甲状腺手术中识别喉返神经的解剖标志

目的探讨甲状腺手术中用以识别喉返神经的5种有效的解剖标志,为手术中避免误伤喉返神经提供形态学资料。方法采用经福尔马林防腐固定的50具成人标本(男40例,女10例)共100侧,用解剖学方法观测甲状软骨下角尖、甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下极、气管食管沟和甲状腺悬韧带等5种解剖标志与喉返神经的毗邻关系。结果甲状软骨下角距喉返神经入喉处(6.3±1.9)mm;甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经的毗邻关系有五种类型;右侧喉返神经有64.6%、左侧100%直行于气管食管沟内,在颈根部右侧喉返神经偏离气管食管沟2.1~10.2mm;喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉交叉处位于甲状腺下极之上者占81.1%;喉返神经行于甲状腺悬韧带后方者占92.0%。结论甲状腺手术识别喉返神经的五种解剖标志中,以甲状软骨下角尖(或环甲关节)和甲状腺悬韧带较可靠,其次为甲状腺下极、甲状腺下动脉和气管食管沟。     

内镜下扩大经鼻入路海绵窦区解剖学观察

目的通过内镜下扩大经鼻入路海绵窦解剖研究,进一步明确海绵窦内神经血管关系,为海绵窦区疾病的临床治疗提供解剖学依据。方法在8具成人尸头(共16侧海绵窦)上应用0度和30度柱状硬性内窥镜,模拟扩大经鼻入路进行海绵窦区解剖研究。结果内镜下扩大经鼻入路可清楚的显露海绵窦内结构;相关解剖标志有利于解剖定位。结论神经内镜下扩大经鼻入路是海绵窦区解剖及手术的最佳入路。     

甲状腺癌术中规范化神经监测与解剖学基础相关性的临床意义

目的:探讨喉返神经监测对喉返神经解剖变异的识别、辨认及保护。方法:回顾性分析2012年3月至2014年3月在本院因甲状腺癌行双侧甲状腺全切术并行术中神经监测患者的临床资料,术中对颈部喉返神经解剖进行再认识与研究。结果:120例患者术中显露喉返神经共223根,其中发现解剖变异53根(23.7%)。在喉返神经监测导引下,准确识别喉返神经走行路径、分支数目、毗邻关系变异分别为17根(7.62%)、12根(5.38%)、24根(10.76%);其中,混合性变异11根(11/53)。结论:喉返神经解剖变异是导致术中对神经的错误识别以及造成神经损伤的重要潜在因素;喉返神经监测有利于术中确认各种变异的解剖特点,以有效保护喉返神经。     

环甲间隙在腔镜甲状腺手术中的重要意义

目的　探讨环甲间隙在颈部无瘢痕腔镜甲状腺手术（scarless in the neck endoscopic thyroidectomy,SET）中对保护喉上神经外支（external branch of superior laryngeal nerve,EBSLN）、喉返神经（recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN）、甲状旁腺（parathyroid gland,PT）及处理甲状腺上极的重要意义。 方法　回顾分析本院2014年4月至2018年7月腔镜甲状腺手术128例,包括单侧或双侧切除、次全切除或部分切除等。在处理甲状腺上极时均采用环甲间隙入路,结合甲状腺下极及外侧操作完成甲状腺叶部分或腺叶全部切除术。 结果　全部SET在分离进入环甲间隙后处理甲状腺上极血管,其中59.3%（76例）显露EBSLN。在甲状腺下极区域首先显露RLN者82.8%（106例）,其余17.2%在经环甲间隙入路处理甲状腺上极血管后显露RLN入喉点。术中显露UPT位于近环甲关节处者83%（106例）,位于甲状腺上极背面者17%（22例）。84例随访至今,术后暂时性声音嘶哑并单侧喉返神经麻痹2例,无声音低钝及饮水呛咳者,无永久性低钙者。 结论　环甲间隙在SET中对于安全切断甲状腺上极血管和有效保护EBSLN、RLN及上甲状旁腺具有重要意义,因此结合甲状腺峡部、下极及外侧操作可以形成腔镜甲状腺的程式化手术步骤,提升了该术式的安全性,有利于该术式的推广。     

