肥胖者胰岛素抵抗与总体脂、局部体脂关系的研究

目的应用扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹技术,研究正常糖耐量中国人中正常体重者及超重/肥胖者胰岛素敏感性的异同,以及体脂含量及分布与胰岛素敏感性的关系.方法对22例居住上海地区中国人,其中正常体重组(BMI＜25kg/m2)9例,超重/肥胖组(BMI≥25kg/m2)13例,进行扩展高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹试验,并应用核磁共振技术(MRI)测定局部体脂.结果(1)超重/肥胖组较之正常体重组胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用率降低[(3.37±0.15)mg*kg-1*min-1比(5.86±0.65)mg*kg-1*min-1,P＜0.01],以糖原合成障碍为主[(1.51±0.15)mg*kg-1*min-1比(3.17±0.62)mg*kg-1*min-1,P＜0.01].(2)超重/肥胖组胰岛素抑制脂氧化及血游离脂肪酸水平的作用减弱.(3)局部体脂中以腹内脂肪增加对胰岛素敏感性的影响最显著(r=-0.80,P＜0.01).结论中国人正常糖耐量、超重/肥胖个体胰岛素敏感性下降,腹内脂肪增加是胰岛素抵抗的主要原因.     

长期高脂饲养大鼠胰岛形态功能改变与外周胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的观察高脂高热量饲料长期饲养对大鼠胰岛形态功能的影响,探讨其与外周胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠30只,分为正常对照组(NC,n=15)和高脂饲养组(HF,n=15),分别给予普通饲料和高脂高热量饲料饲养,采用高胰岛素-正常血糖钳夹技术测定外周胰岛素抵抗程度；以静脉胰岛素释放试验观察胰岛分泌功能；作胰岛素和胰高血糖素双重免疫组化染色,进行胰岛形态学及量化分析；RT-PCR观察胰岛素原mRNA水平的变化。结果HF组的葡萄糖输注率(GIR)显著低于NC组[(5．83±0．79)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)vs(7．60±1．29)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),P＜0．05]。胰岛的免疫组化结果显示HF组单个胰岛的体积增大[(15168±1327)μm~2 vs(6264±1840)μm~2,P＜0．01],β细胞相对于α细胞比率下降[(4．68±1．01)vs(11．84±3．82),P＜0．05],β细胞的胰岛素相对浓度降低[(-5．15±0．03) vs(-4．81±0．17),P＜0．01]。HF组胰岛素分泌高峰明显延迟至10min,NC组达峰时间为5min,HF组胰岛素曲线下面积在10～60min则显著增高[(152．51±34．53)mIU·L~(-1)·min~(-1)vs(86．40±21．21)mIU·L~(-1)·min~(-1),P＜0．01],60 min胰岛素仍在基础水平之上,胰岛素原mRNA差异无统计学意义。结论长期高脂高热量饮食不仅诱导出显著的胰岛素抵抗,胰岛的形态和功能已经出现了早期的损害,提示在2型糖尿病发生发展的前期阶段胰岛的代偿能力已经受损。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4水平的变化及其临床意义

目的检测正常糖调节正常体重者(NW-NGR)和正常糖调节超重/肥胖者(OW/OB-NGR)、2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其亚组2型糖尿病正常体重组(NW-T2DM)和2型糖尿病伴超重/肥胖组(OW/OB- T2DM)的血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平,并探讨RBP4与体脂,糖、脂代谢,胰岛素敏感性等的相关性。方法采用HOMA-IR评价各组胰岛素敏感性,测定受试者的体重指数(BMI),腰臀比(WHR),脂肪含量(Fat%),检测空腹状态下血清RBP4,血糖,HbA_(1C)血脂和胰岛素水平。结果校正年龄、性别后,OW/OB-NGR,T2DM及OW/OB-T2DM组显著高于NW-NGR组的血清RBP4[(29.85±6.60、29.70±5.89、30.86±6.11)mg/L vs(25.47±6.84)mg/L,均P＜0.05]。NW-T2DM与NW-NGR组间的血清RBP4差异无统计学意义(28.35±5.42 vs 25.47±6.84)mg/L,但显著低于OW/OB-T2DM(P＜0.05)。多元逐步回归分析发现,WHR(r~2=0.166,P＜0.01)、甘油三酯(r~2=0.188,p＜0.01)、年龄(r~2=0.205,P＜0.01)是血清RBP4的独立相关因素。结论肥胖者的血清RBP4水平显著升高；血清RBP4与WHR、甘油三酯、年龄呈正相关。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清apelin水平及其相关因素分析

