APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸测定与心脏外科ICU患者预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨心外ICU患者急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ)与血乳酸水平的相关性及对预后的评估价值。方法 检测心外ICU2340例患者血乳酸水平,所有患者在入ICU 24h内进行APACHEⅡ评分,评分以各项指标最差值计算,并按APACHEⅡ评分分为＜15分、15～24分、25～34分、＞34分四组,根据患者预后分为存活组和死亡组,分析血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分的关系。结果 APACHEII评分＜15分组与15～24分组间血乳酸浓度无明显差异,15～24分组血乳酸结果明显低于25～34分组,25～34分组血乳酸结果明显低于＞34分组。死亡组患者血乳酸浓度均明显高于存活组,具有统计学意义 (P＜0.05);死亡组APACHEⅡ得分24.30±7.95,生存组得分7.68±3.91,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。APACHEⅡ评分与血乳酸浓度显著正相关(r=0.805,P＜0.001)。结论 心外ICU患者血乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ评分存在相关性,对判断病情及预后具有重要意义。     

以提高肾脏病整体预后工作组诊断标准分析脓毒症相关急性肾损伤患者的临床特点

  目的 以提高肾脏病整体预后工作组（KDIGO）诊断标准分析重症监护病房（ICU）内脓毒症相关急性肾损伤（AKI）患者的临床特征和预后。方法 应用KDIGO推荐的AKI诊断标准,收集2007年6月—2012年6月江苏省无锡市人民医院ICU收治的符合入选标准的AKI患者资料,回顾性分析脓毒症相关AKI患者的临床特征、预后和影响患者死亡的主要危险因素。结果 在收治的703例AKI患者中,脓毒症相关AKI 395例（56.2%）,脓毒症是发生AKI最主要的原因。脓毒症相关AKI患者中,AKI Ⅰ期146例（37.0%）,Ⅱ期154例（39.0%）,Ⅲ期95例（24.1%）。与非脓毒症相关AKI患者比较,脓毒症相关AKI组急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）、序贯器官衰竭评分（SOFA）更高(25.1±4.9比20.5±6.4,12.9±2.6比10.4±4.5;P值均<0.05)。两组基础血肌酐值差异无统计学意义［(82.9±22.2)μmol/L比(83.1±30.0)μmol/L,P>0.05］,但ICU期间脓毒症相关AKI组血肌酐更高［(143.5±21.6)μmol/L比(96.2±15.5) μmol/L,P<0.05］,进展为AKI Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的比例更高（63.0%比33.1%,P<0.05）,接受肾脏替代治疗的比例更高（22.3%比6.2%,P<0.05）,而肾功能完全恢复的患者比例更少(74.4%比82.8%,P值均<0.05)。脓毒症相关AKI患者90 d病死率高于非脓毒症相关AKI患者(52.2%比34.1%,P<0.05)。随着KDIGO分期的增加,脓毒症相关AKI患者病死率增加。Logistic回归分析显示APACHEⅡ(OR=5.451,95%CI：3.095~9.416)、SOFA(OR=2.166,95%CI：1.964~4.515)和肾脏替代治疗(OR=4.021,95%CI：2.975~6.324)均是脓毒症相关AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论 脓毒症相关AKI 患者全身疾病严重程度高、肾功能差、病死率高。APACHEⅡ、SOFA和肾脏替代治疗是脓毒症相关AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素。        

重症脓毒症患者血清胆红素水平与ARDS发生率和死亡率的相关性研究

目的：探讨重症脓毒症患者血清胆红素水平与ARDS发生率和死亡率的相关性。方法：连续性收录我院2013年1月至2014年6月收治的脓毒症患者86例。所有入选患者记录APACHE II评分,血常规,常规生化检验,胆红素水平,记录患者住院期间的预后情况。利用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic analysis, ROC analysis)综合分析胆红素水平对脓毒症并发ARDS患者的诊断价值。应用Logistic回归分析胆红素与脓毒症并发ARDS的危险度。结果： ARDS组中,死亡患者入科时总胆红素,直接胆红素以及间接胆红素水平(36.1±22.5 umol/L,10.9±11.2 umol/L,28.8±14.2umol/L)均高于存活患者(26.6±15.1 umol/L,8.9±5.2 umol/L,18.4±7.2 umol/L)(P总胆红素<0.05),死亡患者在诊断ARDS当天血清总胆红素明显高于存活组(46.8±18.3umol/L vs. 33.8±19.2 umol/L)(P<0.05)。诊断ARDS当天的总胆红素水平对于ARDS的诊断有中等程度的诊断价值(AUC=0.689,P=0.013)。在入ICU时,血清总胆红素水平每升高1mg/dL,ARDS发生风险增加51%(OR=1.51,P=0.031),死亡风险增加68%(OR= 1.68,P=0.012)。诊断ARDS时,血清总胆红素水平每升高1mg/dl,死亡风险增加167%(OR=2.67,P=0.008)。 结论：脓毒症患者中,胆红素水平与ARDS的发生以及病情预后密切相关。     

