Problems of pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is not one disease but several and perhaps many. Diagnosis is imperfect in all forms and the usual lack of histologic material has hampered attempts to understand the pathogenesis and possible interrelationships of the different forms of pancreatic inflammation. Acute pancreatitis does not as a rule evolve into chronic pancreatitis, even after multiple recurrences. Recurrent acute attacks can be ended by identifying and treating the factor causing the disease, including recently recognized entities such as accessory papilla stenosis associated with pancreas divisum. Attempts to improve the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis are focussing upon preventing injury to pancreatic cell structures, enhancing endogenous mechanisms for capture and disposal of activated enzymes, and upon early detection and debridement of damaged pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues. Pancreatic duct stricture or obstruction as a consequence of scarring from necrotizing pancreatitis may produce recurrent symptoms, now designated as obstructive pancreatitis. Obstructive pancreatitis has its own unique histologic characteristics and is appropriately treated by resection of the blocked segment of pancreas when the point of obstruction is distal to the papilla. Chronic pancreatitis differs from acute or obstructive pancreatitis in that it is difficult or impossible to halt its progression. The role of intraductal protein precipitates, whether of enzymes or perhaps of other unique pancreatic secretory proteins, in the pathogenesis of the disease is being evaluated. The goal of surgical treatment is not to cure, but to reduce pain, overcome associated obstruction of the bile duct or duodenum, and to treat pancreatic duct disruptions including pseudocysts and internal pancreatic fistulas. Because continuing deterioration of pancreatic function is to be expected in chronic pancreatitis, maximum conservation of pancreatic tissue by avoiding resectional procedures is advisable. This report is the gist of a paper read by A. L. W. at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan, 1986     

Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis: Inflammatory mimic of pancreatic carcinoma

Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (LP) is a rare cause of benign mass lesions of the pancreas that can resemble adenocarcinoma. This study evaluates and classifies a series of patients with LP. Patients with benign pancreatic disease were identified from a prospective pancreatic database, and these cases were reviewed to identify patients with LP. Patients were subdivided into two groups: (1) classic LP, which included those patients who had all four of the characteristic histologic features of LP, including lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the pancreas, interstitial fibrosis, periductal inflammation, and peri-phlebitis; and (2) intermediate LP, which included patients with at least two of these histologic findings. Patient demographics, pathologic and clinical features, and outcome were analyzed. From 1985 to 2001, a total of 1287 pancreatic resections were performed at our institution, of which 159 were for benign disease. Of these, 31 had pathologic features consistent with LP, and all of these patients had a presumed preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Most of these patients presented with jaundice (n = 21) or abdominal pain (n = 7). In 29 of 31 patients, curative resection was possible. Of these, 28% (8/29) developed recurrence after resection: seven with jaundice and one with recurrent pancreatitis (median time to recurrence, 11 months; median follow up, 38 months). All patients with recurrent jaundice appeared to have biliary strictures at the time of direct cholangiography and no patient had malignancy. A review of the pathology reports identified 19 patients with classic LP and 12 patients with intermediate LP, and there was no difference between these two groups. LP is a rare cause of pancreatitis that is difficult to differentiate from carcinoma preoperatively. Patients with classic and intermediate LP appear to demonstrate a similar clinical behavior. Nearly one third of patients have a progressive course after resection, with 25% developing recurrent jaundice; thus close follow-up is mandatory for all patients. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (oral presentation).     

急性胆源性胰腺炎与高脂血症性胰腺炎的临床特征比较

目的:比较胆源性胰腺炎(BAP)和高脂血症性胰腺炎(HTGAP)的临床特征,为临床诊治提供参考证据.方法:收集整理天津市职业病防治院2018年12月—2020年12月收治的170例临床诊断为急性胰腺炎的病历资料,BAP组106例,HTGAP组64例,比较分析两组的临床基线数据、实验室检查和并发症等数据.结果:相比于BA...     