与颈部手术相关的喉返神经的应用解剖

目的 :为颈部手术中喉返神经的定位和保护提供形态学和局部解剖学基础。方法 :解剖 5 0具 (10 0侧 )成人颈部尸体标本 ,对喉返神经及其分支进行定位观测。结果 :(1)喉返神经的分支有喉支和喉外支 ,前者在入喉前多分为前支、后支。 87%的喉返神经分支呈树枝状 ,13 %的喉返神经分支之间或分支与颈交感干之间相互吻合呈袢状。 (2 )有 2 %的双喉返神经和 1%的非返喉下神经。 (3 ) 94%的喉返神经的喉支多在距甲状腺下角尖端 (16.9± 7.6)mm处分为前、后支 ,喉外支多在其下 10 .4～ 70 .4mm范围内发出。 (4 )喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉的关系分为 5种类型。 (5 )喉返神经与颈部食管及颈动脉鞘的位置关系复杂。结论 :在颈部相关手术中应注意喉返神经的变异 ,通过显露和辨认喉返神经防止其损伤。     

扩大经鼻-蝶窦入路至颅底中央区的显微及内镜解剖学研究

目的：为临床单纯内镜或内镜辅助下经鼻一蝶窦入路至颅底中央区的手术提供解剖学标志和参数。方法：乳胶灌注汉族成人尸头湿标本10例,在神经内镜下及手术显微镜下模拟经鼻-蝶窦入路至颅底中央区的手术,按手术步骤分鼻腔内、蝶窦内及蝶鞍和周围结构3部分进行观察和测量。结果：蝶窦是内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路中的关键结构。蝶窦后壁常见的解剖标志有鞍底、斜坡凹陷、视神经颈内动脉隐窝、颈内动脉隆起、视神经隆起、蝶骨平台;其中,斜坡凹陷是确定鞍底最可靠的标志。此入路可分别向前、中、后颅底方向扩展,内镜下可清晰显露硬脑膜下及海绵窦内部分结构。结论：采用内镜经鼻-碟窦入路是显露颅底中央区病变的良好的手术方法。     

侧脑室后锁孔入路神经内镜解剖学研究

目的:观测侧脑室后锁孔入路神经内镜下的解剖结构,为临床手术提供解剖依据.方法:对10例成人头颅模拟内镜下经顶内沟侧脑室后锁孔入路手术,进行内镜下的解剖观察与测量.结果:经顶内沟侧脑室后锁孔入路,内镜下可清晰显露侧脑室三角区,以及部分侧脑室颞角、枕角等.顶内点至大脑纵裂的距离为(35.4±1.1)mm,顶内沟的深度为(19.2±1.0)mm,顶内沟底部至三角区皮质厚度为(21.3±1.3)mm.结论:经顶内沟侧脑室后锁孔入路神经内镜解剖研究,能清晰显露侧脑室三角区的解剖结构,可应用于侧脑室三角区和体后部内的临床手术.     

喉神经区域的损伤与保护在颈部手术中的临床价值

目的探讨颈部手术中喉返神经、喉上神经损伤的原因,提出喉神经区域的保护对策。方法选取我院近2年颈部手术20例,10例术中解剖出喉返神经、喉上神经外侧支为观察组;10例术中未解剖出喉返神经、喉上神经外侧支为对照组,对其损伤的原因进行分析,总结出喉神经区域的保护方法。结果电凝、夹损、缝扎造成喉返神经、喉上神经损伤的发生率平均为20.00%,其中观察组发生率为10.00%,对照组发生率为30.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颈部手术中电凝、夹损、缝扎等会造成喉返神经、喉上神经损伤;更好地保护喉神经区域,前提是要熟练掌握颈部解剖结构、甲状腺、喉上神经和喉返神经的解剖特点,术中尽量解剖出喉神经,避免喉神经区域损伤。     

喉返神经及其分支与甲状腺下动脉关系的应用解剖

目的为颈部手术中喉返神经及其分支的定位和保护提供形态学基础。方法对47具(男30具,女17具)成人尸体喉返神经和甲状腺下动脉之间的关系进行解剖、观测。结果喉返神经入喉支以2～5支型为多见,占69.15%;喉返神经和甲状腺下动脉之间的关系分为5种类型,左右侧有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论在颈部相关手术中应注意喉返神经的变异,结扎甲状腺下动脉前,应仔细分离、单独结扎该动脉,以免损伤喉返神经及其分支。     

