重症监护病房医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性分析

目的 了解综合性重症监护病房(ICU)获得性感染的流行病学及细菌耐药性情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 对我院2010年1月1日至2011年12月31日ICU所有分离的细菌菌株、真菌菌株的耐药性进行回顾性调查.结果 医院获得性感染中仍以G-菌为主,占73.3％;其次为G+菌17.9％,真菌8.7％.在细菌感染中,G-菌占80.3％,G+菌占19.7％.G-菌仍以铜绿假单胞菌为主,占21.7％.G+菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占31.4％.耐药性方面,细菌耐药性严重,真菌耐药性较轻.结论 细菌对常用抗生素的耐药严重,且呈多重耐药.应严格掌握抗生素使用原则,根据药敏试验结果选用抗生素.     

重症监护病房医院内感染临床特点及病原菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)医院内感染的临床特点及病原菌种类、分布及其耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、预防和控制医院感染提供参考和依据.方法 采用前瞻性监测与回顾性调查相结合的方法,对2008年4月至2010年3月我院ICU收治的392例住院患者临床资料进行统计分析.结果 发生医院感染78例,医院感染发生率为19.89%(78/392),感染112例次(28.57%);感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占54.46%(61/112),其次是泌尿道感染,占15.19%(17/112),血液感染占11.61%(13/112);分离出病原菌152株,以G-杆菌为主,占69.7%(106/152),其次是G+球菌,占17.8%(27/152),真菌占12.5%(19/152);主要病原菌鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等对多种抗菌药物表现为高度耐药、多重耐药甚至泛耐药.结论 重症监护病房医院内感染发生率高,以下呼吸道感染为主,主要病原菌对抗菌药物耐药情况严重.规范、合理使用抗菌药物,控制多重耐药菌在ICU内的传播和流行,可减少ICU医院内感染的发生.     

重症监护病房医院感染病原菌特点及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染病原菌及其药敏特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对我院2008年1月至2009年6月在ICU发生的感染送检标本所分离的细菌及药敏特征进行回顾性分析。结果 ICU的医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占76.5%,其中大肠埃希菌42株,占第一位（30.00%）;革兰阳性菌20株,占10.93%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌23株,占12.57%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主;大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）株分别为29株和13株,各占20.71%和9.29%。未发现产ESBLs株对亚胺培南的耐药株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球（MRSA）6株,占54.54%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌8株,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCON）6株,耐药率75.0%。未检出耐万古霉素菌株（VRE）。结论 ICU感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,但革兰阳性球菌仍是重要的致病菌。碳青霉烯类抗生素仍是目前耐药性最低的一类抗生素。尽早行细菌培养,根据药敏结果及时选用敏感抗生素是减少耐药性的有效方法 。     

重症监护病房患者获得性下呼吸道感染病原菌特点及耐药性分析

目的分析2010～2011重症监护病房(ICU)患者获得性下呼吸道感染病原菌特点及耐药性情况,为临床合理选用抗生素治疗提供指导依据。方法对374例获得性下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本,分离出的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏最小抑菌浓度(MIC)检测,综合分析主要感染病原菌特点。结果 ICU患者获得性下呼吸道感染病原菌革兰阴性菌占73.8%,革兰阳性菌13.9%,真菌占12.3%,抗生素耐药性有上升趋势。结论加强实验室的病原菌鉴定和耐药性监控,对预防和控制ICU获得性下呼吸道感染、减少抗生素的滥用、降低病原菌耐药性有着重要的意义。     

重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌分布情况及耐药性特点.方法 2009年11月至2011年6月选择在我院重症监护室接受治疗的患者220例,对其下呼吸道、泌尿道、血液、各种引流液及伤口等部位留取标本中分离出的致病菌株及其药敏试验结果进行回顾性调查分析.结果 我院ICU住院220例患者中发生医院获得性感染66例,发生率为30.00％,分离出菌株132株.其中铜绿假单胞菌所占比例最高,达39.39％,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌,所占比例为22.73％;对病原菌进行分类发现G杆菌120株,占90.91％;G+球菌4株,占3.03％;真菌8株,占6.06％.药敏检测结果显示革兰阴性杆菌对抗生素呈现多重耐药性,其中对阿莫西林克拉维酸钾的耐药性最强;另外,鲍曼不动杆菌对所有抗生素均有耐药性,而铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌均对氨苄青霉素不产生耐药性.结论 了解重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌的菌株分布特点及其耐药性,可正确指导临床用药,避免抗生素的滥用,防止细菌耐药性的发展.     

