以学校为基础的青少年暴力干预研究进展

青少年暴力行为是当今全球关注的一个严重的公共卫生问题。有效干预这类行为对青少年身心健康、经济社会发展均具有重要意义。有关青少年暴力的研究,由于对研究对象的定义不同,各种结论之间存在较大差异。1996年世界卫生组织（WHO）在《Violence：a public health priority》专题报告中,     

夫妻暴力心理干预的现状

本文就目前国内外夫妻暴力的心理干预现状作一综述。     

青少年家庭内暴力的研究现状

本介绍青少年家庭内暴力的流行学、发生机制、临床表现与治疗方法。     

安徽省不同性别青少年心理亚健康现状及影响因素研究

目的 分析安徽省不同性别青少年心理亚健康现状及影响因素。方法 选取2020年10月至2021年1月安徽省巢湖、宣城和铜陵3个城市的4个乡镇中学和4个市区中学,在每个学校随机抽取2个班级的学生为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、社会支持量表(SSRS)和心理亚健康问卷比较不同性别青少年的一般资料、社会支持现状和心理亚健康状态的差异。采用多因素Logistic回归分析不同性别青少年心理亚健康的影响因素。结果 线下共发放问卷900份,回收有效问卷834份,问卷有效回收率为92.67%。834名青少年的心理亚健康检出率为25.78%(215/834),其中女性青少年心理亚健康检出率为28.95%(119/411),高于男性青少年的22.70%(96/423),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.268,P=0.039)。不同心理健康状态的男性青少年的父母婚姻状况、是否在学校寄宿、是否留守、主观支持维度得分、对支持的利用度维度得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。不同心理健康状态的女性青少年是否在学校寄宿、是否留守、客观支持维度得分、主观支持维度得分、对支持的利用度维度...     

青少年上网成瘾的心理分析

青少年上网成瘾具有多种严重的负面影响,已成为全社会普遍关注的问题。从外部激发因素和内部心理机制分析青少年为何迷恋网络。     

暴力攻击行为的生化与遗传学相关因素

本文对和暴力攻击行为相关的生化、内分泌及基因遗传学因素方面的研究作一综述。     

暴力攻击行为的生化与遗传学相关因素

本文对和暴力攻击行为相关的生化、内分泌及基因遗传学因素方面的研究作一综述。     

青少年心理障碍的相关因素分析

本对1993－1997年收住我院的206名青少年心理障碍病人和286例青少年从（1）管教方式、学习及性教育方面。（2）发病的可能诱因。（3）家庭生活中的融洽情况。三方面进行了调查分析，并将各条目定量化。结果显示家庭管教方式以严厉、独断、高目标、各方面加以限制为主，显高于对照组，与国内报告基本一致。研究组206例中101例因学习原因诱发患病（49．03％）。对照组21例（38．89％）。其次是社交原因，主要是男女间交往和在集体场合中紧张恐怖。研究组78例（37．86％），对照组19例（35．19％）。其它原因研究组27例（13．11％），对照组14例（25．93％）。家庭缺少温暖和情感交流与青少年心理障碍的发生密切相关。因此，提高青少年的心理素质、和谐的家庭环境，及心理学知识的教育，对培养青少年心理免疫力致关重要。     

有暴力攻击行为的男性青少年脑诱发电位和执行认知功能研究

目的探索男性青少年暴力攻击行为的神经生理学和神经心理学基础。方法以75例有官方暴力型违法乱纪记录的青少年为研究组，以41名某职业高中学生为对照组，对两组测评脑诱发电位[听觉脑干反应（ABR）、体感诱发电位（SEP）和P300]及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST），并比较两组的异同。结果（1）与对照组相比，研究组ABR波Ⅰ和波Ⅲ潜伏期短，波Ⅴ潜伏期长，波Ⅲ波幅低；P300靶P3波潜伏期长，非靶P2波波幅高；SEP的N2波潜伏期短，P2波波幅高（P〈0．05～0．01）。（2）与对照组比较，研究组WCST总反应数、持续错误数、随机错误数多，击中率（正确反应数／总反应数）低（P〈0．01）。（3）ABR、P300和SEP与WCST的相关分析，ABR波Ⅲ波幅与击中率呈正相关（r=0．22），P瑚波P，潜伏期与击中率呈负相关（r=-0．25）、与持续错误数呈正相关（r=0．24），SEP波P：波幅与正确反应数（r=-0．25）、击中率（r=-0．24）、完成分类（r=-0．25）均呈负相关；均P〈0．05。结论有暴力攻击行为的男性青少年对外周刺激的感觉和认知加工过程异常，执行认知功能降低。     