上部颈椎经颈前外侧手术入路的应用解剖

目的：为上部颈椎经颈前外侧手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：在２０具固定成人尸体上，按手术入路逐层解剖，观测有关的血管、神经等结构及其毗邻关系。结果：入路有甲状腺上动脉、舌动脉、面动脉自颈外动脉不同高度发出，其中舌动脉与舌下神经；喉上动脉与喉上神经喉内支伴行关系有三种：甲状腺上动脉与喉上神经喉外支伴行关系有二种。结论：经颈前外侧手术入路具有显露充分，操作方便，可处理颈上部３个颈椎病变，具有推广价值。     

甲状腺假被膜的形态特点及临床意义

目的　研究甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态特点,探讨其临床意义。 方法 在95例单侧甲状腺叶切除术中,观察甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态,甲状腺假被膜与真被膜、甲状腺血管、甲状旁腺和喉返神经的关系。 结果 在甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管附着于腺体的部位,甲状腺假被膜呈“系膜”样结构附着在腺体上,切除腺叶后观察“系膜”呈“C”型的延续平面,甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管分别自系膜缘穿出,喉返神经、甲状腺下动脉、甲状旁腺位于“系膜”的“C”型圈内。 结论 对甲状腺假被膜的解剖新认识,有助于术者安全的完成甲状腺手术,特别是被膜解剖技术的应用。     

Zuckerkandl结节在甲状腺外科中的重要意义

目的探讨Zuckerkandl结节(Zuckerkandl’s tubercle,ZT)在甲状腺手术中出现的机率,以及ZT与喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)、上甲状旁腺(superior parathyroid gland,SPG)的解剖关系。方法回顾分析2016年12月至2017年12月,在赣南医学院第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科住院施行单侧或双侧甲状腺腺叶切除的120例甲状腺肿瘤患者的病历资料。对146个腺叶进行记录,观察ZT,分析其与RLN、SPG的解剖关系。结果 76例(63.3%)患者发现ZT,而54例(45.0%)患者其结节最长径大于1 cm。ZT较大者,87例(92.6%)RLN在ZT内侧,7例(7.4%)RLN横过ZT。SPG通常位于ZT之上,RLN之后。结论 ZT是甲状腺的显著特征之一,多数甲状腺手术中可以发现。ZT的大小和位置与术前症状没有确切的关系。理解ZT与RLN和SPG的解剖关系,对甲状腺手术的安全性具有重要意义。     

Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations

Historically, thyroid surgery has been fraught with complications. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or the parathyroid glands may result in profound life-long consequences for the patient. To minimize the morbidity of the operation, a surgeon must have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and be able to apply this information to perform a safe and effective operation. This article will review the pertinent anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the critical structures that lie in their proximity. This information should aid the surgeon in appropriate identification and preservation of the function of these structures and to avoid the pitfalls of the operation.     

Absence of the left inferior thyroid artery: clinical implications

Dissection of an adult male cadaver revealed an absence of the left inferior thyroid artery; its usual area of distribution to the thyroid gland was supplied by the right inferior thyroid artery. Absence of the left inferior thyroid artery occurs in 1-6% of cases. The inferior thyroid artery arises commonly from the thyrocervical trunk, passes posterior to the carotid sheath and supplies the inferior pole of the corresponding lobe of the thyroid gland; its branches can course anterior or posterior to or between branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. During thyroid surgery it is imperative to identify the relationship of the inferior thyroid artery to the recurrent laryngeal nerve or to establish its absence because injury to the nerve can be a major complication; awareness of significant variations of the surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland is vital for preserving the integrity of important structures.     