目的测定肥胖及新诊断2型糖尿病患者血清apelin水平，探讨apelin与体脂、糖、脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗等的相关性。方法62例2型糖尿病患者和72例正常糖调节（NGR）者按体重指数（BMI）≥25kg／m^2或〈25kg／m^2又各自分为超重／肥胖与正常体重亚组，采用放射免疫分析法检测空腹血清apelin水平，同时检测空腹血糖（FPG）、HbA1C、血脂各项指标及空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平，计算BMI和腰臀比，并以稳态模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果校正年龄及性别后，2型糖尿病组血清apelin水平高于NGR组[（317．9±99．6vs279．0±66．8）ng／L，P〈0．01]，2型糖尿病组和NGR组中的超重／肥胖者均高于非肥胖者[（354．0±114．4vs274．1±53．0）ng／L，（299．2±74．5vs252．8±48．9）ng／L，均P〈0．05]，且2型糖尿病超重／肥胖组明显高于NGR肥胖组（P〈0．01）；偏相关分析显示，空腹血清apelin与BMI、ln（HOMA-IR）、FPG、总胆固醇（TC）呈正相关（r=0．353，r=0．355，r=0．224，r=0．241，均P〈0．01），与腰围、收缩压呈正相关（r=0．263，r=0．183，P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析发现，BMI、ln（HOMA—IR）和TC是血清apelin的独立相关因素。结论血清apelin水平在肥胖和初发的2型糖尿病人群中升高，且与BMI、HOMA-IR及脂代谢相关，推测apelin可能参与构成胰岛素抵抗综合征的病理生理基础。     

肥胖者胰岛素抵抗与体脂分布关系的研究

对30例居住青岛地区中国人,其中正常体重组(BMI≥25kg/m2)13例,超重/肥胖组(BMI≥25kg/m2)17例,测定胰岛素及C肽,并应用核磁共振技术(MRI)测定局部体脂.结果①超重/肥胖组较之正常体重组胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用率降低,[(3.38±0.15)mg·kg-1·min-1比(5.88±0.65)mg·kg-1·min-1,P《0.01],以糖原合成障碍为主,[(1.53±0.16)mg·kg-1·min-1比(3.19±0.65)mg·kg-1·m-1,P《0.01];②局部体脂中以腹内脂肪增加对胰岛素敏感性的影响最显著(γ=-0.80,P《0.01).结论中国人正常糖耐量、超重/肥胖个体胰岛素敏感性下降,腹内脂肪增加是胰岛素抵抗的主要原因.     

衰老对肌肉组织中过氧化体增殖物激活型受体-γ及葡萄糖转运子-4基础表达水平的影响

目的　观察衰老对肌肉组织中过氧化体增殖物激活型受体 γ(PPARγ)及葡萄糖转运子 4 (GLUT 4 )基础表达水平的影响,探讨其在胰岛素抵抗形成中的意义。方法　用Bergman创立的最小模型技术评价青年鼠(10～12周龄)和老年鼠(2 4月龄)的胰岛素敏感性,采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT PCR)法检测肌肉组织中PPARγ1和PPARγ2 mRNA及GLUT 4mRNA的表达水平。结果　与青年鼠组比较,老年鼠组存在明显的胰岛素抵抗[胰岛素抵抗指数:(11.4 9±6 .92 )vs(5 .2 8±1.94 ) ,P <0 .0 5 ;胰岛素敏感指数:- (0 .0 5±0 .0 3)vs - (0 .0 2±0 .0 2 ) ,P <0 .0 5 ]。用RT PCR方法检测到骨骼肌中PPARγ1和PPARγ2 mRNA均有表达,而以PPARγ1mRNA为主要表达形式;与青年鼠组比较,老年鼠组PPARγ1mRNA [(0 .79±0 .0 4 ) vs(0 .5 2±0 .0 3) ,P <0 .0 1]及GLUT 4mRNA[(0 .73±0 .0 4 )vs(0 .6 1±0 .0 3) ,P <0 .0 5 ]的表达水平均明显降低。结论　衰老降低肌肉组织中PPARγmRNA及GLUT 4mRNA的基础表达水平,直接或间接使骨骼肌糖代谢作用受损,可能参与胰岛素抵抗的形成。     

