贵州省北部某区农村基层医疗机构门诊抗菌药物使用情况调查

目的 调查分析贵州省北部某区农村基层医疗机构门诊抗菌药物的使用情况,为相关部门的监管、基层医疗机构抗菌药物的规范化使用提供依据。方法 随机抽取该区7所乡镇卫生院和14所村卫生室2014年1月- 2015年12月的西药门诊处方进行统计分析。结果 （1）共抽取门诊处方15 709张,含抗菌药物处方10 730张,抗菌药物平均使用率为68.30%,乡镇卫生院为51.13%,村卫生室为77.80%,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 1183.52,P＜0.001）。（2）乡镇卫生院抗菌药物联用处方占含有抗菌药物处方的11.26%,村卫生室为29.38%,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 371.83,P＜0.001）。（3）抗菌药物费用占比在乡镇卫生院和村卫生室分别为14.83%、20.93%。（4）在给药方式的选择上,口服、肌肉注射、静脉滴注的比例,乡镇卫生院为81.11%、3.46%、13.40%;村卫生室为44.16%、16.72%、32.17%。结论 贵州省北部某区农村基层医疗机构抗菌药物使用率较高,给药方式的选择存在不合理现象,村卫生室抗菌药物不合理使用情况较乡镇卫生院严重。     

Antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. Follow-up utilization and antibiotic use.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of antibiotic prescribing during an initial visit for viral respiratory tract infections on future care seeking and the cost of care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of recorded visits for viral respiratory tract infections (N = 49,862) between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1997, to practices in a large network of affiliated practices that use the same electronic medical record. RESULTS: Patients receiving antibiotics at the initial visit were less likely to return for a second visit, but this difference was small (15.4% vs 17.4%, P < .001). When returning for the second visit, those who received an antibiotic on the initial visit were prescribed more expensive antibiotics than those who had not received an antibiotic on the initial consultation. Overall, cost from initial antibiotic use outweighed any benefit from reduced utilization in adults and children. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prescribing at an initial contact for a viral respiratory tract illness may reduce the likelihood that an individual will return for a subsequent visit, but adds substantial costs to care for the initial antibiotic and for more expensive antibiotics used on subsequent visits.     

全国农村公共卫生项目投入的构成分析

目的模拟测算全国县、乡、村三级机构投入水平,为切实指导我国农村地区公共卫生项目的投入提供可操作性依据。方法上述全国投入的推算,依据的是全国农业人口数,并不包括县辖区内城镇人口数。结果基本医疗成本列入国家财政补助范围,县、乡、村分别需投入621.71亿元、302.29亿元和230.88亿元;如果基本医疗成本完全不纳入国家财政补助范围,分别需要投入157.98亿元、128.36亿元和152.98亿元;如果县级医疗成本列入国家财政补助范围,分别需要投入199.67亿元、302.29亿元和230.88亿元。     

基层和公共卫生人员实际收入与期望收入比较分析

目的：通过分析基层和公共卫生服务机构卫生人员的实际收入和期望收入情况,为完善卫生人员经济激励制度提供政策建议。方法：采用定量问卷调查的方法调查了县CDC、乡镇卫生院、社区卫生服务机构、村卫生室的卫生服务人员,共1020人。分别计算平均月收入,期望月收入和期望收入指数。结果：基层和公共卫生人员的实际收入与期望收入之间存在较大差距。县CDC卫生人员实际月收入最高,乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务机构医生收入水平仅略高于护士和公共卫生人员。村医平均月收入仅为1204元,期望收入指数最高,达3.22。乡镇卫生院和县CDC内不同学历的卫生人员收入没有统计学差异。结论与建议：提高基层和公共卫生人员的工资水平,建立合理的绩效考核制度。同时,应特别注意村医报酬补偿和保障问题。     

A description of outpatient drug use in rural China: evidence of differences due to insurance coverage