心理干预对青少年强迫症患者父母心理状况的影响

目的探讨青少年强迫症患者父母存在的心理问题，观测实施针对性护理干预的效果。方法由病区护师或主管护师对50名青少年强迫症患者父母进行相关的心理护理干预。采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)在护理干预前后分别进行测评，然后，将护理干预前的测评结果分别同全国常模、护理干预后的测评结果加以比较。结果两组对比数据均显示一差异具有显著性。结论青少年强迫症患者父母普遍存在心理问题，及时有效的护理干预可改善患者父母的心理障碍。     

青少年学习困难相关心理因素分析

目的 研究青少年学习困难与家庭环境、个性特征、心理状态和学习适应性的相关性。方法 采用家庭环境量表（FES—CV）、心理状态自评量表SCL-90、YG性格测试量表、中学生学习适应量表,对246例学习困难的青少年及126例正常对照组青少年进行评定和对比。结果 与对照组相比,学习困难组家庭亲密度、情感表达、知识性评分较低,个人学习动机、学习期望和意志力、学习方法评分显著偏低。在SCL-90评定中,抑郁、焦虑评分较高,在YG人格评定量表中,抑郁性、情绪变化、神经症、协调性及细致性与对照组有明显差异（P〈0．05）,Logistic逐步回归分析证实,学习困难组的主效应因素是学习方法、情绪变化、学习期望及性别。结论 学习困难青少年处在相对不良的家庭环境中,学习困难与学习适应性、个性特征及心理状态等心理社会因素密切相关。     

精神分裂症患者子女青少年期心理状况的调查分析

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者子女与健康人群子女的青少年期心理状况及性格特征差异.方法 对上海市嘉定区33例精神分裂症患者子女青少年期（研究组）和33例健康人群子女（对照组）,采用艾森克个性问卷（少年版）（EPQ）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、自尊量表（SES）、一般自我效能感量表（GSES）进行测试,比较两组间的差异.结果 研究组EPQ的精神质、神经质评分显著高于对照组,内外向评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.研究组SAS、SDS显著高于对照组,SES、GSES评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 精神分裂症患者子女较正常人群子女在青少年期更易出现焦虑、抑郁、自卑等心理问题,精神分裂症患者子女青少年期的心理健康值得关注.     

Psychosocial and psychiatric factors associated with adolescent suicide: A case–control psychological autopsy study

This study aimed at the investigation of psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors of adolescent suicide by means of a case–control psychological autopsy study.Relatives and other informants of 19 suicide victims and 19 matched psychiatric controls were interviewed by means of a semi-structured interview schedule. Psychiatric controls included adolescents, individually matched according to gender, age and time between interview and suicide/admission, who had been admitted to a Psychiatric Department with suicidal ideation or attempted suicide at admission.Results showed that suicide victims had been exposed more frequently to suicidal behaviour by friends and through media and experienced more relational problems in the past year. Suicidal communication was less frequently reported in suicide victims than in controls and when communication did occur, it was less often directed towards parents. Treatment of psychiatric disorders was significantly less found in suicide victims. Psychiatric control patients were more likely to have comorbidity of psychiatric disorder, conduct disorder, delinquency or academic difficulties.This study showed significant differences between young suicide victims and psychiatric controls for life events, exposure, communication and treatment. These results also suggest that more symptoms and more externalizing behaviour can be observed in psychiatric control patients which could indicate more warning signals of possible psychiatric problems for the environment, which could result in more help-seeking behaviour and treatment.     

有暴力行为的精神分裂症病人心理防御机制分析

目的研究有暴力行为的精神分裂症病人的心理防御机制特点。方法采用《防御方式问卷》(DSQ),对78例有暴力行为的精神分裂症病人在病情稳定期进行测评,并与68例无暴力行为的精神分裂症病人进行比较分析。结果有暴力行为的精神分裂症病人不成熟防御机制、投射、被动攻击、潜意显现、反作用形成、隔离、否认评分显著高于对照组,压抑显著低于对照组。投射、被动攻击、潜意显现是暴力行为发生的危险因素。压抑是暴力行为的阻遏因素。结论有暴力行为的精神分裂症病人较多地应用不成熟的防御机制,提示不成熟的防御机制可作为暴力行为发生的一项预测指标。     

A commentary on adolescent group violence

In an effort to understand some of the group dynamic factors inherent in today's unprecedented increase in youth gang vioeence, the larger, well organized gangs of the 1960's, were compared with the contemporary crowd-like, small packs of street youths. A hypothesis is advanced that the combined processes of de-individuation and of group contagion underlie many of the violent acts, so rampant in inner-city areas.     