氯沙坦和氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者瘦素、脂联素及胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦和钙离子通道拮抗剂氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者血浆瘦素、脂联素、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平和胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法采用放射免疫法测定血浆瘦素及脂联素水平、采用稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR），以高效液相色谱检测血浆NE水平。结果氯沙坦组血浆瘦素、脂联素、HOMA—IR、体重指数（BMI）治疗16周前后差异有统计学意义[分别为（35．6±18．5vs32．0±17．1）μg／L，P〈0．05；（9．34±3．12vs12．45±4．52）mg／L，P〈0．01；8．6±2．7vs6．1±2．1，P〈0．05；（28．9±3．8vs27．3±3．2）kg／m^2，P〈0．05]，氨氯地平组在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义[分别为（35．2±18．3vs35．4±18．9）μg/L；（9．32±3．23vs9．39±3．41）mg／L；8．3±2．5vs8．7±2．9；（28．8±3．8vs28．7±3．6）kg／m^2]；血浆NE水平在氨氯地平组治疗后明显增加[（324±112vs449±122）ng／L，P〈0．01]，氯沙坦组治疗前后差异无统计学意义[（322±115vs325±121）ng／L]，两治疗组之间的疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论虽然氯沙坦和氨氯地平有等同的降压效应，但氯沙坦尚能改善与肥胖相关的代谢紊乱，因此肥胖高血压患者用氯沙坦比氨氯地平治疗可能会获得更多益处。     

肥胖和高血压患者餐后甘油三酯代谢异常与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨高血压病与肥胖患者餐后甘油三酯 (TG)代谢异常与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　 19例健康人 ,19例单纯肥胖患者 ,2 1例高血压非肥胖患者 ,2 3例高血压合并肥胖患者禁食 12h后 ,进行标准脂肪负荷试验 ,以TG 8h曲线下面积 (TG AUC)和TG峰反应 (TGPR)作为标准脂肪负荷后TG反应水平的指标。以胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI)及胰岛素曲线下面积 (IS AUC)作为胰岛素敏感性的判定指标。结果　 (1)高血压合并肥胖、高血压非肥胖、单纯肥胖组TG AUC ,TGPR均显著高于正常组 [TG AUC分别为 :(2 4 5 1± 10 6 8)mmol/L、(17 5 8± 7 6 8)mmol/L、(15 2 6± 4 93)比 (8 74± 2 34)mmol/L ,P <0 0 5 ;TGPR分别为 :(5 2 1± 2 2 7)mmol/L、(3 4 6± 1 82 )mmol/L、(3 0 2± 1 0 1)比 (1 5 4±0 5 6 )mmol/L ,P <0 0 5 ],高血压合并肥胖组TG AUC ,TGPR显著高于高血压非肥胖和单纯肥胖组 (P<0 0 1) ,高血压非肥胖组与单纯肥胖组之间无显著性差异。 (2 )高血压合并肥胖、高血压非肥胖、单纯肥胖组ISI(绝对值 ) ,IS AUC均显著高于正常组 ,高血压合并肥胖组IS AUC ,ISI显著高于高血压非肥胖和单纯肥胖组 (P <0 0 1) ,高血压非肥胖组与单纯肥胖组之间无显著性差异。 (3)高血压合并肥胖、高血压非肥胖和肥胖组中具     

