰ）监测。结果：脊髓轻度打击伤时，ＭＥＰ潜伏期即有明显延长，但恢复良好；中度打击伤时，ＭＥＰ潜伏期延长更明显，且不能完全恢复；重度打击伤时，大部分动物ＭＥＰ不能引出，至２４ｈ不能恢复。ＭＥＰ的改变与后肢功能变化及镜下脊髓病理改变一致。ＴＭＳ－ＭＥＰ对脊髓前索和外侧索的损伤敏感，并可间接反应脊髓柱后索损伤。结论：ＴＭＳ－ＭＥＰ经脊髓前索和外侧索传导，可敏感而准确地反映脊髓损伤后功能改变，是一种有效的监测脊髓功能的手段     

Somatosensory-evoked potentials in spinal cord injuries

Short-latency somatosensory-evoked potentials after peroneal nerve stimulation were recorded in 25 patients with long-standing incomplete spinal cord injuries. The results were correlated with the patient's ability to walk. Nine patients had normal latencies, and four of these patients had no useful function in their lower limbs. Sixteen patients had prolonged latencies, and eight of these had useful ambulation. It is concluded that the scalp-recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials from peroneal nerve stimulation does not reliably predict function after spinal cord trauma.     

Complete worldwide operative experience in laparoscopic diaphragm pacing: results and differences in spinal cord injured patients and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

Background  Diaphragm movement is essential for adequate ventilation, and when the diaphragm is adversely affected patients face lifelong positive-pressure mechanical ventilation or death. This report summarizes the complete worldwide multicenter experience with diaphragm pacing stimulation (DPS) to maintain and provide diaphragm function in ventilator-dependent spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and respiratory-compromised patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It will highlight the surgical experiences and the differences in diaphragm function in these two groups of patients. Methods  In prospective Food and Drug Administration (FDA) trials, patients underwent laparoscopic diaphragm motor point mapping with intramuscular electrode implantation. Stimulation of the electrodes ensued to condition and strengthen the diaphragm. Results   From March of 2000 to September of 2007, a total of 88 patients (50 SCI and 38 ALS) were implanted with DPS at five sites. Patient age ranged from 18 to 74 years. Time from SCI to implantation ranged from 3 months to 27 years. In 87 patients the diaphragm motor point was mapped with successful implantation of electrodes with the only failure the second SCI patient who had a false-positive phrenic nerve study. Patients with ALS had much weaker diaphragms identified surgically, requiring trains of stimulation during mapping to identify the motor point at times. There was no perioperative mortality even in ALS patients with forced vital capacity (FVC) below 50% predicted. There was no cardiac involvement from diaphragm pacing even when analyzed in ten patients who had pre-existing cardiac pacemakers. No infections occurred even with simultaneous gastrostomy tube placements for ALS patients. In the SCI patients 96% were able to use DPS to provide ventilation replacing their mechanical ventilators and in the ALS studies patients have been able to delay the need for mechanical ventilation up to 24 months. Conclusion   This multicenter experience has shown that laparoscopic diaphragm motor point mapping, electrode implantation, and pacing can be safely performed both in SCI and in ALS. In SCI patients it allows freedom from ventilator and in ALS patients it delays the need for ventilators, increasing survival. Presented as an oral presentation at the Plenary Session of SAGES 2008 Scientific Session, Philadephia.     

Spinal cord injury level and Phrenic Nerve Conduction Studies do not predict diaphragm pacing success or failure- all patients should undergo diagnostic laparoscopy

BackgroundDiaphragm Pacing(DP) demonstrates benefits over mechanical ventilation(MV) for spinal cord injured(SCI) patients. The hypothesis of this report is that phrenic nerve conduction study(PNCS) results cannot differentiate success or failure in selection of patients for DP. Direct surgical evaluation of the diaphragm should be performed.MethodsObservational report of prospective databases of patients undergoing laparoscopic evaluation of their diaphragms to assess for ability to stimulate to cause contraction for ventilation.ResultsIn 50 SCI patients who could not be weaned from MV, PNCS results showed latencies in stimulated patients (n = 44) and non-stimulated(n = 6) overlapped (7.8 ± 2.5 ms vs 9.4 ± 2.8 ms) and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected (p-value>0.05). Amplitudes overlapped (0.4 ± 0.2 mV vs 0.2 ± 0.2 mV) and the null hypotheses cannot be rejected (P-value >0.05). In 125 non SCI patients with diaphragm paralysis, there were 78(62.4%) with false negative PNCS.ConclusionPNCS are inadequate pre-operative studies. Direct laparoscopic evaluation should be offered for all SCI patients to receive the benefit of DP.     

The prevention of iatrogenic spinal cord injury utilizing the evoked spinal cord potential

Summary The evoked spinal cord potential elicited by direct stimulation of the cord has been used clinically to monitor cord function in the course of operations on the spine. The technique used allows measurement of a relatively large amplitude of potential, which is fairly stable against anaesthetics and related drugs, by means of a simple recording system and is sensitive enough to indicate cord damage. Continuous monitoring can easily be carried out. We have encountered no complications when using this method on 99 patients.

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Résumé Le potentiel évoqué provoqué par la stimulation directe de la moelle épinière a été utilisé en clinique pour contrôler la fonction de la moelle lors des interventions sur le rachis. Cette technique permet de mesurer une assez grande amplitude de potentiel, qui est relativement stable à l'égard des anesthésiques et d'autres drogues de même type, grâce à un système simple d'enregistrement; il est suffisamment sensible pour détecter des altérations de la moelle. Une surveillance continue peut aisément être effectuée. Aucun incident n'a été rencontré chez 99 malades lors de l'utilisation de cette méthode.

     

脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中运动诱发电位的监测作用

目的　探讨运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中神经功能的监测作用。　方法　对２６ 只大鼠腰骶段脊髓缺血前、缺血１５、２５ 、４０ 分钟及再灌注后５、１５、３０ 分钟、１、２ 和２４ 小时ＭＥＰ变化进行监测。　结果　在缺血１５ 分钟时ＭＥＰ潜伏期明显延长（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ,波幅在缺血２５ 分钟时明显减小（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,缺血４０ 分钟时波形消失;再灌注后５ 分钟时波形恢复,但潜伏期大于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１） ,波幅小于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１）;再灌注后１５ 分钟至２ 小时波幅恢复正常（Ｐ＞ ０－０５）,潜伏期无恢复;再灌注后２４ 小时潜伏期虽然呈恢复趋势,但与再灌注早期相比,差异无显著性意义,此时波幅又明显下降低于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１） ,再灌注后２４ 小时双下肢运动功能比再灌注早明显降低（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。　结论ＭＥＰ能够准确监测脊髓神经功能在缺血再灌注损伤中的变化     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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