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目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)外科干预的时机、指征与方式选择。方法回顾性分析1992年7月至2004年1月收治的216例SAP病例,其中非手术治疗87例(40.3%),外科干预治疗129例(59.7%)。结果总并发症发生率47.2%(102/216),总病死率17.6%(38/216),总治愈率82.4%(178/216)。并发症发生率:非手术组为36.8%(32/87),外科干预组为54.3%(70/129),P>0.05;病死率:非手术组为16.1%(14/87),外科干预组为18.6%(24/129),P>0.05;治愈率:非手术组为83.9%(73/87),外科干预组为81.4%(105/129),P>0.05。结论正确地把握SAP的外科干预时机与指征,合理地选择外科干预方式,对于决定SAP预后至关重要。     

T cell lymphoplasmacellular and eosinophilic infiltration of the pancreas with involvement of the gallbladder and duodenum in non-alcoholic duct-destructive chronic pancreatitis

Background Non-alcoholic duct destructive chronic pancreatitis is a rare entity with specific pathological features. The majority of the patients are from Japan. We report a case with involvement of the distal bile duct, the gallbladder, the duodenum and the ampulla, and present a review of patients from Europe and the USA since 1997.Case presentation A 56-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of mild acute pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice, followed by increasing weight loss, lethargy and epigastric pain. CT showed a mass in the head of the pancreas. ERCP demonstrated a smooth stricture of the intra-pancreatic main bile duct and an irregular, incomplete, stricture in the main pancreatic duct. A pancreatic cancer could not be reliably excluded, and, therefore, he underwent a pylorus-preserving Kausch–Whipples pancreatoduodenectomy.Results Histopathology showed typical peri-ductal T cell-rich lymphoplasmacellular and eosinophilic infiltration of the pancreas, with involvement of the distal bile duct but, also, unusual inflammatory infiltration of the gallbladder, the duodenum and the ampulla.Conclusion The inflammatory process in non-alcoholic duct-destructive chronic pancreatitis can affect the entire pancreato-biliary region and mimics pancreatic cancer. Currently, there are no definitive criteria for pre-operative diagnosis, so it is very difficult for one to avoid resection.     

Necrotizing pancreatitis during pregnancy: A rare cause and review of the literature

Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain during pregnancy, and rarely progresses to the necrotizing form of the disease in this clinical setting. Hyperlipidemia is an infrequent cause of acute pancreatitis. Whereas only 100 cases of hyperlipidemia-induced necrotizing pancreatitis have been reported in the literature to date, all of the cases were mild in severity and responsive to conservative medical management. Herein we present a case of life-threatening necrotizing pancreatitis, which developed in a hyperlipidemic pregnant woman and required multiple peripartum pancreatic necrosectomies. Additionally, we review the evaluation of pregnant patients with abdominal pain, the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia-induced necrotizing pancreatitis, and the operative care of this challenging group of patients, revisiting an innovative technique for management of the retroperitoneum.     

Effects of nafamostat mesilate, somatostatin, and glucagon on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats

The inhibitory effects of somatostatin (SMS) and glucagon (Gn) on acute pancreatitis were evaluated in an experimental acute pancreatitis model in male Wistar rats. The effects of these agents were compared with those of nafamostat mesilate (NM). The acute pancreatitis was induced by four serial subcutaneous injections of caerulein. The rats were divided into four groups. The first group (n=28) received SMS daily, the second group (n=28) received Gn daily, and the third group (n=28) received NM daily after the first injection of caerulein. The fourth group (n=42) received caerulein alone and served as the control group. Animals were sacrificed 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h, and 3 and 7 days after the first administration of caerulein and the degree of severity of the acute pancreatitis was evaluated by serial morphological and histological examinations of pancreatic tissues, as well as in terms of the serum concentrations of amylase and lipase. The characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis in the animals of all groups treated with SMS, Gn, or NM were markedly attenuated at all time points after the treatments compared with findings in the controls (caerulein alone) in terms of wet weight of pancreas, serum concentrations of amylase and lipase, formation of intracellular vacuoles in acinar cells, interstitial edema, and infiltration of an inflammatory cell component. The inhibitory effects of SMS, Gn, and NM on acute pancreatitis were similar at the doses used. These results suggest that SMS and Gn are as useful as NM, they may be of value for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.     