急性心肌梗死与心绞痛患者血清胆红素水平的比较

目的 探讨心绞痛和急性心肌梗死患者血清胆红素的差异。方法 收集符合1979年WHO诊断标准的心绞痛(AP)患者71例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者61例,其中单纯前壁AMI 11例,下壁AMI 14例。采清晨空腹静脉血测定血清总胆红素(Tbil)、直接胆红素(Dbil)、间接胆红素(Ibil)浓度并进行比较。结果 AMI组各型血清胆红素(Tbil 14.56±6.46μmol/L,Dbil 6.20±2.71μmol/L,Ibil 8.31±4.66μmol/L)均高于AP组(Tbil 11.25±4.79μmol/L,Dbil 4.94±1.82μmol/L,Ibil 6.25±3.99μmol/L),P<0.01。前壁AMI患者血清胆红素水平(Tbil 15.99±8.79μmol/L,Dbil 6.88±4.99μmol/L,Ibil 9.11±5.12μmol/L)较下壁AMI患者血清胆红素水平(Tbil 12.34±2.86μmol/L,Dbil 5.15±0.81μmol/L,Ibil 7.18±2.32μmol/L)高,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 AMI患者与AP患者血清胆红索水平存在显著性差异,但前壁AMI患者与下壁AMI患者血清胆红素水平的差异无统计学意义。     

ICU危重症患者APACHEⅡ评分变化率和临床预后的关系

目的：分析ICU危重症患者APACHEⅡ评分变化率（简称APACHEⅡ变化率）和临床预后的关系。方法：选取ICU收治危重症患者94例作为研究对象并跟踪28d,根据28d生存情况分为生存组（66例）和死亡组（28例）两组,收集第1天APACHEⅡ评分（APACHEⅡ1）、第二天APACHEⅡ评分（APACHEⅡ2）资料,计算APACHEⅡ变化率;对比两组患者之间APACHEⅡ1、APACHEⅡ2和APACHEⅡ变化率的差异;采用ROC曲线的方法比较APACHEⅡ1和APACHEⅡ变化率预测临床预后的差异。结果：死亡组患者APACHEⅡ1、APACHEⅡ2高于生存组,而APACHEⅡ变化率低于生存组,差异显著,具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;APACHEⅡ变化率和预后呈负相关性（P＜0.05）;ROC曲线结果显示APACHEⅡ变化率预测总体预后的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.880,高于APACHEⅡ1的曲线下面积0.775,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。APACHEⅡ变化率的最佳界值为0.21（敏感性60.7%,特异性95.5%）。结论：APACHEⅡ变化率对ICU危重症患者临床预后的评估意义高于单纯对APACHEⅡ1的观察。     

重症监护病房脓毒血症患者免疫功能与预后有关

目的：探讨ICU脓毒血症患者的免疫特征以及与患者预后的关系。方法：选取2017年3月-2019年6月入住枣庄矿业集团中心医院ICU的68例脓毒血症患者，以患者死亡或者患者病情减轻转入普通病房作为观察终点。在患者入ICU时取外周血检测T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞占比、免疫球蛋白、补体水平，并行APACHEⅡ评分。分析不同预后患者的免疫特征及与病情的相关性。结果：68例患者中，15例患者死亡，53例患者存活，死亡与存活患者在性别、年龄、病程上没有显著性差异（P均>0.05）。死亡组患者CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞百分数、补体C3均显著低于存活组（P<0.05）。死亡组APACHEⅡ评分显著高于存活组（24.36±5.28 vs 15.49±4.57，t=6.413，P<0.05），CD4+细胞、补体C3水平与APACHEII评分负相关（r=-0.265，-0.267，P=0.029，0.028）。结论：在ICU重症脓毒血症患者中，死亡患者的免疫功能明显低于存活患者，且CD4+细胞和补体C3水平可以作为判断患者病情严重程度和预后的重要指标。     