某医院重症监护病房住院患者医院感染调查

摘要 目的 了解医院重症监护病房(ICU)住院患者医院感染现状及感染病原菌耐药情况。方法 通过回顾性调查方法，对内蒙古某院ICU住院患者医院感染现状进行调查与分析。结果 共调查该医院ICU住院患者3 000例，查出医院感染患者492例，医院感染发生率为16.40%。在医院感染患者中，导管相关感染患者267例，导管相关日感染率为8.55‰。从该医院ICU患者送检标本中检出病原菌1 411株，其中革兰阴性菌占63.93%，革兰阳性菌占22.18%。革兰阴性菌中的大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌均对呋喃妥因敏感|鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物普遍耐药|肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林和头孢呋辛较敏感。结论 该医院ICU住院患者医院感染发生率较高，感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主，耐药菌株比例较高，应加强导管相关感染监测。     

重症监护病房医院感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性监测

重症监护病房患者多为危重病人,加之长期大量应用广谱抗菌药物及免疫抑制剂的广泛应用．以及频繁接受各种侵入性操作,造成ICU患者感染发生率高,病原微生物耐药性强,增加临床治疗的难度。为了解我院ICU患者医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性变迁．对我院2006年-2008年ICU医院感染患者的各种标本分离出的病原菌分布及耐药性变迁进行统计分析,现报道如下：     

重症监护病房患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）患者临床感染病原菌分布特点及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据,有效预防和控制医院感染。方法对本院2010年入住ICU病房患者送检的各类标本进行培养、分离、鉴定和药敏试验,对结果进行统计分析。结果分离出病原菌379株。标本来源中以痰阳性标本居首位,占65.4%;病原菌仍以革兰阴性（G-）杆菌为主,占57.2%（217/379）,革兰阳性（G＋）球菌占29.9%（113/379）,真菌占12.9%（49/379）;超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率50.3%,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为53%,未发现万古霉素耐药株。结论 ICU患者免疫力低下极易感染病原菌,且易呈多重耐药性。定期监测ICU病房病原菌分布和耐药情况,对临床合理使用抗菌药物及ICU患者感染的诊治具有重要指导意义,从而达到控制感染、减少新的耐药菌株出现的目的。     

重症监护病房患者肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院重症监护病房（ICU）患者肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药情况为临床合理用药提供依据。方法回顾性调查总结2011年1月至2012年12月ICU患者肺部感染116株病原菌的培养鉴定及药敏结果并进行分析。结果116株病原菌中以革兰阴性杆菌为主占57．8％,其次为真菌占30．2％和革兰阳性球菌占12．1％。药敏结果提示真菌对药物的耐药率较低,革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌的耐药率很高,且多重耐药菌株在不断增加。结论ICU患者肺部感染病原菌近两年以革兰阴性菌、真菌为主,且耐药形势严峻。临床医生应结合监测结果合理用药。     

急诊重症监护病房患者医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性

<正>随着抗菌药物在临床上的使用,耐药菌株、多重耐药菌株不断增多,多重耐药菌株已成为临床治疗面临的棘手问题,也是抗感染失败的原因,为合理、有效的使用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生,笔者对     

呼吸重症监护病房院内获得性肺炎病原学特点及多因素Logistic回归分析

目的探讨呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）院内获得性肺炎（HAP）病原学特点及多因素Logistic回归分析。 方法选择安徽医科大学第二附属医院于2018年3月至2021年8月入住RICU病房患者160例,并发HAP患者54例。分离培养HAP患者病原菌,采用微生物鉴定系统分离鉴定病原菌;采用纸片法进行药敏试验。采用单因素分析影响HAP相关因素;采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响HAP独立危险因素。 结果HAP感染患者54例中,分离病原菌81株,其中革兰氏阴性菌62株,革兰氏阳性菌6株,真菌13株。肺炎克雷伯杆菌对头孢他啶（85.19%）和头孢唑啉（77.78%）耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶（94.74%）和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（78.95%）耐药率较高。经单因素分析显示,HAP组与无HAP组性别、体质量指数、吸烟史和高血压史比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;HAP组与无HAP组年龄、糖尿病史、机械通气时间、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白水平、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。将上述单因素分析具有统计学差异的纳入多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄＞70岁、机械通气时间＞7 d、糖尿病史、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白＜30 g/L、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用为影响RICU的HAP患者独立危险因素。 结论RICU的HAP患者病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,其中年龄、机械通气时间、糖尿病史、口腔清洁状况、白蛋白水平、合并肺内疾病、住院时间和广谱抗生素应用为影响RICU的HAP患者独立危险因素。     