高血压病患者胰岛β细胞功能变化及雷米普利的影响

目的探讨高血压病患者胰岛 β细胞功能变化及雷米普利对胰岛 β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性的影响。 方法　用酶联免疫吸附法检测 2 4例健康人及 44例高血压病患者血浆胰岛素原 (PI)、真胰岛素 (TI) ,用放免法测定免疫反应性胰岛素水平 (IRI) ;并利用上述指标计算胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (PI/IRI)和胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,观察 2 1例高血压病患者给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果　 (1)高血压病组患者与对照组比较胰岛素原 (17.2± 8.2vs7.9± 2 .8pmol/L)和免疫反应性胰岛素浓度 (2 1.0± 12 .4vs 14± 7.8μU/ml)有显著性差异 (P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ,胰岛β细胞功能指数 (0 81± 0 32vs 0 5 6± 0 17)亦有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而真胰岛素水平 (8.4± 4.0vs 7.4± 2 .4μU/ml)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 ) 2 1例高血压病患者用雷米普利治疗后免疫反应性胰岛素 (2 1.9± 5 .1vs 14.9± 4.1μU/ml )和胰岛素原水平 (19.3± 8.0vs 12 .5± 8.2 pmol/L)有显著性下降(P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ;胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (0 78± 0 31vs 0 5 4± 0 16 )显著性下降 (P <0 0 1) ,胰岛素敏感性指数 (- 4.4± 0 6vs - 3.5± 0 2 )显著性提高 (P <0     

肥胖高血压病患者肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因多态性与肥胖高血压病患者体脂分布、血压、脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性的关系.方法对上海地区汉族人中218例超重或肥胖的高血压患者,195例正常体重、正常血压受试者,用PCR-RFLP方法检测TNF-α G-308A, G-238A, TNF-α A252G多态的基因型,观察各基因型与肥胖高血压病患者体脂分布、血压、脂代谢和胰岛素敏感性的相关性.结果 (1)肥胖高血压病组与正常对照组之间,各等位基因和基因型频率无明显差异;(2)各基因型之间,血压水平无明显差异;(3)但在肥胖高血压病组中,TNF-α G-308A GA+AA基因型者的腰围、空腹胰岛素水平、胰岛素敏感指数均明显高于GG型纯合子,分别为(95.23±8.41 vs 93.21±8.11)cm,(P<0.05);(8.74±2.31 vs 7.02±2.36)μIU/mL,P<0.05;(2.20±1.31 vs 1.68±1.28,P<0.05).(4)不同基因型血清TNF-α浓度无明显差异.结论 TNF-α G-308A,G-238A,TNF-α A252G的多态性与上海地区汉族人肥胖相关的高血压可能无关,但TNF-α G-308A基因型可能具有与肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗的遗传易感性.     

Satisfaction with ambulatory care of persons with AIDS

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of patient characteristics and site of care to the perception of ambulatory care quality by persons with AIDS (PWAs). DESIGN: Patient surveys and medical record review were used to determine PWAs’ perceptions of their ambulatory care, self-perceived health status, primary care relationships, sociodemographic characteristics, and severity of illness. SETTING: A public-hospital HIV clinic, an academic group practice, and a staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) that together care for 20% of all Massachusetts PWAs. PATIENTS: All active patients as of February 12, 1990, and all new AIDS patients at each of the three sites during the subsequent 13 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN BESULTS: The primary outcome measure was a six-item scale of patient-rated quality of care (PRQC), a newly developed measure that combined patients’ ratings of their physician care, nursing care, involvement in medical decisions, and overall quality of care. Multiple logistic regression was carried out with low PRQC (lowest quart He) as the dependent variable, to identify correlates of patient perceptions of poor quality. Patients who had a primary nurse were significantly less likely to have low PRQC scores (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.26 to 0.97). Black patients and patients who used injection drugs were significantly more likely to rate their care in the lowest quartile (OR=2.22, 95% CI=1.04 to 4.78; and OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.13 to 5.23, respectively), as were those who had lower self-perceived health status, after controlling for confounders; no association was found by site or severity. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that primary nursing may be an important determinant of how PWAs rate the quality of their ambulatory care. Furthermore, PWAs who are black or who are injection drug users are less satisfied than are others with the quality of their ambulatory AIDS care. Presented in part at the annual meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine, April 30, 1993, Arlington, Virginia. Supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, grant number HS06239.     