脉搏指示连续心搏出量检测技术对严重肺部感染合并心力衰竭患者预后的影响和危险因素分析

目的 探讨脉搏指示连续心搏出量检测（PiCCO）指导液体管理对重症肺炎合并心衰竭的预后意义,并分析影响短期病死率的危险因素。方法 选择北京大学首钢医院重症监护室（ICU）自2013年1月～2015年1月收治并应用PiCCO技术指导液体管理的57例重症肺炎合并心力衰竭的患者作为PiCCO组,同期选择基础情况类似的应用中心静脉压（CVP）指导液体管理的64例重症肺炎合并心衰患者作为对照组,比较两组72h内液体管理数据,治疗1d和3d的APACHE II评分、SOFA评分、CPIS评分变化,以及住院期间血管活性药物使用时间、机械通气时间、床旁血液净化率、ICU住院时间和28天病死率。Kaplan-Meier生存分析评价两组的生存情况。Logistic回归分析28天病死率的危险因素。并应用受试者工作特征性（ROC）曲线分析危险因素的阈值和相应的敏感性和特异性。结果 共有121例患者入选,男73例,女48例,平均年龄62.3±17.2岁。两组间年龄、性别比例、既往病史、血乳酸、血肌酐、氧合指数、平均动脉压、APACHE II 评分、SOFA评分、CPIS评分等均无显著差异（均P>0.05）。PiCCO组患者的0～12h液体出量明显多于对照组（P<0.05）,但24～48h、48～72h两组无显著差别（P>0.05）。治疗3d时,PiCCO组患者的APACHE II、 SOFA评分均较对照组显著降低,但CPIS评分两组无明显差异。住院期间PiCCO组的应用血管活性药物的比例、血液净化率、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间较对照组均显著减少（P<0.05）,但Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示两组住院期间和28天生存均无显著差别（P>0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示年龄（OR 1.71, 95% CI, 1.13～2.73,P=0.003）、APACHE II评分（OR 1.92, 95% CI, 1.17～3.72,P=0.01）、SOFA评分（OR 2.32, 95% CI, 1.87～4.52,P=0.02）和机械通气时间（OR 2.08, 95% CI, 1.47～3.93,P=0.002）为28天病死率的独立危险因素,ROC曲线显示年龄≥67岁、SOFA ≥6分、APACHE II≥23分和机械通气时间≥7天为相应危险因素的阈值。结论 PiCCO技术可以精确指导重症肺炎合并心力衰竭患者液体管理,降低APACHE II、 SOFA评分,减少机械通气时间和ICU住院时间,但对短期病死率无明显影响。年龄、APACHE II评分、SOFA评分和机械通气时间为28天病死率的独立危险因素。     

重症监护室危重患者早期血磷水平与预后的相关性分析

目的探讨重症监护室（ICU）危重患者早期血磷水平与预后的相关性。方法将2008年6月-2010年9月入住我院内科重症监护室的227例危重患者按预后分为生存组（183例）和死亡组（44例）,比较2组患者血磷、血钙、血镁、血乳酸及APACHEⅡ评分;按照APACHEU评分分为轻度组（≤10分）92例、中度组（11～20分）86例及重度组（／〉21分）49例,比较3组患者低磷血症的发生情况;血磷与血乳酸及APACHEⅡ评分进行相关回归分析。结果存活组和死亡组患者血磷、血乳酸及APACHEⅡ评分比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,血钙、血镁比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;轻度、中度及重度组患者低磷血症发生情况比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;血磷与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关关系。结论重症监护室危重病患者早期血磷水平对于判断其预后具有临床意义。     

动脉血乳酸/血清白蛋白对ICU脓毒症患者预后的预测价值

目的 探讨动脉血乳酸（LAC）/血清白蛋白（ALB）比值（LAR）对重症医学科（ICU）脓毒症患者预后的预测价值。方法 收集392例入住ICU就诊的脓毒症患者临床资料，根据生存情况将患者分为生存组191例及死亡组201例。比较两组入住ICU后24 h内的白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板、降钙素原、ALB、LAC，计算查尔森共病（CCI）指数、序贯器官衰竭评估（SOFA）评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况量表系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）及LAR。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线，计算曲线下面积（AUC），分析LAR对ICU脓毒症患者预后的预测效能。根据ROC曲线中LAR的截断值将患者分为低LAR者及高LAR者，Kaplan-Meier生存曲线验证高LAR患者与低LAR患者之间是否存在生存差异。结果 死亡组LAC、LAR及CCI指数、SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分均高于生存组（P均<0.05），两组PCT、WBC、Hb、PLT、ALB比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示，CCI指数、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、LAC、LAR预测ICU脓毒症患者预后的AU...     

感染性休克患者预后与血乳酸清除率的临床研究

目的 探讨感染性休克患者早期乳酸清除率与预后的关系。方法 回顾性研究我院重症监护病房感染性休克患者56 例，收集其APACHE II评分、入ICU 6 h 后动脉血乳酸清除率及患者预后。分别将患者分成存活组和死亡组，高乳酸清除率组（6 h 乳酸清除率＞10%）和低乳酸清除率组（6 h 乳酸清除率＜10%），比较各组间的差异。结果 各组年龄、性别、APACHEII评分和基础血乳酸值差异无统计学意义。存活组乳酸清除率明显高于死亡组 [（29.83±14.96）% vs （9.74±8.61）%，P ＜0.01]；高乳酸清除率组病死率均明显低于低乳酸清除率组 （11.49% vs44.00%，P ＜0.01）。结论 早期乳酸清除率＞10%能准确评估感染性休克休克患者的预后。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.