This paper describes the effects of health financing systems (insurance) on outpatient drug use in rural China. 1320 outpatients were interviewed (exit interview) in the randomly selected county, township and village health care facilities in five counties in three provinces of central China. The interview was face to face. Questions were asked by a trained interviewer and were answered by patient him/herself. The main finding was that health insurance appeared to influence drug use in outpatient services. The average number of drugs per visit was 2·56 and drug expenditures per visit was 16·9 yuan. Between insured and uninsured (out‐of‐pocket) groups, there were significant differences in the number of drugs and drug expenditures per visit. The insured had a lower number of drugs and a higher drug expenditure per visit than the uninsured, implying the use of more expensive drugs per visit than the uninsured. There were also significant differences in the number of drugs and drug expenditures per visit between the types of insurance. One third of the drugs were anti‐infectives, most of which were penicillin, gentamycin and sulfonamides. The results imply that uninsured patients do not receive the same care as the insured do even if they have the same needs. The fee‐for‐service financing for hospitals and health insurance have changed health providers' and consumers' behaviour and resulted in the increase of medical expenditure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西部农村基层医疗机构门诊处方中成药使用现状

目的:通过分析西部农村基层医疗机构门诊处方数据,揭示中成药在农村地区使用中呈现的规律和问题。方法:选取2011年西部七个省(自治区)农村地区132家医疗机构的14 336张中成药处方数据,描述中成药使用的整体情况,比较不同级别和不同地域医疗机构对中成药使用的差异。结果:中成药处方占农村基层医疗机构处方总数的62.47%,县、乡、村级医疗机构这一比例分别为49.76%、56.96%和71.51%。县、乡、村级医疗机构单张处方使用中成药的品种数分别为1.38、1.91和2.54种,处方平均药费金额分别为52.20元、21.89元和19.37元,中成药基药使用率分别为37.25%、32.14%和25.79%。所有中成药处方中,86.84%由西医师开具,仅13.16%出自中医师,且中医师处方诊断存在西医化现象。结论:我国西部农村各级医疗机构中成药使用情况存在差异,随着医疗机构级别降低,使用中成药的品种数逐渐增多;县级医疗机构平均每张处方药费金额高于乡、村两级医疗机构。基层医疗机构中成药基药使用率低。中成药处方存在西医化现象。相关部门应根据农村各级医疗机构的具体需求和特点,完善中成药处方管理和质量控制。     

Determinants of patient choice of medical provider: a case study in rural China

This study examines the factors that influence patient choice of medical provider in the three-tier health care system in rural China: village health posts, township health centres, and county (and higher level) hospitals. The model is estimated using a multinomial logit approach applied to a sample of 1877 cases of outpatient treatment from a household survey in Shunyi county of Beijing in 1993. This represents the first effort to identify and quantify the impact of individual factors on patient choice of provider in China. The results show that relative to self-pay patients, Government and Labour Health Insurance beneficiaries are more likely to use county hospitals, while patients covered by the rural Cooperative Medical System (CMS) are more likely to use village-level facilities. In addition, high-income patients are more likely to visit county hospitals than low-income patients. The results also reveal that disease patterns have a significant impact on patient choice of provider, implying that the ongoing process of health transition will lead people to use the higher quality services offered at the county hospitals. We discuss the implications of the results for organizing health care finance and delivery in rural China to achieve efficiency and equity.     

河北农民患菌痢疾病意向性就医可及性研究

目的:了解河北农村村民患菌痢选择首诊就医医疗机构地理位置的可及性。方法:以调查表的形式入户询问村民患菌痢选择首诊医疗机构的原因、距离与交通工具。结果:村民患菌痢80.5%选择首诊医疗机构是“村卫生所”,13.3%选择“乡卫生院”,2.8%选择“县医院”,选择村卫生所的主要原因是地理位置“距离近”,选择乡与县医院主要是“有专家”。     

Predictors of an antibiotic prescription by GPs for respiratory tract infections: a pilot

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are over-prescribed for respiratory tract infections in Australia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical predictors of GPs' prescribing of antibiotics. METHODS: We used Clinical Judgment Analysis to study the responses of GPs to hypothetical paper-based vignettes of a 20-year-old with a respiratory tract infection. The nature of four symptoms and signs (colour of nasal mucous discharge; soreness of the throat; presence of fever; and whether any cough was productive of sputum) was varied and their effect on prescribing measured using logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty GPs participated. The nature of each symptom and sign significantly predicted prescribing of an antibiotic. Cough productive of yellow sputum; presence of sore throat; fever; and coloured nasal mucus increased the probability of an antibiotic being prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: GPs are influenced by clinical signs and symptoms to use antibiotics for respiratory infections for which there is poor evidence of efficacy from the literature.