Annual smoking-attributable mortality,years of potential life lost,and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and produces substantial health-related economic costs to society. This report presents the annual estimates of the disease impact of smoking in the United States during 1995-1999. CDC calculated national estimates of annual smoking-attributable mortality (SAM), years of potential life lost (YPLL), smoking-attributable medical expenditures (SAEs) for adults and infants, and productivity costs for adults. Results show that during 1995-1999, smoking caused approximately 440,000 premature deaths in the United States annually and approximately $157 billion in annual health-related economic losses. Implementation of comprehensive tobacco-control programs as recommended by CDC could effectively reduce the prevalence, disease impact, and economic costs of smoking.     

Racial disparities in smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost --- Missouri, 2003-2007

An estimated 443,000 deaths in the United States occur each year as a result of cigarette smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. These deaths cost the nation approximately $97 billion in lost productivity and $96 billion in health-care costs. During 2000-2004 in Missouri, smoking caused 9,600 deaths, 132,000 years of potential life lost (YPLL), $2.4 billion in productivity losses, and $2.2 billion in smoking-related health-care expenditures annually. To limit the adverse health consequences of tobacco use, states implement comprehensive tobacco control programs that identify disparities among population groups and target those disproportionately affected by tobacco use. This report compares the public health burden of smoking among whites and blacks in Missouri by estimating the number of smoking-attributable deaths and YPLL in these population subgroups during 2003-2007. The findings indicate that the average annual smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) rate in the state was 18% higher for blacks (338 deaths per 100,000) than for whites (286 deaths per 100,000). The relative difference in smoking-attributable mortality rates between blacks and whites was larger for men (28%) than women (11%). For Missouri, these estimates provide an important benchmark for measuring the success of tobacco control programs in decreasing the burden of smoking-related diseases in these populations and reaffirm the need for full implementation of the state's comprehensive tobacco control program.     

Silicosis-related years of potential life lost before age 65 years--United States, 1968-2005

Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica occurs in construction, mining, manufacturing, and other industries and can result in silicosis and other lung diseases. Classic (chronic) silicosis results from exposure to relatively low concentrations of respirable crystalline silica for >/=years. Exposure to higher concentrations of silica for 5-10 years can cause accelerated silicosis, and symptoms of acute silicosis can sometimes develop within weeks of initial exposure to extreme concentrations of silica. Deaths in young adults from acute or accelerated silicosis generally reflect more recent and intense exposures. Silicosis is incurable, but preventable through effective control and elimination of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. To characterize recent trends in premature mortality attributed to silicosis in the United States, CDC analyzed annual mortality data from 1968-2005, the most recent years for which complete data were available. Years of potential life lost before age 65 years (YPLL) and mean YPLL were calculated using standard methodology. During 1968-2005, total annual YPLL attributed to silicosis (17,130) declined 90.2%, from 1,441 (mean per decedent: 7.7 YPLL) to 141 (mean per decedent: 11.8), with an annual average of 8.6 YPLL per decedent for the period. However, the proportion of YPLL attributable to young silicosis decedents increased; an estimated 3,600-7,300 new silicosis cases occur annually. Hazard surveillance, workplace-specific interventions, and further silicosis prevention and elimination efforts, especially among young adults, are needed.     

Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost--United States, 2001

Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States and is associated with multiple adverse health consequences, including liver cirrhosis, various cancers, unintentional injuries, and violence. To analyze alcohol-related health impacts, CDC estimated the number of alcohol-attributable deaths (AADs) and years of potential life lost (YPLLs) in the United States during 2001. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that approximately 75,766 AADs and 2.3 million YPLLs, or approximately 30 years of life lost on average per AAD, were attributable to excessive alcohol use in 2001. These results emphasize the importance of adopting effective strategies to reduce excessive drinking, including increasing alcohol excise taxes and screening for alcohol misuse in clinical settings.     

Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost among American Indians and Alaska Natives--United States, 2001--2005

Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States and has substantial public health impact on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. To estimate the average annual number of alcohol-attributable deaths (AADs) and years of potential life lost (YPLLs) among AI/ANs in the United States, CDC analyzed 2001-2005 data (the most recent data available), using death certificate data and CDC Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that AADs accounted for 11.7% of all AI/AN deaths, that the age-adjusted AAD rate for AI/ANs was approximately twice that of the U.S. general population, and that AI/ANs lose 6.4 more years of potential life per AAD compared with persons in the U.S. general population (36.3 versus 29.9 years). These findings underscore the importance of implementing effective population-based interventions to prevent excessive alcohol consumption and to reduce alcohol-attributable morbidity and mortality among AI/ANs.     

State-level diabetes-attributable mortality and years of life lost in the United States

Purpose

To estimate state-level diabetes-attributable deaths and years of life lost (YLL) in the Unites States.

