高效液相色谱法测定三黄胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立测定三黄胶囊（大黄、黄芩和黄柏）中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，用Kromasil^TMC18。色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，7gm），以乙腈：0．033mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液（25：75）为流动相，流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长263nm。结果：盐酸小檗碱线性范围为0．144～0．722μg／mL，r=0．9998。平均加样回收率为98．09％，RSD为1．38％（n=5）。结论：本法操作简便，灵敏度高，结果准确稳定，分离效果好，可用于三黄胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定黄柏八味胶囊中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的探讨黄柏八味胶囊的盐酸小檗碱含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Zorbax Eclipse XDB—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5pum），流动相为每100mL加十二烷基磺酸钠0．1g的乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液（50：50），检测波长为265nm，流速为1．0mL／min，柱温为室温。结果盐酸小檗碱进样量在0．102～0．510ug范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999），加样回收率为100．6％．RSD为0．61％（n=6）。结论HPLC法操作简便、稳定可靠、专属性强，可以有效测定黄柏八味胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定三黄片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定三黄片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱含量。方法：色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸（45：55,含1g·L^-1十二烷基磺酸钠）;检测波长为265nm;流速为L0mL·min^-1;柱温为室温。结果：黄芩苷在0．08600—4．320P,g、盐酸小檗碱在0．1020—1．533μg范围内,其质量与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0．9998和0．9999。市售三黄片中,平均每片含黄芩苷0．4900—20．53mg、盐酸小檗碱2．81—5．12mg。结论：该法操作简便,可同时测定三黄片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量;不同厂家黄芩苷的含量差异较大,应加强对黄芩浸膏的投料监督。     

高效液相色谱法测定四方胃胶囊中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的测定四方胃胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）外标一点法,色谱柱为Diamonsil ODSI C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为3．5％十二烷基硫酸钠／0．1mol／L酒石酸一甲醇（30：70）,流速为1．0mL／min,波长为254nm。结果盐酸小檗碱进样量在0．162～0．810μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0．9992（n=5）,平均加样回收率为99．06％,RSD=1．10％（n=6）。结论该方法简便、准确,专属性强,重现性好,可用于四方胃胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的定量分析。     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿肠胃康颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的建立小儿肠胃康颗粒盐酸小檗碱含量的测定方法。方法采用反相Prodigy ODS3色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），柱温为35℃，流动相为乙腈-水（含0．4％磷酸，0．7％三乙胺）溶液（25：75），测定波长为350nm，以外标法定量。结果盐酸小檗碱质量浓度在4．01～200．5μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率为98．45％，RSD=0．81％（n=6）。结论用高效液相色谱法测定小儿肠胃康颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量，操作简便，结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定双黄消炎片中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的建立双黄消炎片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,以Hypersil ODS C18柱为色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以磷酸盐缓冲液（1：1的0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾和0．05mol／L庚烷磺酸钠,含0．2％三乙胺,并用磷酸调pH至3．0）-乙腈（60：40）为流动相,检测波长为345nm,流速为0．8mL／min,柱温为35℃。结果盐酸小檗碱质量浓度在10．7～171．2μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9997）,平均加样回收率为99．49％,RSD=1．92％（n=6）。结论HPLC法简便可行、重复性好,可用于双黄消炎片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定金利油软胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定金利油软胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法色谱柱为C18柱（Agilent Extend．C18,4．6×250mm,5μm）,柱温30℃;流动相为乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（50：50）（每100mL中加十二烷基硫酸钠0．4g,再以磷酸调节pH值为4．0）;检测波长345nm;流速为lmL·min^-1。结果盐酸小檗碱进样量在3．5952—8．3888μg·mL^-1范围内呈现良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98．55％（RSD=0．80％）。结论该方法简便、快捷、准确、重现性好,可以用于金利油软胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方黄松洗液中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定复方黄松洗液中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为磷酸盐缓；中液-乙腈（60：40），流速为0．8mL／min，检测波长为345nm。结果盐酸小檗碱进样量在0．2500～1．284μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，平均回收率为99．55％，RSD=0．93％（n=6）。结论该方法简便可行、重现性好，可用于复方黄松洗液中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定双黄消炎片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定双黄消炎片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法采用ODS C18（200mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，流动相为乙腈0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液三乙胺（25：75：0．05），流速为1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长为265nm。结果黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱分别在19．0-380．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）、1．01-20．18μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）内线性关系良好，平均加样回收率（n=6）分别为100．1％和98．5％。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好，可同时测定双黄消炎片中黄芩苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定三黄痔疮膏中盐酸小檗碱含量

目的建立测定三黄痔疮膏中盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Shim-pack CLC-ODS柱（150mm×6.0mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺（30∶69∶1）,流速为1mL/min,柱温为40℃,检测波长为346nm。结果盐酸小檗碱进样质量浓度在15.63～176.85μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9997）,平均回收率为100.08%,RSD为0.40%（n=5）。结论该方法简便、快捷、准确、实用,可用于三黄痔疮膏中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.