糖化反应产物和炎症因子水平与糖尿病冠状动脉弥漫病变的关系

目的 探讨血清糖化白蛋白(GA)、内源性分泌型终末糖化产物受体(esRAGE)、炎症因子C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平与糖尿病冠状动脉弥漫病变的关系.方法 根据冠状动脉造影结果 及有无糖尿病将374例患者分成五组:冠状动脉局灶病变组(Ⅰ组,n=107)、冠状动脉弥漫病变组(Ⅱ组,n=94)、单纯糖尿病组(Ⅲ组,n=46)、2型糖尿病合并冠状动脉局灶病变组(Ⅳ组,n=46)及2型糖尿病合并冠状动脉弥漫病变组(Ⅴ组,n=81),分别检测各组患者血清GA、esRAGE、高敏CRP (hsCRP)、IL-6和TNF-α的水平.结果 Ⅴ组的GA和hsCRP水平最高,而esRAGE水平最低,与其他四组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).Ⅳ组的GA和hsCRP高于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,而esRAGE水平则均低于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组(P<0.05).糖尿病患者中,GA水平与hsCRP和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)值呈正相关(r=0.249、0.695),与esRAGE呈负相关(r=-0.480)(均P<0.001);而esRAGE与HbA1c、hsCRP均呈负相关(r=-0.224、-0.236)(P<0.01).2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者中,hsCRP与冠状动脉弥漫病变支数呈正相关(r=0.220,P<0.001);hsCRP和IL-6与空腹血糖水平均呈正相关(r=0.259,P<0.001;r=0.124,P<0.05).结论 糖尿病患者血清GA和hsCRP水平升高、esRAGE水平降低不仅是糖尿病并发冠心病的重要危险因子,也是反映糖尿病冠状动脉广泛弥漫和严重病变的重要指标.     

冠状动脉病变程度及Gemini积分与血清脂联素和高敏C反应蛋白的相关性

目的探讨血清脂联素(APN)和高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)的水平与冠状动脉不同病变程度及Gemini积分的相关性。方法 204例冠状动脉病变患者根据冠状动脉的狭窄程度分为冠状动脉狭窄<50%组(Ⅰ组,n=78)和冠状动脉狭窄程度≥50%组(Ⅱ组,n=126),并选择冠状动脉正常的体检者45例作为对照组(Ⅲ组)。酶联免疫吸附测定法检测受试者血清APN和hsCRP水平,并计算Gemini积分,比较3组患者血清APN、hsCRP水平及Gemini积分的差异,并分析三者之间的相关性。结果Ⅱ组患者血清hsCRP水平和Gemini积分显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组,APN水平显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组患者血清hsCRP水平和Gemini积分显著高于Ⅲ组,APN水平显著低于Ⅲ组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清APN水平与hsCRP水平和Gemini积分均呈负相关(r1=-0.512 7,r2=-0.432 6,P<0.05);Gemini积分与hsCRP水平呈正相关(r=4.138 2,P<0.05)。结论血清APN和hsCRP水平能够反映冠状动脉的病变程度,并与Gemini积分存在相关性。     

冠心病患者血清糖化蛋白与内源性分泌型晚期糖化终产物受体水平及意义

目的：测定冠心病患者血清糖化蛋白（GSP）和内源性分泌型糖化终末产物受体（esRAGE）水平，探讨GSP、es-RAGE水平及GSP／esRAGE比值对判断冠心病的存在及冠状动脉病变严重程度的价值.方法：入选患者135例，根据冠脉造影结果和有无糖尿病分为：单纯冠心病组（52例），冠心病合并糖尿病组（48例），正常对照组（35例），根据冠状动脉病变支数分为：单支病变组（24例），双支病变组（29例）和三支病变组（47例）。测定各组血清GSP和eaRAGE水平，计算GSP／esRAGE比值。结果：冠心病合并糖尿病组GSP水平和GSP／esRAGE比值显著高于单纯冠心病组（均P〈0．01）及对照组（均P〈0．011），单纯冠心病组显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；冠心病合并糖尿病组esRAGE显著低千单纯冠心病组（P〈0．01）和对照组（P〈0.01），单纯冠心病组明显低于对照纽（P〈0.01）；GSP（rs=0.460，P〈0．01）、esRAGE（rs=-0，542，P〈0.001）、GSP／esRAGE比值（fs=0．536，P〈0．001）与冠状动脉病变支数显著相关。结论：血清GSP、esRAGE水平及GSP／esRAGE比值对评价血糖正常或糖尿病患者冠心病的存在和冠状动脉病变程度具有重要临床价值。     