重症急性胆源性胰腺炎早期非手术治疗的临床探讨

目的　探讨重症急性胆源性胰腺炎(severeacutebiliarypancreatitis, SABP)早期非手术治疗的方法与效果。　方法　回顾性分析本院1997年1月至2003年12月收治的114例早期非手术治疗的SABP患者的死亡率、并发症发生率和中转手术的情况。　结果　114例中治愈103例,死亡11例,治愈率90. 35%。治疗过程中出现各类并发症42例( 53例次) , 其中多器官功能不全或衰竭9例次(7. 89% ), 坏死组织继发感染4例次(3. 51% ), 胰腺假性囊肿17例次(14. 91% ), 急性肺损伤21例次(18. 42% ), 胰性脑病2例次(1. 75% )。患者预后与APACHE-Ⅱ评分有关。2周内中转手术6例(5. 26% ),包括胰腺坏死组织继发感染4例和不能控制的胆道感染2例。梗阻性和非梗阻性SABP在死亡率和胰腺坏死组织继发感染发生率上相似(P>0. 05)。　结论　SABP早期(2周内)经积极非手术治疗可获得满意疗效,梗阻性SABP当存在不能控制的胆道感染时需早期行胆道手术。中转手术的指征为胰腺坏死组织继发感染、不能控制的胆道感染及治疗期间出现其他外科并发症。     

胆源性胰腺炎103例临床诊治分析

目的：探讨胆源性胰腺炎的发病机制、诊断及治疗。方法：回顾性分析1992年6月～2002年6月间103例胆源性胰腺炎患的临床资料。结果：79例轻型患中，手术治疗67例，非手术治疗12例，全部治愈；24例重型患中手术治疗18例，死亡4例，非手术治疗6例，死亡3例。本组手术有效率95．3％(81／85)，非手术治疗有效率83．4％(15／18)，其中重型胰腺炎手术有效率77．8％(14／18)，非手术有效率50．0％(3／6)。结论：胆道梗阻、炎症是胆源性胰腺炎的主要病因。早期确诊、及时治疗、合理手术是治疗的关键。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗方式及手术时机

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎(acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP)治疗方式和手术时机的选择。方法回顾性分析1997年1月~2007年1月81例ABP病人的临床资料。68例轻型患者中,41例经1~4周保守治疗,待病情缓解后行择期手术;27例因结石嵌顿致胆囊炎急性发作而在入院后2~3 d内手术。13例重型患者中,施行早期手术4例,保守治疗2~4周再择期手术9例。结果68例轻型患者均无并发症治愈出院;13例重型患者除1例早期手术患者于术后第3 d死于多器官功能衰竭外,其余12例均治愈出院。另3例早期手术患者出现术后并发症。结论ABP的手术时机应个体化,除出现胆囊颈结石嵌顿和急性化脓性梗阻性胆管炎外应尽可能延期手术,以减少并发症发生。     

Hereditary pancreatitis in children: surgical implications with special regard to genetic background

Purpose

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is the primary etiology of chronic pancreatitis during childhood, progressing through recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis and finally leading to pancreatic insufficiencies. Hereditary pancreatitis is because of mutations of the cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene. Some other genes, such as SPINK1 or CFTR, have been associated with familial idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. The aim of our study was to clearly define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HP patients, through an analysis of our study group and a review of the literature.

Methods

All children admitted from 1995 to 2007 with a final diagnosis of hereditary pancreatitis were restrospectively included in the study. We analyzed all medical records with special attention given to cases involving genetic screening (PRSS1, SPINK1, and CFTR genes).

Results

Ten children were included. Eight had HP with PRSS1 mutation, 2 of them without a familial history of chronic pancreatitis. The 2 others patients had SPINK1 mutations. Three HP patients were operated on for acute complications of pancreatitis and are well with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. No patient had pancreatic insufficiencies or weight loss.

Conclusions

Hereditary pancreatitis is associated with severe pancreatitis, with a greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer. It must therefore be diagnosed correctly and treated to prevent its considerable complications.     

中度急性胰腺炎临床特征分析

目的探讨中度急性胰腺炎的临床特征。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至12月,青海省交通医院普通外科收治的103例急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis,AP）患者临床资料,根据国际AP专题研讨会最新修订的诊断和分类标准（2012年,美国亚特兰大）诊断为轻度急性胰腺炎（mildacutepancreatitis,MAP）61例、中度急性胰腺炎（moderately severe acute pancreatitis,MSAP）25例、重度急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）17例,对比三组患者一般资料、局部并发症发生此例、器官功能衰竭发生比例、入住ICU比例和天数、干预措施、住院天数、病死率。结果三组患者性别、年龄和病因学情况差异均无统计学意义,但MSAP组APACHEⅡ评分显著高于MAP组,同时低于SAP组（均P〈0．05）。MAP、MSAP和SAP三组出现局部并发症的比例分别为0、92．0％（23125）和76．5％（13／17）（P〈0．05）。MAP组无器官功能表竭发生,MSAP组5例出现一过性（〈48h）器官功能表竭,SAP组均出观特续性（〉48h）器官功能衰竭,SAP组器官功能衰竭比例显著高于MSAP组（P〈0．05）。MAP组无入住ICU病例,均无需介入、内镜或外科干预,无死亡病例。MSAP组入住ICU此例、ICU时间、住院时间和病死率显著低于SAP组（P〈0．05）。结论中度急性胰腺炎为有别于轻度和重度急性胰腺炎的独立类型,伴有局部并发症或一过性（48h内）器官功能表竭,但病死率较低,预后明显好于重度急性胰腺炎。     

