高血压临床研究中动态血压监测的意义

近年来，24小时动态血压监测(ABPM)已在全世界范围内广为应用．成为临床高血压病诊断和指导、评价降压治疗的重要手段之一。1994年北京阜外医院开展了12家协作单位参加的“中国APTH临床试验”。该研究得出结论：应用ABPM指导临床降压治疗．既可减少降压药物用药剂量，又可以将血压持续控制，比传统依据诊室偶测血压(CBP)指导降     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律控制情况及影响因素分析

目的观察治疗中的老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律的控制情况,并分析其影响因素。方法连续收集10年来曾在我科住院的老年高血压患者共638例。根据动态血压监测结果将血压昼夜节律分为杓型、非杓型、反杓型及超杓型,并通过非条件Logistic回归分析血压昼夜节律的影响因素。结果入选病例中,正常血压节律者占23.57%(151/638),异常血压节律者占76.43%(487/638);其中非杓型占48.43%,反杓型占26.49%,超杓型占1.41%。非条件Logistic回归结果提示,年龄≥80岁是异常血压节律的危险因素,而服用利尿剂则降低血压异常节律的危险(P<0.05)。性别、靶器官损害、糖尿病及其他降压药物对血压节律均无影响(P>0.05)。结论在老年高血压患者中应重视血压节律的监测。对异常血压昼夜节律的患者,选用利尿剂可能是较好的治疗措施之一。     

动态血压监测老年高血压患者降压治疗效果

偶测血压 (即诊所血压 )是诊断高血压的依据 ,也是临床医生调整指导用药的重要指标 ,但高血压患者虽然经过积极的降压治疗 ,心血管病发生率仅下降 1 9% [1 ] ,有学者指出其可能原因之一是降压不足 ,偶测血压 (诊所血压 )并不能完全反映患者 2 4h的血压控制情况 ,应用 2 4h动态血压监测能更好地反映患者的血压控制情况[2 ] 。本文对 1 0 0例治疗后老年高血压患者进行动态血压检测 ,观察血压控制情况。1　资料和方法1 1　资料 :高血压组 :从 2 0 0 1 4～ 2 0 0 1 1 0来本院疗养的离休老干部中随机抽取 1 0 0例降压治疗中的高血压病患者 ,符…     

高血压患者动态血压监测分析及对策

高血压患者降压治疗的最终目的在于降低患者心、脑、肾等靶器官的损害，从而降低患者心、脑血管疾病的发病率和病死率。而评价降压治疗的效果，动态血压监测（AbpM）是一项较为客观的重要指标。动态血压监测是近年来发展起来的诊断新技术，可以客观反映高压患者的血压波动情况、昼夜节律及用药效果。笔者对2004年8月～2006年10月门诊治疗的86例原发性高血压患者动态血压监测结果进行分析，[第一段]     

老年高血压患者的血压昼夜节律控制情况及影响因素分析

本研究回顾性分析了我科近10年来老年高血压患者的动态血压监测资料,旨在观察治疗中的老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律的控制情况,并分析其影响因素。1资料与方法连续收集近10年来曾在我科住院的老年高血压患者共638例。根据动态血压监测结果将血压昼夜节律分为杓型(151例)、非杓型     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律特点及药物干预的研究

目的研究老年高血压患者24h动态血压昼夜节律特点以及培哚普利干预的疗效。方法对60例老年高血压患者（观察组）和100例非老年高血压患者（对照组）进行动态血压监测（ABPM）;观察组患者给予口服培哚普利,于服药前后及检测24h动态血压（ABPM）、血脂、血糖、肝肾功能等。结果观察组患者昼夜节律性和全天及昼间舒张压低于对照组（P〈0．05）。夜间收缩压和脉压差均高于对照组（P〈0．001）。观察组口服培哚普利4周后,24h、白昼、和夜间血压均值均比治疗前明显下降（P〈0．01）,夜间血压比白昼血压均值下降明显（P〈0．01）。结论老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律降低、动脉压差增大,白天舒张压降低、夜间收缩压增高、脉压差增大是老年高血压病血压昼夜节律特点。培哚普利能24h缓慢降低老年高血压患者血压尤其夜间收缩压,改善非杓型血压昼夜节律。     

