考试应激对高中生心理健康水平的影响

目的 探讨考试应激对高中生心理健康水平的影响。方法 分别于学期刚开始时和期末考试的第一天应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对河北省某重点中学高一和高二年级的501名学生进行测评，比较两次测评结果。结果 被试的平均总分超过160分的筛选阳性标准。总体考试当天的SCL-90总分显著高于平时（P〈0．01），其中考试当天的焦虑、抑郁、偏执、强迫、恐怖、其他因子分显著高于平时（P〈0．01）。男生、理科生与总体结果相近，女生、文科生两次施测的SCL-90总分差异不明显（P〉0．05）。结论 高中生的心理健康状况不佳，尤以考试期间明显。考试应激对高中生心理的影响主要表现在焦虑、抑郁、偏执、强迫、恐怖、睡眠和饮食方面。     

高中生考试焦虑与应对方式的关系

目的 探讨高中生考试焦虑与应对方式的关系。方法应用考试焦虑量表（TAS）、应付方式问卷和特质应对方式问卷对山东省某中学高一年级538名学生进行调查。结果高中生考试焦虑的检出率为65．20％。有考试焦虑者应付方式问卷的自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子分及特质应对方式问卷的消极应对因子分显著高于无考试焦虑者（P〈0．05或P〈0．001），而无考试焦虑者特质应对方式问卷的积极应对因子分显著高于有考试焦虑者（P〈0．05）。同时TAS总分与应付方式问卷的自责、幻想、合理化因子分和特质应对方式问卷的消极应对因子分呈显著正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．001），而与特质应对方式问卷的积极应对因子分呈显著负相关（P〈0．001）。结论高中生考试焦虑与应对方式密切相关。在面对考试等应激事件时有考试焦虑者多采用自责、幻想、退避等不成熟的应付方式，且不成熟的应付方式在高中男生中表现更为突出；同时有考试焦虑者多采用消极应对方式，而无考试焦虑者多采用积极应对方式。     

大学生自我和谐与社交焦虑的相关研究

目的探讨大学生的自我和谐与交往焦虑的特点和关系。方法采用自我和谐量表和交往焦虑量表对310名大学生进行调查。结果男生在自我灵活性和自我和谐上得分低于女生（P〈0．01），研究生在自我灵活性上得分低于本科生（P〈0．01），理科生在社交焦虑上得分低于文科生（P〈0．05）；高自我和谐组在社交焦虑上得分低于低自我和谐组（P〈0．05）；从总体上看，社交焦虑与自我与经验的不和谐、自我刻板性、总体的自我和谐均呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论大学生的自我和谐和社交焦虑之间均存在相关，自我和谐对社交焦虑具有良好的预测作用。     

情绪放松训练对高三学生考试焦虑的疗效

目的 研究高三学生考试焦虑现状，观察和检测情绪放松训练对考试焦虑的影响。方法 在武汉市某中学高三年级随机抽取4个同层次班级（两个文科班、两个理科班，其中1个文科班、1个理科班为实验班，另两个班为对照班），对实验班先后实施两个实验刺激，并用改编的考试焦虑问卷进行测验和统计分析。结果 高三学生总体焦虑程度一般，但仍有少数学生考试焦虑程度较高。实施刺激前，对照班与实验班间的考试焦虑得分的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。实施刺激后，文科实验班和理科实验班的考试焦虑程度均与刺激前的差异无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。男生与女生和文、理科学生间考试焦虑的得分差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论 情绪放松训练对于缓解高三学生的考试焦虑具有良好效果。     

大学生考试焦虑与主观课业负担关系的调查

目的调查大学生考试焦虑与主观课业负担状况，并探讨大学生考试焦虑与主观课业负担的关系，为预防大学生考试焦虑与减少主观课业负担提供依据。方法应用Sarason考试焦虑量表（Test Anxiety Scale，TAS）和自编主观课业负担调查表对徐州某大学117名大学生作为调查对象进行调查。结果“中度考试焦虑”和“中度主观课业负担”是大学生中存在的考试焦虑和主观课业负担的主要形式。男女生之间、是否独生子女之间的考试焦虑和主观课业负担差别没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）。不同年级之间考试焦虑差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01），不同年级之间主观课业负担差别没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。考试焦虑与主观课业负担之间存在正相关（P〈0.05），即主观课业负担越重，考试焦虑程度也就越高。男生、独生子女和一年级学生与总体结果相似；女生、非独生子女和二、三、四年级学生的考试焦虑与主观课业负担无明显相关（P〉0.05）。结论大学生考试焦虑与主观课业负担普遍存在且之间存在着正相关关系。     