Pancreatitis autoinmune: un dilema quirúrgico

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is defined as a particular form of pancreatitis that often manifests as obstructive jaundice associated with a pancreatic mass or an obstructive bile duct lesion, and that has an excellent response to corticosteroid treatment. The prevalence of AIP worldwide is unknown, and it is considered as a rare entity. The clinical and radiological presentation of AIP can mimic bilio-pancreatic cancer, presenting difficulties for diagnosis and obliging the surgeon to balance decision-making between the potential risk presented by the misdiagnosis of a deadly disease against the desire to avoid unnecessary major surgery for a disease that responds effectively to corticosteroid treatment. In this review we detail the current and critical points for the diagnosis, classification and treatment for AIP, with a special emphasis on surgical series and the methods to differentiate between this pathology and bilio-pancreatic cancer.     

Gallstone pancreatitis: positive correlation between severe pancreatitis and passed stone

Background/Purpose Little is known about whether the severity of pancreatitis depends upon persistent stone impaction or stone passage into the duodenum, and the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) has remained controversial.Methods This study reviewed our experience of 183 patients with gallstone pancreatitis, with special attention paid to the relationship between the severity of pancreatitis, the severity of coexisting biliary pathology, and the outcome.Results Sixteen patients (9%) had severe pancreatitis (SP) and the remaining 167 (91%) had mild pancreatitis (MP). All of the SP patients had pancreatic necrosis, and 6 of them developed multiple organ failure (MOF). No SP patients had stones impacted at the papilla of Vater or persistent stones and purulent bile in the bile duct (severe cholangitis). Most SP patients (94%) had stones in the gallbladder alone, suggesting stone passage into the duodenum. Of the 167 MP patients, on the other hand, 58 (35%) had severe cholangitis. Four patients (25%) with SP died of MOF. There were four deaths in the MP group (2%) and all in patients with coexisting severe cholangitis, 2 of whom were in septic shock at the time of admission.Conclusions None of the SP patients had severe cholangitis. The positive correlation between SP and passed stone suggests that early ES should not be advocated for SP patients. MP patients with coexisting severe cholangitis are likely to benefit from ES.     

Role of total pancreatectomy in the treatment of paraduodenal pancreatitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Paraduodenal pancreatitis(PP) is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis presenting with symptoms of duodenal obstruction. Conservative treatment is often unsuccessful and pancreaticoduodenectomy is the preferred surgical approach. A mini review of the outcomes of surgical therapy for PP shows that the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy are predominantly favorable.CASE SUMMARY In our case report of PP, we describe an unusual course first presenting with the symptoms of chronic pancreatitis and a pseudocyst of the pancreatic tail. A pseudocystojejunostomy was performed and the late postoperative course was complicated with the symptoms of duodenal obstruction. At laparotomy, PP was found and the patient was treated with a total pancreatectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful and good weight gain with resolution of pain was demonstrated at follow up visits.CONCLUSION Surgery is currently the optimal treatment option for PP. It is also the best diagnostic tool in distinguishing between pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

药物性胰腺炎研究进展

正近年来,随着临床药物的大量应用,药物性胰腺炎(drug-induced pancreatitis,DIP)的发病率呈逐渐上升趋势。DIP为临床少见的一种特殊类型胰腺炎,起病迅速、病程短,大多数表现为急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP),极少数表现为慢性胰腺炎,其临床表现几乎与其他病因导致的AP相似,并没有相应的特异性检测指标。因此,DIP在临床诊断中很难与其他疾病导致的AP相鉴别,部分甚至可     

Temporary pancreatic stent to prevent post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a preliminary, single-center, randomized controlled trial