内源性可溶性糖化终末产物受体和内源性分泌型糖化终末产物受体水平对糖尿病性骨质疏松症的诊断价值

目的探讨内源性可溶性糖化终末产物受体(sRAGE)和内源性分泌型糖化终末产物受体(esRAGE)对糖尿病性骨质疏松症的诊断价值。方法 59例≥50岁髋部骨折住院患者分为非糖尿病组(Ⅰ组,20例)、糖尿病非骨质疏松症组(Ⅱ组,21例)及糖尿病合并骨质疏松症组(Ⅲ组,18例),用双能X线骨密度仪检测骨密度(BMD),酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血浆sRAGE、esRAGE水平,并检测空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、肌酐(Cr)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、钙(Ca)等生物化学指标及体质量指数(BMI)。结果 3组患者的BMI、Cr、TG、TC、AKP水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组患者血浆Ca水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但与Ⅲ组Ca水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);3组间血浆FBG、HbA1c、BMD、sRAGE、esRAGE水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);sRAGE、esRAGE水平与FBG、HbA1c呈负相关(P<0.01),与BMD呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论血浆sRAGE、esRAGE可能成为糖尿病性骨质疏松症的诊断指标。     

糖化白蛋白与糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病及糖尿病周围神经病变的相关性

 目的  探讨糖化白蛋白(glycosylated albumin, GA)与糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病及糖尿病周围神经病变的相关性。方法  选取2015年5月至2016年2月在复旦大学附属中山医院就诊的糖尿病患者300例, 采用液态酶法检测血清GA, 同时检测糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c)等其他生化指标, 记录患者身高、体重、糖尿病病程及并发症等信息。结果  糖尿病肾病组中GA(%)高于无并发症组［22.6(18.0~28.2) vs. 20.1(17.6～25.0), P=0.012］。Person相关性分析发现, HbA1c(r=0.818, P＜0.001)、空腹血糖(r=0.534, P＜0.001)、总胆红素(r=0.129, P=0.025)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(r=0.276, P＜0.001)与GA呈正相关, 而体重指数(r=-0.131, P=0. 024)、肌酐(r=-0.117, P=0. 043)、尿酸(r=-0.213, P＜0.001)及同型半胱氨酸(r=-0.130, P=0.024)与GA呈负相关。多因素非条件Logistic回归模型表明GA是糖尿病肾病的独立危险因素(OR=1.148)。结论  GA与糖尿病肾病密切相关, 是糖尿病肾病的独立危险因素。     

血清白介素-35水平在2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者中的临床意义

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者外周血清白介素(IL)-35水平变化及临床意义.方法 选取2017年5月至2019年5月本院收治的2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者78例作为T2DM合并冠心病组,并根据冠状动脉造影检查结果将T2DM合并冠心病组分为单支病变组(n=23)、双支病变组(n=29)和多支病变组(n=26),选取同期单纯2型糖尿病患者27例作为单纯T2DM组.采用贝克曼AU5800生化仪检测外周血清中血脂水平;酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中IL-35水平,并分析其与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性.结果 与单纯T2DM组相比,T2DM合并冠心病组外周血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与单纯T2DM组相比,T2DM合并冠心病组外周血清IL-35的水平显著降低(P<0.05);与单支病变组相比,双支和多支病变组的血清IL-35水平显著降低,且多支病变组降低更明显(P<0.05).冠状动脉病变程度与血清IL-35的水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.341,P<0.05).结论 2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者外周血清IL-35水平显著降低,且与冠状动脉病变程度呈明显的负相关,IL-35可能与糖尿病合并冠心病的发生发展密切相关.     

Ⅲ～Ⅴ期糖尿病肾病患者血清sRAGE、esRAGE、cRAGE水平与冠状动脉钙化的关系

目的:通过检测糖尿病肾病患者血清可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体(sRAGE)、内源性分泌型晚期糖基化终末产物受体(esRAGE)、裂解型晚期糖基化终末产物受体(cRAGE),探讨其与冠状动脉钙化严重程度的相关性。方法:选取2017年2月～2019年6月住院的糖尿病肾病患者53例,其中Ⅲ期18例,Ⅳ期17例,Ⅴ期18例。检测患者血清sRAGE、esRAGE、cRAGE水平,并评估其与冠状动脉钙化严重程度的相关性。结果:Ⅳ和Ⅴ期糖尿病肾病患者血清sRAGE、esRAGE和cRAGE水平均高于Ⅲ期患者(P<0.05),Ⅴ期糖尿病肾病患者sRAGE、esRAGE和cRAGE和冠状动脉钙化积分(CACS)水平亦高于Ⅳ期患者(P<0.05)。糖尿病肾病患者血清sRAGE(r=0.961)、esRAGE(r=0.931)、cRAGE(r=0.964)水平与CACS均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:早期联合检测sRAGE、esRAGE、cRAGE可能成为评估糖尿病肾病患者病情严重程度的重要指标之一,也是预测其发生冠状动脉疾病等心血管事件的重要指标之一。     

