参芍胶囊对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心脏过氧化损伤的影响

目的观察参芍胶囊预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)大鼠心脏组织和功能及过氧化损伤、抗氧化能力的影响。方法采用左冠状动脉前降支结扎30 min,再灌注120 min制备心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、模型组、参芍胶囊250 mg/kg组、参芍胶囊500 mg/kg组和阿托伐他汀组,每组6只。术前用药7 d。再灌注后生理记录仪记录血流动力学变化,生化法检测血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及心肌组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)含量。结果与模型组比较,参芍胶囊高、低剂量组与阿托伐他汀组CK-MB和LDH均明显降低(P0.05或P0.01)。与参芍胶囊250 mg/kg组比较,参芍胶囊500 mg/kg组和阿托伐他汀组LDH显著降低(P0.01)。与模型组比较,参芍胶囊250 mg/kg组左心室内压最大上升速率(+dp/dt_(max))值明显升高(P0.05);参芍胶囊500 mg/kg组和阿托伐他汀组LVSP和-dp/dt_(min)值明显升高(P0.05),+dp/d_(max)值显著升高(P0.01),左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)值明显降低(P0.05)。与模型组比较,参芍胶囊高低剂量组与阿托伐他汀组心肌中丙二醛(MDA)明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),超氧化物气化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶明显升高(P0.05或P0.01)。结论参芍胶囊预处理能够抑制MIRI后大鼠心肌损伤,改善心脏血流动力学状态,抑制膜脂过氧化产物的生成及提高机体抗氧化损伤能力。     

阿托伐他汀对ox-LDL诱导的炎症反应的影响及其机制探讨

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对氧化低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导的内皮细胞炎症反应的影响.方法 将单核细胞THP1细胞随机分4组,分别为：空白对照组、ox-LDL组、阿托伐他汀组、阿托伐他汀＋ox-LDL组.作用24h后收集细胞.应用ELISA法检测各组THP1细胞上清液中的炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平.结果 与ox-LDL组相比,阿托伐汀组和阿长伐他汀fox-LDL组THP细胞分泌的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6明显降低（P均＜0.05）.结论 阿托伐他汀可以降低ox-LDL诱导的炎症反应.     

阿托伐他汀对心肌缺血再灌注老年大鼠NF-κBp65、COX-2表达的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对心肌缺血再灌注老年大鼠NF-κBp65、COX-2表达的影响.方法 健康Wistar老年大鼠30只,18月龄,随机分为3组,假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、阿托伐他汀组(AT组),每组10只.采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支制备心肌缺血再灌注模型.观察阿托伐他汀对缺血再灌注老年大鼠血清中肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、天门冬氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)溢出量的影响;采用免疫组化法观察心肌缺血再灌注后心肌组织细胞中NF-κBp65及COX-2的蛋白表达.结果 与S组比较,I/R组心肌组织中CK-MB、AST及LDH含量明显增高,NF-κBp65的活性增高,COX-2的蛋白表达明显增加均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001);AT组中CK-MB、AST及LDH含量、NF-κBp65及COX-2略升高均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 CK-MB、AST、LDH的含量及NF-kBp65和COX-2在心肌缺血再灌注中均有高水平表达,提示炎症参与了心肌缺血再灌注,机制可能是NF-κBp65通过对COX-2的转录调控发挥了重要作用;阿托伐他汀可抑制NF-κBp65活性,降低COX-2的蛋白表达水平,减轻I/R心肌炎症反应,对心肌起保护作用.     

阿托伐他汀通过抑制NF-κB对抗大鼠缺血再灌注心肌炎症反应和凋亡的机制

目的:观察阿托伐他汀预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和白细胞介素-l(IL-1)、心肌细胞内Caspases-3和NF-κB表达的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀的心肌保护作用机制。方法:将40只雄性SD大鼠随机等分为4组:假手术组(A组,0.9%氯化钠溶液5ml/d),缺血再灌注组(B组,0.9%氯化钠溶液5ml/d)、阿托伐他汀标准剂量预处理组(C组,阿托伐他汀20mg/d)和阿托伐他汀强化剂量预处理组(D组,阿托伐他汀40mg/d)。灌胃7d后,第8天制作大鼠在体心肌I/R模型,结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注120min后,用ELISA法检测心肌中TNF-α和IL-1β水平,Western blot检测活化Caspase-3和NF-κB的表达。结果:与B组比较,C组TNF-α、IL-1β、Caspases-3、NF-κB水平均明显减少(均P0.05);与C组比较,D组TNF-α、IL-1β、Caspases-3及NF-κB表达减少更为明显(均P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀预处理明显抑制炎症反应,减少细胞凋亡,减轻MIRI损伤,呈现较强的心肌保护作用,其机制可能与抑制心肌NF-κB表达有关。     