老年高血压患者血压控制率和降压药物分析

高血压是一种严重危害老年人健康的最常见的慢性疾病，在我国，高血压的发病情况呈现患病率高、知晓率低、治疗率低和控制率低的“一高三低”的流行病学特征。为了解离休干部中高血压的血压控制情况，以及他们服用的常用药物及其配伍，我们调查了2002年来我院体检疗养的离休干部，现将调查结果报道如下，     

动态血压监测导向调时用药治疗中老年高血压

动态血压监测（ABPM）证实，多数高血压患者不论是否进行药物治疗，ABPM曲线峰值在24h内有二次。在清晨5～6时迅速上升，8～9时达高峰，下午17～18时又出现第二次高峰[1]。常规降压治疗在早中晚餐后服药不利于血压峰值的超前控制，致使在降压治疗下血压不能持续有效地平稳降低。笔者从ABPM曲线导向调时于血压上升前服药治疗，疗效颇佳，现报告如下。1对象与方法1.1对象诊断明确的高血压病Ⅱ期患者（WHO标准）86例，男66例，女20例；年龄48～72岁，平均58．7岁。病程平均15±5年，全部为住院或门诊观察的患者。1．2方法1．2．l停用降压…     

4种抗高血压药物对血压和血压变异性的影响

目的:研究4种不同类型的抗高血压药物对血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)的影响。方法:99例轻、中度原发性高血压患者,分别服用多沙唑嗪1mg/d(30例)、塞利洛尔100mg/d(18例)、咪达普利5mg/d(31例)和左旋氨氯地平2.5mg/d(20例),比较治疗前和治疗8周后动态血压和BPV的变化。结果:①多沙唑嗪、咪达普利和左旋氨氯地平组白昼的收缩压和舒张压分别降低9.67/6.64mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)、5.06/2.39mmHg和9.65/5.35mmHg,而左旋氨氯地平组还降低夜间的收缩压和舒张压12.60/8.45mmHg;②多沙唑嗪组和左旋氨氯地平组能降低BPV,多沙唑嗪组24h收缩压、舒张压和白昼的收缩压变异分别减少19.0%、13.8%和12.5%(P<0.05或P<0.01),左旋氨氯地平组夜间收缩压、舒张压变异分别减少27.4%和18.1%(P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论:①多沙唑嗪、咪达普利和左旋氨氯地平组白昼的降压幅度较为明显,而左旋氨氯地平组还能降低夜间的血压;②多沙唑嗪组和左旋氨氯地平组能降低BPV。     

Prevalence of masked and nocturnal hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is considered as a risk factor for the development and worsening of compensation of arterial hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence of masked and nocturnal hypertension can have a significant negative impact on these patients and these prevalences are not well known.AimTo evaluate the prevalence of masked and nocturnal hypertension in patients with OSA.Materials and methodsIn this study, 97 (88 men) patients were enrolled, average age 53.9 ± 9.7 years. OSA was diagnosed with polysomnography and the continuous positive airway pressure therapy has been indicated according to current guidelines. Then were evaluated parameters of OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), % of sleep time <90% SpO₂, average night SpO₂). Patients also underwent physical examination including office blood pressure measurement, 24 h blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and measurement of anthropometric parameters.ResultsFollowing average values were present in OSA patients (mean value and standard deviation): AHI 54.6 ± 22.7, ODI 58.3 ± 24, % of sleep time < 90% SpO₂ 35.4 ± 25.1, average night SpO₂ 88.8 ± 5. Masked hypertension was present in 55 (56.7%) patients, nocturnal hypertension in 79 (81.4%) patients. Arterial hypertension was appropriately compensated in only 15 (15.5%) patients. Results have not shown any statistically significant correlation between prevalence of nocturnal hypertension and AHI (p = 0.059), % of sleep time <90% SpO₂ (p = 0.516), average night SpO₂ (p = 0.167). ODI was significantly higher in patients with nocturnal hypertension (p = 0.002). No correlation between prevalence of masked hypertension and AHI (p = 0.841), ODI (p = 0.137), average night SpO₂ (p = 0.991) and % of sleep time <90% SpO₂ (p = 0.896) has been present.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated high prevalence of masked and nocturnal hypertension in patients with OSA, which can considerably increase risks of cardiovascular diseases in these patients.     