Background Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP, which can occasionally become serious or fatal. This preliminary study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a temporary unflanged pancreatic duct stent (PS) to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. Methods A total of 64 patients were randomly divided into a control group, which did not undergo stenting, and a stent group. The stent used was a 5-Fr pigtail PS without an inner flange. Results Placement of an unflanged PS was successful and without complications in all 32 patients. The rates of hyperamylasemia were 50.0% and 34.4% in the control and stent groups, respectively (P > 0.05), and the mean serum amylase levels were 456.2 and 257.9 IU/l, respectively (P = 0.035). The overall rates of post-ERCP pancreatitis diagnosed according to Cotton's criteria were 12.5% and 3.1% in the control and stent groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The severity of pancreatitis was severe in one patient, moderate in one, and mild in two in the control group, whereas in the stent group, the single case of pancreatitis was mild. Conclusions Placement of an unflanged 5-Fr PS may be useful in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis.     

Autoimmune pancreatitis: an underdiagnosed condition in Caucasians

Unlike in Japan, autoimmune pancreatitis is uncommon in the Western world, particularly in Europe. We report the first case of a Caucasian male with typical features of autoimmune pancreatitis in the UK. Recognizing autoimmune pancreatitis as a new clinical entity in Europe will change the management of many patients who have been labelled as having acute or chronic pancreatitis.     

Cholangitis score: a scoring system to predict severe cholangitis in gallstone pancreatitis

Abstract. Background/Purposes: Emergency biliary decompression and stone extraction are mandatory for patients with gallstone pancreatitis who have ampullary stone impaction or persistent stones and pus in the bile duct (severe cholangitis). The aim of this study was to devise a simple scoring system for the prediction of complicating severe cholangitis in gallstone pancreatitis. Methods: Clinical signs, laboratory data, and ultrasonography (US) findings at the time of admission, and the bile duct pathology at the time of bile duct exploration, were reviewed in 66 patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Variables which discriminated 26 patients with bile duct stones from 40 without were defined as predictive factors of bile duct stones. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff values of numerical variables. One point was allocated to each predictive factor, and the total score was defined as the cholangitis score (CS). Bile duct pathology identified at the time of bile duct exploration was graded into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe cholangitis. A threshold value of the CS, claimed to be predictive of severe cholangitis, was determined by using the ROC curve. Results: The scoring system consisted of four predictive factors: (1) pyrexia (temperature ≧38 °C), (2) elevated serum bilirubin (≧2.2 mg/dl), (3) dilated bile duct (≧11 mm maximum diameter on US), and (4) bile duct stones detected on US. The scoring system predicted severe cholangitis with 92% sensitivity and 98% specificity in patients with scores of three or four points. Conclusions: Patients with gallstone pancreatitis who meet three or four of the above predictive factors at the time of admission are likely to have severe cholangitis, and should be rapidly treated by biliary decompression and stone extraction. Received: July 13, 2001 / Accepted: November 16, 2001     

Trends in the management of severe acute pancreatitis: interventions and outcome

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a complex and challenging problem. The aim of the present study was to identify trends in management of SAP patients admitted to a tertiary level ICU, and to relate these to changes in interventions and outcome. METHODS: Patients admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine (DCCM), Auckland Public Hospital with SAP from 1988 to 2001 (inclusive) were identified from the DCCM prospective database, and data were extracted from several sources. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve patients (men 69, women 43, mean age (+/-SD) 57.3 years +/- 14.3) were admitted with SAP to DCCM in the 13-year period. Aetiology was gallstones (42%), alcohol (29%), or idiopathic (29%). At admission to DCCM the median duration of symptoms was 7 days (range 1-100) and the mean (+/-SD) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 19.9 +/- 8.2. Ninety-nine patients (88%) had respiratory failure and 79 (71%) had circulatory failure. The number of necrosectomies peaked between 1991 and 1995 (17/35 patients (49%) compared to 4/22 (18%) prior 1991; chi(2) = 6.90, P = 0.032). Abdominal decompression, enteral nutrition, percutaneous tracheostomy, and the use of stents in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were introduced over the study period. The length of stay in DCCM did not alter (median 4 days, range 1-60) but there was a reduction in the length of hospital stay (median 36 days to 15 days; anova= 6.16, P = 0.046). The overall mortality was 31% (35/112) and did not alter over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: SAP remains a formidable disease with a high mortality despite a number of changes in intensive care and surgical management.