饮食干预对学龄儿童身高体重的影响

目的研究饮食干预对6～12岁儿童身高体重的影响，为有效防治儿童肥胖提供科学依据。方法对长沙市某小学寄宿部651名学生采取定量营养食谱3年，同时随机抽取该小学非寄宿部650名学生作为对照组。结果干预组与对照组儿童超重检出率比较无差异（P〉0．05），肥胖检出率有显著差异（P〈0．01）。干预组超重检出率男女性别无差异，肥胖检出率男生高于女生，差异有统计学意义（0．01〈P〈0．05）。对照组超重检出率男女性别有差异（0．01〈P〈0．05），肥胖检出率男生显著高于女生（P〈0．01）。两组男生和女生身高比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论饮食因素是导致儿童单纯性肥胖的主要因素，养成良好的饮食习惯和饮食行为，改变不合理的膳食结构，有利于降低儿童肥胖的危险因素，从而减少儿童单纯性肥胖的发生率。     

重点中学学生心理健康状况研究

目的调查笔者所在城市重点中学学生心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量（SCL-90）表，随机抽样笔者所在城市两所重点中学12～18岁学生508人进行问卷调查。结果心理问题检出率18．1％，心理问题主要表现依次为强迫、人际关系敏感、敌对、偏执、抑郁、焦虑等。男女生检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但SCL-90中女生抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子分明显高于男生，而男生敌对、偏执因子分明显高于女生，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；初高中学生心理问题检出率分别为9．98％与14．14％差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论重点中学学生心理问题突出，值得关注。     

家庭缺失学生人格、行为、心理健康的调查

目的了解家庭缺失学生的人格特征、行为问题、心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、Rutter儿童行为教师问卷、症状自评量表（SCL-90）和家庭功能评定量表（FAD），对舟山市千荷实验学校学生进行调查。结果238名学生完成了测试，其中行为问题的检出率为14．29％，其中男生行为问题检出率为22．40％，女生行为问题检出率为5．31％，男生行为问题明显高于女生（P〈0．01），男生A行为检出率（20．00％）高于女生（2．65％）；内向性格者占38．24％，情绪不稳定的占51．26％；SCL-90量表中的焦虑因子分高于中学生综合样本（t=2．42，P〈0．05），女生在SCL-90的人际、抑郁、恐怖三个因子上的得分[（2．00±0．68），（1．85±0．72），（1．67±0．59）]高于男生[（1．74±0．62），（1．70±0．64），（1．44±0．54），t=-2．44，-2．16，-2．43，P〈0．05]；行为总分与FAD总的功能呈正相关（P〈0．05），EPQ各量表分及SCL-90各因子分与FAD中的家庭成员的沟通、成员的角色、情感反应、情感介入及总的家庭功能因子分呈显著相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论家庭缺失儿童具有孤僻、偏内向、情绪不稳定的个性特点，他们的心理健康状况较差，与其家庭功能有着较为密切的关系，需要引起全社会的重视。     

某社区中学生心理状况及对策探讨

目的了解中学生心理状况，探讨相应的对策。方法应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对本地区中学生进行调查。结果1532个中学生中各种轻度心理问题的检出率在男、女生分别为12．3％～36．6％和12．2％～35．4％；经统计学分析，男、女生心理问题的检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；明显心理问题的检出率在男、女生分别为3．4％～8．7％和2．0％～8．0％；SCL-9010项因子中，中学生和国内常模比较，除了人际关系敏感因子分在统计学上差异无统计学意义外（P〉0．05），在SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、躯体化等其他各项因子的均值均高于国内常模，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；恐怖因子比较，初中生的均值高于高中生，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；男、女生性别比较，男生在其他因子，也就是食欲和睡眠的均值显著高于女生，经统计学检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应重视中学生的心理健康问题，社区卫生服务中心应发挥心理指导和咨询作用，促进本地区中学生人格的全面发展。     

铁路卫校学生疲劳状况及相关因素分析

目的：了解青少年中疲劳状况的分布；分析疲劳与学习动机，创造思维能力，考试焦虑心理之间的相关性；分析不同性别及专业间疲劳检出率有无差别。方法：采用自填问卷法收集资料。调查资料用spss11．0建立数据库，用spss11．0统计分析软件进行分析。结果：疲劳总检出率为52．0％，疲劳在各个专业的检出率：英护为60．2％，高护为39．6％，口腔为57．1％；不同性别的检出率：男性为44．4％，女性为53．3％。男女疲劳率的差异无统计学意义（X^2值为1．211，P〉0．05）；各专业疲劳率的差异有统计学意义（X^2值为10．241，P〈0．05）。疲劳与学习动机和创造思维能力的关联性分析得出两者的关联性皆无统计学意义（X^2值分别为5．147和0．022，P〉0．05）；各专业疲劳率的差异有统计学意义（X^2值为10．241，P〈0．05）。疲劳与学习动机和创造思维能力的关联性分析得出两者的关联性皆无统计学意义（X^2值分别为5．147和0．022，P〉0．05）；是否疲劳与考试焦虑心理分布的差异性检验得出其分布的构成有统计学意义（X^2值为34．675，P〈0．05）。结论：该校学生中疲劳分布广泛。疲劳与考试焦虑心理有相关性，而与学习动机，创造思维能力无相关性；疲劳在男女间差异无统计学意义，在不同专业间差异有统计学意义。该校应加强学校心理健康教育，以降低疲劳的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.