阿托伐他汀对CHF患者血清炎症因子水平的影响及意义

目的探讨阿托伐他汀治疗慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效及机制。方法将60例CHF患者随机分为阿托伐他汀组和常规组,两组均予CHF常规治疗,阿托伐他汀组加用阿托伐他汀,疗程均为4周。治疗前后分别采用免疫透射比浊法和放射免疫分析法检测血清血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、IL-6和TNFα-水平,行心脏超声检查测定左室射血分数（LVEF）;检测结果与30例健康体检者（正常组）比较。结果治疗前所有CHF患者血清CRP、IL-6和TNFα-水平均明显高于正常组（P〈0.05）;治疗后均明显降低（P〈0.05）,但阿托伐他汀组较常规组降低更明显（P〈0.05）。与常规组比较阿托伐他汀组LVEF升高更明显（P〈0.05）。结论阿托伐他汀治疗CHF短期效果确切,其机制可能为降低血清炎症因子水平。     

阿托伐他汀与罗格列酮对缺血再灌注心肌的作用及可能机制

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀、罗格列酮及两药联合应用对大鼠急性缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌的作用及可能机制。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠63只随机分5组:假手术组(7例)、I/R组(14例)、阿托伐他汀组(14例)、罗格列酮组(14例)、阿托伐他汀+罗格列酮组(14例)。灌胃1周后制作大鼠在体心肌I/R模型。再灌注后,测定血清心肌酶及一氧化氮(NO);心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)及总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD);Evansblue、TTC双重染色后,用计算机图像分析软件计算梗死面积。结果:阿托伐他汀组、罗格列酮组、阿托伐他汀+罗格列酮组与I/R组比,心肌梗死面积减少,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)降低,NO升高;TSOD升高、MDA降低(P0.01)。阿托伐他汀+罗格列酮组较阿托伐他汀组、罗格列酮组心肌梗死面积减少;LDH、CK降低,NO升高;TSOD升高、MDA降低(P0.01);较假手术组NO、TSOD降低,MDA升高(P0.01),LDH、CK升高(P0.05)。阿托伐他汀组与罗格列酮组各指标水平接近(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀、罗格列酮及两药联合应用能明显减轻心肌I/R损伤;其作用机制与增加NO含量、提高心肌组织TSOD活性,降低MDA含量有关。     

阿托伐他汀通过激活Nrf2通路对抗大鼠缺血再灌注心肌氧化应激损伤和凋亡

目的:观察阿托伐他汀预处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤(MIRI)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)浓度、心肌细胞内Caspase-3和Nrf2表达的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀的心肌保护作用机制。方法:将40只雄性SD大鼠随机等分为4组:假手术组(A组)、缺血再灌注组(B组)、阿托伐他汀标准剂量预处理组(C组)和阿托伐他汀强化剂量预处理组(D组)。灌胃7d后,第8天制作大鼠在体心肌MIRI模型,结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注120min后,用比色法检测心肌中MDA和SOD浓度,Western blot检测活化Caspase-3和Nrf2的表达。结果:与B组比较,C组SOD浓度明显增加(P0.05),MDA浓度明显减少(P0.05),Caspase-3表达明显减少(P0.05),Nrf2表达明显增多(P0.05);与C组比较,D组SOD浓度、Nrf2表达增加更为明显(P0.05),MDA、Caspase-3表达减少更为明显(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀预处理明显增强抗氧化酶活性,抑制指质过氧化,减少细胞凋亡,减轻MIRI损伤,且呈剂量依赖性,表现较强的心肌保护作用,其机制可能与增加心肌Nrf2表达有关。     