服刑犯人心因性精神异常的比较分析

目的 分析服刑犯人心理因素、刑期对精神异常、服刑能力的影响。方法 回顾性调查21例心理因素组与35例生物学因素组刑期、入监至精神异常间隔时间、服刑能力对精神异常产生的影响。结果 刑期与两组犯人之间的关系无显著性差异,心理因素组犯人入监至精神异常间隔时间明显少于生物学因素组(t=2.13,P<0.05),心理因素组犯人产生精神症状后服刑能力与生物学因素组有非常显著性差异(t=2.82,P<0.01),心理因素组内刑期短犯人更早出现精神症状(x~2=4.56,P<0.05)。结论两组犯人在刑期相近情况下,在精神异常出现时间、服刑能力有明显不同。     

Low verbal ability predicts later violence in adolescent boys with serious conduct problems

Abstract

Background: Delinquent adolescents are a known high-risk group for later criminality. Cognitive deficits correlate with adult criminality, and specific cognitive deficits might predict later criminality in the high-risk adolescents. Aims: This study aimed to explore the neuropsychological performance and predictors of adult criminal offending in adolescents with severe behavioural problems. Methods: Fifty-three adolescents (33 boys and 20 girls), aged 15–18 years, residing in a reform school due to serious conduct problems, were examined for neuropsychological profile and psychiatric symptoms. Results were compared with a same-age general population control sample, and used for predicting criminality 5 years after the baseline testing. Results: The reform school adolescents’ neuropsychological performance was weak on many tasks, and especially on the verbal domain. Five years after the baseline testing, half of the reform school adolescents had obtained a criminal record. Males were overrepresented in both any criminality (75% vs. 10%) and in violent crime (50% vs. 5%). When cognitive variables, psychiatric symptoms and background factors were used as predictors for later offending, low verbal intellectual ability turned out to be the most significant predictor of a criminal record and especially a record of violent crime. Conclusions: Neurocognitive deficits, especially in the verbal and attention domains, are common among delinquent adolescents. Among males, verbal deficits are the best predictors for later criminal offending and violence. Clinical implications: Assessing verbal abilities among adolescent population with conduct problems might prove useful as a screening method for inclusion in specific therapies for aggression management.     

Monitoring and predicting the risk of violence in residential facilities. No difference between patients with history or with no history of violence

BackgroundMost people with mental disorders are not violent. However, the lack of specific studies in this area and recent radical changes in Italy, including the closure of six Forensic Mental Hospitals, has prompted a more detailed investigation of patients with aggressive behaviour.AimsTo compare socio-demographic, clinical and treatment-related characteristics of long-term inpatients with a lifetime history of serious violence with controls; to identify predictors of verbal and physical aggressive behaviour during 1-year follow-up.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study, patients living in Residential Facilities (RFs) with a lifetime history of serious violence were assessed with a large set of standardized instruments and compared to patients with no violent history. Patients were evaluated bi-monthly with MOAS in order to monitor any aggressive behaviour.ResultsThe sample included 139 inpatients, 82 violent and 57 control subjects; most patients were male. The bi-monthly monitoring during the 1-year follow-up did not show any statistically significant differences in aggressive behaviour rates between the two groups. The subscale explaining most of the MOAS total score was aggression against objects, although verbal aggression was the most common pattern. Furthermore, verbal aggression was significantly associated with aggression against objects and physical aggression.ConclusionsPatients with a history of violence in RFs, where treatment and clinical supervision are available, do not show higher rates of aggressiveness compared to patients with no lifetime history of violence. Since verbal aggression is associated with more severe forms of aggression, prompt intervention is warranted to reduce the risk of escalation.     

老年脑胶质瘤患者术后心理状况及影响因素

目的：观察老年脑胶质瘤患者术后心理状况,分析影响因素。方法选择我院2012‐02—2014‐02收治的75例脑胶质瘤患者,采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）与抑郁自评量表（SDS）交由患者自评,自制焦虑、抑郁因素分析表,对引起患者不良情绪的因素进行汇总、分析。结果多数患者有焦虑、抑郁症状,不良心理情绪影响因素依次为：治疗效果、治疗费用、家庭支持不足、自理能力下降、死亡威胁、医护人员技术水平、生活受影响、社会支持不足及术后不良反应。结论多数老年脑胶质瘤患者术后会出现焦虑、抑郁症状,对治疗效果的担忧表现比例最高,给予针对性心理干预,可以改善不良情绪反应,提高生存质量。