Prevalence and persistence of masked hypertension in treated hypertensive patients

BACKGROUND: Masked hypertension (MH) is defined as a normal blood pressure in the physician's office and an elevated blood pressure when measured out-of-office. The cause of MH may be termed the masked hypertension effect (MHE), and is not restricted to blood-pressure (BP) values around the thresholds for normal BP. We investigated the prevalence and persistence of MH and MHE in patients who were being treated for high BP and who had been followed for a period of 1 year. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-one treated hypertensive patients underwent office blood-pressure measurements (OBPMs) at seven visits and self-performed blood-pressure measurements (SBPMs) for 1 week before each visit over a period of 1 year. All measurements were performed with the same type of automatic device. At each visit, MH was determined according to the European Society of Hypertension definition (OBPM, <140/90 mm Hg; SBPM, >/=135 mm Hg or 85 mm Hg). In addition, we determined prevalences of MHE at 5/3 mm Hg (SBPM exceeds OBPM by 5 mm Hg systolic and 3 mm Hg diastolic), and MHE at 10/6 mm Hg (SBPM exceeds OBPM by 10 mm Hg systolic and 6 mm Hg diastolic), respectively. RESULTS: During the entire study, 50% of the patients had MH, and 40% had MHE at 5/3 mm Hg at least once. At four sequential OBPM visits, 2% consistently had MH, and 3% had MHE at 5/3 mm Hg or MHE at 10/6 mm Hg. The prevalence of MH increased with lower OBPM levels but remained rather constant for MHE at 5/3 mm Hg and MHE at 10/6 mm Hg. The persistence of MH and the MHE over time in individual patients was low. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that MH and MHE at 5/3 mm Hg and MHE at 10/6 mm Hg commonly occur in treated patients, but are not persistent phenomena and probably result from an accidentally low OBPM value on one particular occasion.     

Analysis of arterial hypertension pharmacotherapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often connected with arterial hypertension and it could also be a cause of secondary hypertension. Treatment of arterial hypertension and optimal blood pressure level are important for prevention of cardiovascular complications. It is not well known how to treat patients with OSA and arterial hypertension. Also many patients with OSA suffer from metabolic syndrome which worsen their prognosis.AimThe aim of our study was to assess arterial hypertension compensation in patients with metabolic syndrome and moderate to severe OSA and to analyze used pharmacotherapy.Materials and methods85 hypertensive patients (75 men) with metabolic syndrome, average age 53.6 ± 9.3 years, were evaluated using overnight sleep study with diagnosis of OSA, average apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) 56.3 ± 23. Patients underwent 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and their current pharmacotherapy data were obtained. Appropriate combinations of antihypertensive drugs (patients with metabolic syndrome) were derived from ESH/ESC 2013 guidelines.ResultsArterial hypertension was well compensated in only 11.8% of the patients. 24.7% patients were treated according to current guidelines. Fisher's exact test with analysis of adjusted residues has found higher rate of blood pressure subcompensation in patients treated with triple+ combination of drugs (p = 0.035, 51.4% vs 10%).ConclusionOnly a small number of patients had optimal blood pressure level and were treated according to current ESH/ESC guidelines. We have to constantly appeal to all physicians to perform ABPM in patients with OSA.     

Uncontrolled hypertension in older patients: markers and associated factors to masked and white-coat effect

Background Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, affecting more than half the elderly population. It is essential to know if they have proper control of hypertension. The aim of this study was to identify the associated factors to masked uncontrolled hypertension and false uncontrolled hypertension in older patients. Methods Two-hundred seventy-three individuals (70.1 ± 6.7 years-old) had blood pressure (BP) measured at the office and by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), with the definition of controlled group (C), individuals with high office BP and adequate ABPM, called white-coat effect group (WCE), uncontrolled (UC), and subjects with appropriate office BP and elevated ABPM denominated masked effect group (ME). Age, body mass index, diabetes, pulse pressure (PP) and BP dipping during sleep were evaluated (Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression models). Results Age was higher in UC than in C and ME (P < 0.01), and 24-h ABPM PP was lower in C (48 ± 7 mmHg) and WCE (51 ± 6 mmHg) than in UC (67 ± 12 mmHg) and ME (59 ± 8 mmHg) (P < 0.01). Sleep systolic BP dipping was lower in ME than in C (P = 0.03). Female gender was associated with a greater chance of being of ME group, which showed a higher PP and lower BP dipping during sleep. Conclusions In older individuals, office BP measurements did not allow the detection of associated factors that would permit to differentiate WCE from UC group and C from ME group. ABPM favored the identification of a higher PP and a lower BP dipping during sleep in the masked effect and uncontrolled groups.     