重症监护病房发生医院获得性肺炎的病原学特点及风险模型构建

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)发生医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原学特点,分析其危险因素并建立预测模型.方法 将ICU发生HAP的患者50例纳入感染组,另选取同期未发生HAP的ICU患者70例纳入未感染组.分析感染组患者的感染病原学特点,采用Logistic回归分析筛选ICU患者发生HAP的危险因素,基于危险因素的回归系数构建风险预测模型.采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估预测模型的区分度.结果 感染组患者共分离出73株阳性菌株,其中革兰阳性菌16株(21.92％),革兰阴性菌51株(69.86％),真菌6株(8.22％),革兰阴性菌检出率高于其他菌株类型,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Logisitic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、糖尿病史、合并意识障碍、机械通气、慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史、入ICU时间＞7d是ICU患者发生HAP的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).风险模型预测ICU患者发生HAP的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.855.结论 ICU患者HAP感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,建立的风险模型具有较好的判别效度,可用于识别ICU患者HAP易感高危人群.     

Candida infections in the intensive care unit

Infections caused by Candida species are now endemic and entrenched in the intensive care unit setting. Candida infections continue to provide a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to clinicians. The increased prevalence of Candida infections represent the high price clinicians and patients must pay for the advances in invasive diagnostic and therapeutic technology. This article deals with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of common Candida infections in the critically ill.     

Effect of an intensive care unit rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on the development of hospital-acquired infections on the non-intensive care unit ward

OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that a rotating empirical antibiotic schedule could reduce infectious mortality in an intensive care unit (ICU). We hypothesized that this intervention would decrease infectious complications in the non-ICU ward to which these patients were transferred. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: An ICU and the ward to which the ICU patients were transferred at a university medical center. PATIENTS: All patients treated on the general, transplant, or trauma surgery services who developed hospital-acquired infection while on the non-ICU wards. INTERVENTIONS: A 2-yr study consisting of 1-yr non-protocol-driven antibiotic use and 1-yr quarterly rotating empirical antibiotic assignment for patients treated in the ICU from which a portion of the patients were transferred. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There were 2,088 admissions to the non-ICU wards during the nonrotation year and 2,183 during the ICU rotation year. Of these patients, 407 hospital-acquired infections were treated during the nonrotation year and 213 were treated during the ICU rotation (19.7 vs. 9.8 infections/100 admissions, p <.0001). During the ICU rotation year a decrease in the rate of resistant Gram-positive and resistant Gram-negative infections on the non-ICU wards occurred (2.5 vs. 1.6 infections/100 admissions, p =.04; 1.0 vs. 0.4 infections/100 admissions, p =.03). Subgroup analysis revealed that the decrease in resistant infections on the wards was due to a reduction in resistant Gram-positive and resistant Gram-negative infections among non-ICU ward patients admitted initially from areas other than the ICU implementing the antibiotic rotation (e.g., home, other ward, or a different ICU) (1.8 vs. 0.5 infections/100 admissions, p =.0001; 0.7 vs. 0.2 infections/100 admissions, p =.02), not due to differences for those transferred to the ward from the rotation ICU (10.4 vs. 9.7 infections/100 admissions, p = 1.0; 4.3 vs. 1.9 infections/100 admissions, p =.3). No differences in infection-related mortality were detected. CONCLUSIONS: An effective rotating empirical antibiotic schedule in an ICU is associated with a reduction in infectious morbidity (hospital-acquired and resistant hospital-acquired infection rates) on the non-ICU wards to which patients are transferred.     