The external laryngeal nerve: surgical and anatomic considerations. Report of 50 total thyroidectomies

This surgical anatomy study aimed to evaluate the possibility of identifying the external laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery and the possible variations of nerves at risk. Fifty patients underwent total thyroidectomies during a period of 12 months. Using a neurostimulator, the distal motor branch of the external laryngeal nerve was searched. Electrical stimulation of a nervous branch aimed to provoke a global contraction of the cricothyroid in order to identify with certitude the external laryngeal nerve. The external laryngeal nerve was identified in 20% of cases. Its course was, with almost equal frequency, either (1) between the vessels of the superior thyroid pedicle or (2) superficial and anterior to the fascia of the cricothyroid muscle. The external laryngeal nerve is hard to find during thyroid surgery, even with a neurostimulator. It can be vulnerable during thyroid surgery but only in cases of anatomic variations. Searching for the nerve systematically during thyroid surgery does not seem to be useful. Several precautions when dissecting the superior pole of the thyroid gland seem to be necessary and sufficient to respect the external laryngeal nerve.     

喉返神经的应用解剖学

本文解剖115例喉返神经,从临床应用角度出发。对喉返神经的横径,终未分支;喉返神经与甲状软骨下角,甲状腺下动脉,气管食管沟,甲状腺,喉返神经三角的局部关系进行了研究。提出甲状软骨下角,气管食管沟,喉返神经三角是识别喉返神经的简便,可靠、实用的标志和手术中避免损伤喉返神经的解剖学依据。     

Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an anterior chest wall approach using a flap-lifting system

PURPOSE: Endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) requires a proper working space for adequate visualization of anatomical structures and proper instrument manipulation. The purpose of this prospective study was to estimate the feasibility and safety of ET using an anterior chest wall approach without gas insufflation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The working space was created under a direct and endoscopic view through a 3-cm incision on the anterior chest wall. A retracting device was then inserted to establish the working space, and subsequent procedures were performed endoscopically. All data were reviewed using a prospective database. RESULTS: We performed 30 ETs in patients with benign thyroid tumors from December 2003 to December 2005. The procedures were completed successfully in 29 patients (mean operative time: 160.6 min; range: 90-345 min). One patient with ET was converted to open thyroidectomy secondary to substernal extension of the tumor. None of the patients developed permanent postoperative hypocalcemia or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Three patients exhibited some degree of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that gasless ET using an anterior chest wall approach is safe and feasible in selected patients for treating benign thyroid tumors. This technique may offer good operative working space when performed by surgeons with relatively low-volume ET practices.     

Superior approach to the inferior laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery: anatomy, surgical technique and indications

Goals of the study To describe the anatomical bases of the surgical access to the higher part of the thyroid lobe, with first location of the inferior laryngeal nerve at its laryngeal penetration, to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this surgical technique and to determine the operational indications.Population and method A prospective study of surgical anatomy performed over a period of 18 months was conducted. A total of 25 (22 women and 3 men) patients with cervicothoracic goitre underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid lobectomies were performed using the technique of “capsular thyroidectomy”, with first location and complete dissection of the inferior laryngeal nerve. A neurostimulator was systematically used for the location of the inferior laryngeal nerve and also the external laryngeal nerve.Results The first detection of the inferior laryngeal nerve at the top of the thyroid lobe was positive in 49/50 cases. A superior parathyroid gland was found in 75% of cases and an inferior parathyroid gland in 37.5% of cases. The external laryngeal nerve was stimulated and respected in 12,5% of cases. No voice trouble, no laryngeal palsy and no definitive hypoparathyroidism occurred after surgery.Conclusion Safeguarding of the inferior laryngeal nerve is the principal and obligatory stake in thyroid surgery. Locating the inferior laryngeal nerve at the level of its laryngeal penetration at the superior pole of the thyroid region is necessary in cases of particular situations: huge cervicothoracic goitres, re-operative procedures and various anatomical variations. The use of a neurostimulator secures this technique.     

内窥镜下迷路后入路面神经解剖学研究

目的：为内窥镜下迷路后入路面肌痉挛微血管减压术提供解剖学资料。方法：正常成人头颅标本15例（30侧），模拟迷路后入路在内窥镜下观察面神经及其与前庭蜗神经和相关血管的毗邻关系。结果：（1）在不牵拉小脑和不损伤内耳结构的前提下，内窥镜下迷路后入路可观察小脑脑桥角区面神经全程；（2）面神经根出入区位于前庭蜗神经内侧稍下方；（3）有13.3％小脑下前动脉袢呈环状围绕面神经，26．7％小脑下后动脉与面神经位置关系密切。结论：内窥镜下迷路后入路对小脑脑桥角区面神经及微血管的处理有极好视角。