隐蔽性高血压患者血管活性物质的变化

目的探讨隐蔽性高血压患者血浆中血栓素A2(TXA2)、前列环素(PGI2)、神经肽Y(NPY)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平变化并评价其对隐蔽性高血压患者血压水平的影响。方法78例研究对象分为健康对照组(A组,n=30),隐蔽性高血压组(B组,n=18)及原发性高血压组(C组,n=30)。检测各组血浆中TXA2、PGI2、NPY、CGRP水平并作比较。结果B组患者血浆中TXA2(1151.0±144.0)ng/L和NPY(138.1±16.1)ng/L水平高于A组[TXA2:(940.5±172.5)ng/L;NPY:(99.6±19.7)ng/L;P均<0.01],但是低于C组患者[TXA2:(1416.6±145.2)ng/L;NPY(169.8±26.2)ng/L;P均<0.01];而B组患者血浆中PGI2和CGRP水平低于A组[PGI2:(171.4±44.0)vsA组:(244.4±51.2)ng/L;CGRP:(56.2±15.6)vsA组:(79.8±17.9)ng/L;P均<0.01],高于C组患者[PGI2:(171.4±44.0)vsC组:(108.3±41.9)ng/L;CGRP:(56.2±15.6)vsC组:(39.2±16.6)ng/L;P<0.05或P<0.01]。经多元线性回归分析:B组患者白昼SBP水平与TXA2、NPY水平直线相关(P均<0.01);白昼DBP水平与TXA2、CGRP水平直线相关(P<0.05～0.01)。结论隐蔽性高血压病人血管活性物质如TXA2、PGI2、NPY、CGRP较正常血压的人不同,表现为收缩性血管活性因子增多,舒张性血管因子减少,提示这些血管活性物质可能参与了隐蔽性高血压的发病。     

Determinants of masked hypertension in hypertensive patients treated in a primary care setting

Background: Recent data suggest that masked hypertension (MH) carries a cardiovascular risk similar to that of uncontrolled hypertension. Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of MH in patients treated for hypertension in a Canadian primary care setting. Methods: Office blood pressure (OBP) was measured at baseline and after 3 months of valsartan‐based therapy in 5636 hypertensive patients who had recorded their home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) for seven consecutive days at month 3 using an Omron HEM‐711 apparatus. MH was defined in nondiabetic patients as an OBP <140/90 mmHg and an HBPM ≥135/85 mmHg, and in those with diabetes as an OBP <130/80 mmHg and an HBPM ≥125/75 mmHg. Results: Of the 5636 patients, 1025 had diabetes. OBP was controlled at 3 months in 268 (26.1%) of them, but 167 (62.3%) had MH. OBP was controlled in 2728 (59.1%) of the 4611 patients without diabetes, and 935 (34.3%) of them had MH. Overall, 1102 patients had MH, representing 36.8% of patients with controlled OBP and 19.6% of the entire hypertensive study population. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis in nondiabetic patients with controlled OBP at 3 months revealed that older age, male sex, higher body mass index and higher office systolic blood pressure were determinants of MH. Conclusion: Our results indicate that one of five hypertensive patients and more than one of three with controlled OBP will have MH. MH is associated with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes, and in nondiabetics, with male sex, older age and obesity.     