糖尿病周围神经痛患者血清促炎细胞因子水平的相关性研究

目的 检测糖尿病周围神经痛患者血清中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α),白介素6(IL-6)的水平变化,探讨促炎细胞因子在糖尿病周围神经痛中所发挥的作用.方法 选择无并发症的糖尿病患者(DM)28例、糖尿病周围神经病变患者(DPN)32例、糖尿病周围神经痛患者(DPNP)28例及正常对照人群28名,采用双抗体酶联免疫吸附法检测血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-6的水平.结果 DM及DPN、DPNP组的血清MIF、TNF-α、IL-6水平均高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P<0.05);DPN及DPNP组的血清MIF、TNF-α水平又均高于DM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.001,P<0.01),而DPN和DPNP组间血清MIF、TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);DM、DPN、DPNP组三者间血清IL-6水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).相关性分析结果 显示:血清MIF、TNF-α仅及IL-6水平三者间相互呈正相关(r=0.337,P<0.01;r=0.216,P<0.001;r=0.281,P<0.05).结论血清促炎细胞因子MIF、TNF-α、IL-6水平的升高可能参与了糖尿病及糖尿病周围神经病的发生、发展,但在糖尿病周围神经痛的发生中可能不起主导作用.     

血糖调节受损者糖化白蛋白与心血管危险因子的相关性

目的探讨血糖调节受损者糖化白蛋白(GA)与强预测因子高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平和总胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值(TC/HDL ratio)的分布特征。方法受试者行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),同时检测空腹GA、hsCRP、TC和HDL水平。按2005年中华医学会糖尿病分会提出的血糖调节受损诊断标准,将所有受试者分为5组:糖耐量正常组、血糖调节受损组(包括单独空腹血糖受损组、单独糖耐量异常组、空腹血糖受损和糖耐量异常联合组)、糖尿病组,比较各组间GA、hsCRP、TC/HDL ratio和OGTT血糖曲线下面积的差异,并进一步分别按hsCRP、TC/HDL ratio四分位水平分组,分析各组GA水平的差异。结果血糖调节受损组及糖尿病组GA、hsCRP、TC/HDL ratio和OGTT血糖曲线下面积与糖耐量正常组之间有统计学差异(P<0.01);GA水平随hsCRP水平和TC/HDL ratio上升而明显升高(P<0.01)。结论初诊糖尿病患者和血糖调节受损者GA水平随hsCRP水平和TC/HDL ratio的升高而上升,其对糖尿病患者远期心血管事件的发生可能有一定的预测作用。     

IGF-1及SHBG与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关关系

目的:探讨血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)及性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)与2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关关系.方法:根据是否存在视网膜病变,将185例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者分为糖尿病视网膜病变组(DR组,n=87)组和非糖尿病视网膜病变组(NDR组,n=98);另选80名同期口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)血糖正常者作为正常对照组(NC组).比较三组空腹血清IGF-1及SHBG水平差异,分析二者及其与年龄、体重指数(IBM)、IGF-1、SHBG、空腹血糖(FBG)、OGTT 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HAb1c)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹C肽、餐后2h C肽(2h C肽)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等指标的相关性.结果:DR组及NDR组空腹血清IGF-1及SHBG水平均低于NC组(均P<0.05),且DR组IGF-1水平低于NDR组,SHBG水平高于NDR组(均P>0.05).相关性分析结果显示,IGF-1与空腹C肽、2 h C肽呈正相关(r=0.327、r=0.207,P<0.05);与年龄、SHBG、OGTT 2 h血糖呈负相关(r=-0.275、r=-0.372、r=-0.184,P<0.05);SHBG与IGF-1、BMI、HbA1c、FBG、空腹C肽、TG呈负相关(r=-0.372、r=-0.437、r=-0.214、r=-0.313、r=-0.419、r=0.291,P<0.05).多元线性回归分析结果显示,IGF-1与SHBG呈负相关(β=-0.321,P=0.017).结论:DR血清IGF-1及SHBG水平降低,且二者及其与他多种因素存在相关性,可能在DR的发生发展中有一定作用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.