Tobacco- and alcohol-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost in Germany

AIM: To compare the ages of death caused by tobacco smoking and alcohol risk drinking. METHODS: Smoking rates from the largest population survey, alcohol drinking data from the National Health Survey and data from the vital statistics from Germany are used and attributable fractions computed. RESULTS: Alcohol-attributable deaths occurred at the youngest age, followed by tobacco- plus alcohol-attributable cases, whereas death cases attributable to tobacco smoking only occur latest. CONCLUSION: The overlap in the two substance-use behaviours has to be taken into account when considering attributable mortality data.     

黄山市城区居民1996—2001年潜在寿命损失年分析

主要对黄山市城区居民1996-2000年潜在寿命损失进行年分析,主要概括总死亡及潜在寿命损失年情况、三大类死因的YPLL分析、各类疾病死因比较,并加以讨论。结果指出该市目前的疾病控制面临着意外伤亡、慢性非传染性疾病和传染病的三层挑战,需引起相关部门的高度重视。     

Suicide among Hispanics--United States, 1997-2001

By 2020, Hispanics are expected to represent 17% of the U.S. population and to surpass all other racial/ethnic minority populations in size. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services established the Hispanic Agenda for Action initiative; a major goal of this initiative is to identify health problems that affect Hispanics. In 2001, although the overall age-adjusted suicide rate per 100,000 population among Hispanics was lower than the U.S. national rate (10.7), suicide was the third leading cause of death among young (i.e., aged 10-24 years) Hispanics and the seventh leading cause of years of potential life lost before age 75 years. To identify demographic groups at risk for suicide and to help guide prevention efforts, CDC analyzed mortality data for 1997-2001. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, among Hispanics, the largest proportion of suicides occurred among young persons; suicide rates were higher among males; and the most common method of suicide was by firearms. To reduce the number of suicides, additional prevention strategies are needed, including 1) improving methods for collecting data about suicides, suicide attempts, and related behaviors; 2) expanding evaluation of prevention efforts aimed at reducing suicidal behaviors; and 3) examining how effective interventions can be modified for diverse and culturally specific populations.     

Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost in 16 Brazilian capitals, 2003: a prevalence-based study

Background  

To establish the impact of tobacco smoking on mortality is essential to define and monitor public health interventions in developing countries.     

山东省心脑血管疾病死亡状况和潜在减寿年数监测结果分析

目的 探索山东省心脑血管疾病死亡的特点,为开展有针对性的预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用粗死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在减寿年数(potential years of life lost,PYLL)、平均减寿年数(average years of life lost,AYLL)等指标对山东省全人群死因监测点2007－2013年居民心脑血管疾病的死亡资料进行分析。利用ArcGIS软件呈现山东省心脑血管疾病死亡率的地域分布。结果 2007－2013年山东省居民监测点心脑血管疾病死亡率由2007年的252.42/10万上升至2013年的323.48/10万,心脑血管疾病死亡率有上升趋势,各年份间、性别间差异均有统计学意义;心脑血管疾病死亡率随年龄增长呈上升趋势,从65～岁年龄组开始明显升高;心脑血管疾病的PYLL和AYLL均呈波动性上升趋势且男性的PYLL、AYLL和女性相比差异有统计学意义(Z_PYLL=5.79,P<0.05;Z_AYLL=5.68,P<0.05)。山东省西北和中部地区心脑血管疾病死亡率较高。结论 2007－2013年山东省心脑血管疾病死亡率呈波动性上升趋势,且具有年龄、地域等相关性,严重影响山东省居民健康。     

上海市金山区居民1997～2001年恶性肿瘤死亡情况分析

目的　分析上海市金山区居民1997～2 0 0 1年恶性肿瘤死亡情况,为制定恶性肿瘤综合防治措施提供依据。方法　按国际疾病分类(ICD 9)进行死因分类,统计分析主要死因死亡率、不同性别恶性肿瘤标化死亡率、恶性肿瘤年龄别死亡率。结果　上海金山区1997～2 0 0 1年恶性肿瘤年平均死亡率为16 6 5 6 / 10万,死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,死因顺位近两年已跃居全死因的首位。恶性肿瘤死亡数占全部死亡人数的2 4 6 7% (4316 / 174 93)。男性居民恶性肿瘤标化死亡率均高于女性,死亡前三位的是肺癌、肝癌、食管癌;女性死亡前三位的是肝癌、肺癌、胃癌。随着年龄的增加死亡率逐渐上升,尤以6 5岁以上上升明显。结论　上海市金山区居民恶性肿瘤死亡率逐年上升,恶性肿瘤的防制工作已刻不容缓,应加强一级预防及高危人群的监测工作,降低主要恶性肿瘤的发病率、死亡率,提高居民的健康期望寿命     

减寿年数指标计算探讨

[目的 ]　对减寿年数 (PYLL)的计算和标化 (SPYLL)做详细的探讨 ,以便广大死因统计人员鉴别使用。　 [方法 ]　讨论PYLL的定义 ,推导计算公式 ,阐述PYLL的实质。　 [结果 ]　推算出PYLL计算的精确方法和利用中位数计算的方法 ,探讨了PYLL标准化的计算方法和选取标准。　 [结论 ]　利用中位数计算PYLL、SPYLL准确度提高 ,选取的标准人口构成应尽量与目标人群分布接近     