隐蔽性高血压患者血管活性物质的变化

目的 探讨隐蔽性高血压患者血浆中血栓素A2(TXA2)、前列环素(PGI2)、神经肽Y(NPY)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平变化并评价其对隐蔽性高血压患者血压水平的影响.方法 78例研究对象分为健康对照组(A组,n=30),隐蔽性高血压组(B组,n=18)及原发性高血压组(C组,n=30).检测各组血浆中TXA2、PGI2、NPY、CGRP水平并作比较.结果 B组患者血浆中TXA2(1151.0±144.0)ng/L和NPY(138.1±16.1)ng/L水平高于A组[TXA2:(940.5±172.5)ng/L;NPY:(99.6±19.7)ng/L;P均＜0.01],但是低于C组患者[TXA2:(1416.6±145.2)ng/L;NPY(169.8±26.2)ng/L;P均＜0.01];而B组患者血浆中PGI2和CGRP水平低于A组[PGI2:(171.4±44.0) vs A组:(244.4±51.2)ng/L;CGRP:(56.2±15.6) vs A组:(79.8±17.9)ng/L;P均＜0.01],高于C组患者[PGI2:(171.4±44.0) vs C组:(108.3±41.9)ng/L;CGRP:(56.2±15.6) vs C组:(39.2±16.6)ng/L;P＜0.05或P＜0.01].经多元线性回归分析:B组患者白昼SBP水平与TXA2、NPY水平直线相关(P均＜0.01);白昼DBP水平与TXA2、CGRP水平直线相关(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 隐蔽性高血压病人血管活性物质如TXA2、PGI2、NPY、CGRP较正常血压的人不同,表现为收缩性血管活性因子增多,舒张性血管因子减少,提示这些血管活性物质可能参与了隐蔽性高血压的发病.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: is it necessary for the routine assessment of hypertension in people with diabetes?

AIMS: The British Hypertension Society (BHS) has recommended that, for people with diabetes, the target 'clinic' blood pressure should be < 140/80 mmHg. Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (ABPM) is used widely in the assessment of hypertension and the BHS has recommended that the target 'awake' ambulatory blood pressure for people with diabetes should be < 130/75 mmHg. The purpose of the present study was to determine the utility of ABPM in the assessment of hypertension in patients with diabetes, over and above a careful 'clinic' measurement of blood pressure. METHODS: The records of 540 patients with diabetes who underwent ABPM (using SpaceLabs monitors) were retrospectively analysed. With respect to current BHS recommendations, the positive and negative predictive values of 'clinic' blood pressure (measured by trained nurses using mercury sphygmomanometers) on 'awake' ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) were calculated. RESULTS: The positive predictive value of the 'clinic' BP, its ability to detect patients whose ABP was above BHS targets, was 99%. The negative predictive value of 'clinic' blood pressure was 27%. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to current BHS guidelines, ABPM is generally unnecessary in the assessment of hypertension in patients with diabetes, provided careful 'clinic' measurements of blood pressure are made.     

Reproducibility of masked uncontrolled hypertension detected through home blood pressure monitoring

Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) is an entity described in treated hypertensive subjects, where office blood pressure (BP) is well controlled and out‐of‐office BP is elevated. It has been related to a higher cardiovascular risk. However, the reproducibility of MUCH has been scarcely studied. In this study, we aimed to determine the reproducibility of MUCH detected through home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM). Two sets of measurements were performed in hypertensive adults under stable treatment with a 1‐week interval. Each set of measurements included three office BP readings and a 4‐day HBPM with duplicate readings in the morning, afternoon, and evening (the same validated oscillometric device was employed in both settings). We determined the percentage of agreement regarding the presence of MUCH in the two sets of measurements and quantified such agreement through the Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ), its 95% confidence interval, and P value. We included 105 patients (median age 58.6 [IQR 45.6‐67.2] years old, 53.4% men). MUCH prevalence on at least one occasion was 22.3% (95% CI: 15.2‐31.5). The reproducibility of MUCH was scant: κ = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.0002‐0.38), P = 0.02, due to the poor reproducibility of the office BP component of MUCH in comparison with the home BP component: κ = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.03‐0.39), P = 0.01 vs κ = 0.48 (95% CI 0.29‐0.67), P < 0.001, respectively. In conclusion, the reproducibility of MUCH detected through HBPM is minimal, mainly due to the poor reproducibility of office BP measurements. An HBPM‐based strategy for the management of patients with MUCH may be more adequate in terms of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.