分析老年糖尿病患者应用甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗的效果

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖在老年糖尿病患者中的临床疗效。方法选取该院2018年7月—2019年7月收治的113例老年糖尿病患者作为研究对象,经随机数字表法,划分A组(n=56,阿卡波糖)和B组(n=57,甘精胰岛素+阿卡波糖),比较两组临床疗效、血糖指标。结果B组患者临床治疗总有效率显著高于A组;经治疗,B组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平明显低于A组。两组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在老年糖尿病患者中应用甘精胰岛素+阿卡波糖,临床疗效显著,使患者的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白等指标得到了明显改善,安全性强。     

Treatment of patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome with Bosentan

We treated prospectively 14 patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome, with a mean age of 10 years, ranging from 3 to 18 years. Treatment continued for 12 months, and demonstrated a lasting symptomatic improvement, but no improvement in terms of mean saturation of oxygen over 24 hours. Exercise capacity, as judged by peak uptake of oxygen, worsened in the six patients able to perform a treadmill test. The symptomatic benefit from dual blockage of endothelin receptors in these patients may be due to mechanisms other than selective pulmonary vasodilatation alone.     

Evaluation of atrial vulnerability with transoesophageal stimulation in patients with atrioventricular junctional: Comparison with patients with ventricular pre-excitation and with normal subjects

The aim of our work was to evaluate the inducibility of atrialfibrillation in a group of patients with atrioventricular junctionalreentrant tachycardia and to compare it with that of patientswith a Kent-type ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-Whitesyndrome) and a control group. One hundred and twenty-five subjects were separated into groups.Group 1 comprised 49 Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, with amean age of 26.4, range 10.66 years; group 2, 51 patients withatrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia inducibleby transoesophageal atrial stimulation andlor clinically documented,with a mean age of 43.4, range 16–78 years; group 3, 25control subjects with a mean age of2.64, range 13–76 years. Each subject underwent atrial transoesophageal stimulation withthe following protocol: programmed atrial stimulation with 1and 2 stimuli during atrial pacing of 100. min^–1 and 150.min^–1; atrial stimulation for 10 s at a rate of 200–300–400–500–600.min^–1 with intervals of 10 s between stimulations, fivesuccessive ‘ramp-up’ atrial stimulations for 9 swith the rate increasing from 100 to 800. min^–1 with intervalsof 10 s between stimulations. The end point was the completionof the protocol or induction of sustained atrial fibrillation(>1 min). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Our resultsshowed that in group 1 atrial fibrillation was induced in 27149patients (55.1%); this was sustained in 13149 (26.5%) and non-sustainedin 14149 (28.5%); in group 2, atrial fibrillation was inducedin 22151 patients (43.0%); it was sustained in 7151 (13.7%)and non-sustained in 15151 (29.4%); in group 3, sustained atrialfibrillation was not induced in any subject and in only onesubject was a non-sustained atrial fibrillation (4 s) induced. The chi-square test showed that group 2 vs group 1 were non-significant,while group 2 vs group 3 and group 1 vs group 3 were significant(P<0.003 and P<0.0007, respectively). Therefore group 2 patients showed a greater atrial vulnerabilityin comparison to the control subjects and a similar vulnerabilityto group 1 patients. It is possible that the greater atrialvulnerability in the patients of group 2 was due to the doublenodal pathway.     

小剂量垂体后叶素合并硝酸甘油治疗咯血

目的评价小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油治疗咯血的疗效及不良反应。方法将50例咯血患者随机分为两组,治疗组在常规治疗基础上（n=26）应用小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油;对照组（n=24）在常规治疗基础上仅应用小剂量垂体后叶素。分析其疗效及不良反应。结果48小时后治疗组有效率96.15％（25／26）,对照组有效率58.33％（14／24）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）;治疗组对血压影响小,无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,对照组能引起血压升高的副作用（P〈0.05）;治疗组出现头晕头痛、胸闷、心悸、腹痛、腹泻、恶心呕吐、出汗、面色苍白等不良反应比对照组少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论小剂量垂体后叶素联合硝酸甘油治疗中量咯血比垂体后叶素单药治疗中量咯血疗效明显提高,且能减少垂体后叶素不良反应。