2015-2018年陕西省居民心血管病死亡现状及寿命损失分析

目的 了解2015-2018年陕西省居民心血管病的死亡现状及潜在寿命损失情况,为确定疾病防治重点,制定防控策略和措施提供参考依据。方法 收集2015-2018年陕西省死因监测数据,计算不同性别、城乡、年龄组心血管病的死亡率、标化死亡率和构成比,计算疾病负担指标潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、标化潜在减寿年数(SPYLL)、潜在减寿率(PYLLR)、标化潜在减寿率(SPYLLR)和平均减寿年数(AYLL)。结果 2015-2018年陕西省居民心血管病平均粗死亡率333.25/10万(标化死亡率326.61/10万),占全人群死亡的54.01%,其中平均粗死亡率男性(353.73/10万)高于女性(311.66/10万)(〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=280.679,P<0.001);农村(341.15/10万)高于城市(328.26/10万)(〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗=25.018,P<0.001)。前2位心血管病死因分别是脑血管病和缺血性心脏病。心血管病死亡率随年龄增长而升高,75岁以后增长迅速。全死因期望寿命77.01岁,且女性高于男性、农村高于城市;全人群去心血管病死因后提高了11.90岁。因心血管病死亡导致的PYLL为440072人年(SPYLL为404212人年)、PYLLR为20.88‰(SPYLLR为19.17‰)、AYLL为6.26年,且男性PYLL、PYLLR、AYLL均明显高于女性。结论 心血管病是危害陕西省居民身体健康和生命安全的主要疾病之一,造成的寿命损失较为严重,政府相关部门应重点关注心血管病高危人群的预防与控制措施,从而减少心血管病的发生和死亡。     

Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997-2001

We summarize antimicrobial resistance surveillance data in human and chicken isolates of Campylobacter. Isolates were from a sentinel county study from 1989 through 1990 and from nine state health departments participating in National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for enteric bacteria (NARMS) from 1997 through 2001. None of the 297 C. jejuni or C. coli isolates tested from 1989 through 1990 was ciprofloxacin-resistant. From 1997 through 2001, a total of 1,553 human Campylobacter isolates were characterized: 1,471 (95%) were C. jejuni, 63 (4%) were C. coli, and 19 (1%) were other Campylobacter species. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter was 13% (28 of 217) in 1997 and 19% (75 of 384) in 2001; erythromycin resistance was 2% (4 of 217) in 1997 and 2% (8 of 384) in 2001. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter was isolated from 10% of 180 chicken products purchased from grocery stores in three states in 1999. Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged among Campylobacter since 1990 and has increased in prevalence since 1997.     

天津市1999-2015年宫颈癌死亡率和过早死亡损失寿命年变化趋势分析

目的 分析天津市宫颈癌死亡长期趋势,为开展相关研究和预防工作提供参考。方法 计算1999-2015年天津市宫颈癌的死亡率、标化死亡率、累积死亡率（0~74岁）、截缩死亡率（35~64岁）和过早死亡损失寿命年（YLL）,应用Joinpoint回归分析宫颈癌死亡率、YLL率的趋势和年度变化百分比（APC）,并分析不同年龄组变化趋势。结果 1999-2015年天津市户籍居民因宫颈癌死亡1 741人,平均粗死亡率为2.15/10万,中国人口标化率为1.47/10万,世界人口标化率为1.50/10万,平均每年YLL为3 347.97人年。宫颈癌死亡者中,0~34岁占3.10%,35~64岁占57.84%,≥ 65岁占39.06%;城市宫颈癌死亡率高于农村,城乡比为1.37：1。1999-2015年宫颈癌年龄别死亡率随年龄的增加而上升。2014-2015年年龄别死亡率呈现双峰分布的特征,50岁为第一个高峰,75岁为第二个高峰;1999-2011年天津市女性宫颈癌死亡率呈稳定状态（APC=-0.2%,P=0.80）,2011-2015年呈快速上升趋势（APC=21.6%,P<0.01）;20~49岁组1999-2015年呈上升趋势（APC=6.9%,P<0.01）;50~69岁组1999-2007年呈下降趋势（APC=-9.2%,P<0.01）,2007-2015年呈上升趋势（APC=14.5%,P<0.01）;≥ 70岁组1999-2009年呈下降趋势（APC=-10.2%,P<0.01）,2009-2015年变化差异无统计学意义（APC=7.8%,P=0.10）。自2008年开始,50~70岁组宫颈癌的YLL率超过≥ 70岁组,并且差距逐渐扩大。结论 自2011年天津市地区宫颈癌死亡率呈快速上升趋势,50~70岁人群将是宫颈癌寿命损失的主要群体。