不同剂量阿托伐他汀对心房颤动患者hs-CRP、NO、IL-6、脂联素水平的影响

目的 观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对房颤患者hs-CRP、NO、IL-6、脂联素水平的影响.方法 选取合肥市第三人民医院2012年12月至2014年2月住院的房颤患者80例,随机分为20 mg阿托伐他汀组和40 mg阿托伐他汀组,每组40例,观察两组患者治疗前后超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-C RP）、一氧化氮（NO）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、脂联素和左房内径的变化.结果 治疗前、后,20 mg阿托伐他汀组hs-CRP水平分别为（6.25±1.75）mg/L和（5.23±1.85）mg/L,IL-6水平分别为（14.53±2.32）ng/L和（13.02±2.12）ng/L;40 mg阿托伐他汀组hs-CRP水平分别为（6.45±1.65）mg/L和（4.25± 1.72）mg/L,IL-6水平分别为（14.65±2.42）ng/L和（11.12±1.25）ng/L.两组治疗后各项水平均明显降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且40 mg阿托伐他汀组降低更明显,与20 mg阿托伐他汀组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.20 mg阿托伐他汀组NO水平治疗前后分别为（26.30±1.65）mmol/L和（35.25±1.78）mmol/L,脂联素水平分别为（7.26±3.25）μg/L和（8.56±3.12）μg/L.两组治疗后各项水平均明显升高,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且40 mg阿托伐他汀组升高更明显,与20 mg阿托伐他汀组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 大剂量阿托伐他汀能显著改变房颤患者血清炎症因子水平,且呈剂量依赖性.     

阿托伐他汀联合辅酶Q10对心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶及心肌纤维化的影响

目的 观察联合应用阿托伐他汀及辅酶Q10对心肌梗死后心衰大鼠丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及心肌纤维化的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀联合辅酶Q10在治疗心衰中的作用.方法 Wistar大鼠氟烷麻醉后,结扎左冠状动脉前降支,术后6 w成功建立心衰模型.将大鼠随机分为4组(每组6只):假手术组、模型组、模型+阿托伐他汀组、模型+阿托伐他汀+辅酶Q10组,给药组均于术后第7周开始给药,其中阿托伐他汀给药浓度为10 mg·kg-1·d-1,辅酶Q10给药浓度为30 mg·kg-1·d-1,连续给药5 w,1次/d.5 w后硫代巴比妥酸法测定血清中MDA含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血清中SOD活性,光镜观察心肌纤维化的程度.结果 模型+阿托伐他汀组较模型组血清中MDA含量显著减少(P＜0.01),SOD活性显著增强(P＜0.01),心肌纤维化程度减轻;模型+阿托伐他汀+辅酶Q10组较模型+阿托伐他汀组MDA含量减少(P＜0.05),SOD活性增强(P＜0.05),心肌纤维化程度减轻.结论 阿托伐他汀联合辅酶Q10较单独应用阿托伐他汀能进一步保护心肌,减少心肌梗死后心衰大鼠血清中MDA含量,增加SOD活性,减轻心肌纤维化程度.     

阿托伐他汀对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌血液前向流动的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后心肌血液前向流动的影响。方法选取健康SD大鼠45只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、实验组,各15只。假手术组和模型组术前7d给予生理盐水灌胃,实验组术前7d给予阿托伐他汀15mg/kg灌胃,均为每日1次,连续灌胃7d。制造心肌缺血再灌注模型,分别检测血清心肌肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH);用超声仪检测心率(HR)、左心室收缩末压(LVESP)、左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、主动脉收缩压(SBP)、主动脉舒张压(DBP);心肌染色后计算心肌缺血风险率(AR/WH%)、心肌梗死率(IS/WH%)、心肌无复流率(AN/WH%)。结果模型组和实验组CK-MB、LDH明显高于假手术组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。与假手术组比较,实验组CK-MB、LDH明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.01)。与假手术组比较,实验组和模型组HR、LVESP、LVEDP、SBP、DBP差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。实验组与模型组HR、LVSP、LVEDP、SBP、DBP比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.01)。模型组与实验组AR/WH%比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组IS/WH%、AN/WH%均明显小于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀能够改善心肌缺血再灌注后血液流动,促进血液前向流动,减少无复流发生,减少心肌缺血和缩小心肌梗死面积。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.