Advanced monitoring in the neurology intensive care unit: microdialysis

Cerebral microdialysis is a relatively new technique for measuring the levels of brain extracellular chemicals, which to date has predominantly been used as a research tool. This review considers the technical aspects of microdialysis, the importance of the commonly measured chemicals, and the use of microdialysis to monitor patients with ischemic stroke, head injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The advantages and disadvantages of microdialysis are discussed, as is its future potential.     

神经内科重症监护室医院感染原因分析及护理对策

<正>神经内科重症监护室收治的均为神经内科的重症患者,发生医院感染的危险性要比普通病房高。患者一旦发生医院感染会使原发病加重,给治疗及护理工作带来极大的困难。为了探讨神经内科重症监护室医院感染的原因及护理对策,现就2010年     

Nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit

In a prospective 30-month study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric ICU (PICU), the incidence, sites, and causes of infection were determined. Factors associated with increased risk of infection were investigated. In 1,388 patients who remained in the PICU for a minimum of 72 h, 116 infections occurred (6.1 infections/100 admissions). Primary bacteremias comprised 38% of PICU infections and lower respiratory infections comprised 15%. The remaining infections were divided equally among GI, skin, eye, upper respiratory, postoperative wounds, and other sites. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent pathogens. Surgical patients had similar rates of infection to medical patients. Patients in the first 2 yr of life, particularly those between 7 and 30 days of age, had the highest rate of infection. Onset of infection was more common after the first week in the PICU with 11% of patients staying 14 to 20 days, 27% of patients staying 21 to 27 days, 48% of patients staying 28 to 34 days, and 52% of patients staying more than 35 days before the onset of infection. The risk of nosocomial infection increases with arterial and central line use, prolonged intubation, ventilation, intracranial pressure monitoring, and paralysis.     

Nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit

A total of 250 consecutive admissions to an open-plan respiratory ICU were analyzed prospectively to identify the incidence of secondary hospital-acquired infections and possible predisposing factors. Despite preventative measures and a restricted antibiotic policy, 23.6% of patients developed secondary infections. Patients admitted after multiple trauma were the only diagnostic category of patients who showed a significantly increased incidence of secondary infections. The length of hospitalization and number of patients who had intubations or tracheostomies was higher in the group with secondary infection; the causal relationship was difficult to establish. Patients who were not intubated or tracheostomized did not develop secondary infection. Prior administration of antibiotics did not appear to influence the incidence of secondary infection. There was a significant increase in secondary infections in patients with a higher therapeutic intervention scoring system score. The predominant pathogens cultured were highly resistant Gram-negative organisms, particularly Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive pathogen. The ICU course was probably prolonged by the complication of nosocomial infection, which may have contributed to the deaths.     

Prevention of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit

Infections are considered nosocomial if they occur 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. One third of these infections are considered preventable. Many studies have shown that with proper education and use of strict guidelines, we can prevent nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit. In this article, we will review the literature on preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection, central line-associated blood stream infection, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.     

强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的影响因素分析

目的:分析强化康复单元重症患者发生医院获得性肺炎的影响因素,指导肺炎防控措施的选择。方法:回顾性分析2015年10月—2016年10月在强化康复单元住院治疗的患者108例,根据前4周内是否发生医院获得性肺炎,分为肺炎组和非肺炎组。所有患者收集其一般情况、基础疾病、实验室检查及辅助检查结果、医疗干预措施等相关临床资料,并记录干预措施的累计持续时间。结果:共有59例患者发生医院获得性肺炎。单因素分析显示,肺炎组与非肺炎组之间血清白蛋白水平(t=-5.006,P=0.000)、意识水平(χ2=6.584,P=0.010)、使用声门下吸引功能的气管套管(χ2=6.438,P=0.011)、鼻饲管(P=0.045)、膨肺+振动排痰(χ2=7.521,P=0.006)的差异有显著性意义。二分类非条件Logistic回归分析显示,意识水平高(OR=0.222, 95%CI 0.065—0.757, P=0.016)、膨肺+振动排痰(OR=0.263, 95%CI 0.100—0.689, P=0.007)和血清白蛋白水平高(OR=0.776, 95%CI 0.684—0.879, P=0.000)是强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的保护因素。结论:意识水平高、膨肺+振动排痰和血清白蛋白水平高是强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的保护因素,而使用声门下吸引功能的气管套管、鼻饲管亦对其的发生有一定影响,可在临床上采取有针对性的干预措施,降低医院获得性肺炎的发生率。