银杏叶中银杏内酯的分离与结构测定

从银杏叶中分离得到银杏内酯Ａ（１），银杏内酯Ｂ（２）和银杏内酯Ｃ（３），其中用氢氢二维谱（１Ｈ－１ＨＣＯＳＹ）、碳氢二维谱（１３Ｃ－１ＨＣＯＳＹ）及远程碳氢二维谱（Ｌｏｎｇ－ｒａｎｇｅ１３Ｃ－１ＨＣＯＳＹ）等方法对银杏内酯Ｃ的氢信号和碳信号进行了较为完满的归属，并首次用ＮＯＥ差谱技术测定了银杏内酯Ｃ的相对立体构型。此外，还报道了银杏内酯Ｂ和Ｃ的抗血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）活性。     

银杏叶提取物及银杏总内酯对帕金森病大鼠模型的作用

目的：研究银杏叶提取物、银杏总内酯对帕金森病（ＰＤ）大鼠模型的作用。方法;采用腹腔注射毒扁豆被引起的急性震颤模型Ａ以及单侧 南注射微量６－羟多 胺造成的慢性旋转模型Ｂ,观察银杏叶提取物、银杏总内酯的预防和治疗作用。结果：银杏叶提取物（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。银杏总内酯（１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ）在预防给药１４ｄ后能够明显缩短模型Ａ的震颤时间,在给药治疗１４天后能减轻模型Ｂ的旋转行为,而且银杏总同酯（１２ｍｇ／ｇ     

银杏愈伤组织和悬浮细胞培养及黄酮类化合物的产生

进行了银杏愈伤组织和悬浮细胞培养及其次生代谢产物———黄酮类化合物的研究．考察了不同理化因子对各种银杏外植体黄酮含量的影响．对银杏细胞培养物中的芦丁、槲皮素和山奈酚进行了ＨＰＬＣ的定量测定     

荷花玉兰组织培养的研究

采用正交设计法考察了４种植物激素对诱导荷花玉兰愈伤组织产生的影响,筛选出最佳的植物激素配比为：ＭＳ培养基＋２,４－Ｄ（２,４－二氯苯氧乙酸,４ｍｇ／Ｌ）＋６－ＢＡ（６－苄基氨基嘌呤,１ｍｇ／Ｌ）＋ＮＡＡ（ａ－萘乙酸,４ｍｇ／Ｌ）;找到最适外植体为花托和叶芽,对比了不同外植体形成愈伤组织的时间、形态和质地的差异。     

银杏内酯抑制新大生鼠小胶质细胞产生一氧化氮

目的：观察银杏内酯Ａ和Ｂ，ＰＡＦ拮抗剂阿帕泛（Ａｐａ）和ＮＯＳ抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＡ对新生大鼠小胶质细胞（Ｍｉ）产生ＮＯ的影响。方法：以Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ反应测定亚硝酸盐含量表示ＮＯ量。结果：在静息Ｍｉ，ＧＡ，ＧＢ和Ａｐａ在１－１００００ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１范围对Ｍｉ产生ＮＯ没有影响，但Ｌ－ＮＡ可浓度依赖性地抑制ＮＯ产生，其ＩＣ５０（９５％可信限）值为３．４（０．８－１４．９）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１。而在激活的Ｍｉ，     

银杏内酯的研究概况

综述了银杏内酯类化全物的化学结构,用高效液相法、气相色谱－南谱联用技术、核磁共振法和薄层色谱法对银杏内酯进行分离与检测。银杏内醌类化合物作为血小板活化因子的高度专属性拮抗剂,具有广泛的药理活性其中银杏内醌Ｂ作用最强,临床上已用于治疗中风、器官移植排斥反应、休克和血液透析等。     

Effects of platelet activating factor and ginkgolid B on the cAMP levels in washed rabbit platelets

研究了血小板激活因子（ＰＡＦ）和ＰＡＦ拮抗剂银杏内酯Ｂ对洗涤兔血小板中ｃＡＭＰ含量的作用．结果表明ＰＡＦ（０．１－１．０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）对血小板的基础ｃＡＭＰ水平无影响，但对前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）２μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１及４，５－二氢－６－［４－（１Ｈ－咪唑－１－）苯基］－５－甲基－３－（２Ｈ）－哒嗪酮（ＣＩ－９３０）２０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１引起的ｃＡＭＰ升高有显著的抑制作用．银杏内酯Ｂ能完全拮抗ＰＡＦ抑制ＰＧＥ１和ＣＩ－９３０升高ｃＡＭＰ的作用，ＩＣ５０分别为４．７和１２．５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．合用磷酸肌酸／磷酸肌酸激酶和阿司匹林对ＰＡＦ和银杏内酯Ｂ的作用均无影响．提示ＰＡＦ对磷酸二酯酶的激活作用及腺苷酸环化酶的抑制作用是ＰＡＦ的直接作用，与其同ＰＡＦ受体结合有关．     

布美他尼对豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩功能的影响

目的研究布美他尼对Ｃａ２＋、组胺、乙酰胆碱、前列腺素引起豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩的影响。方法建立不同浓度Ｂｕｍｅｔ（１０－６、１０－５、１０－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）孵育时Ｃａ２＋和组胺量效曲线，观察Ｂｕｍｅｔ对Ａｃｈ和ＰＧＦ２α引起气管条收缩的抑制作用。结果Ｂｕｍｅｔ可压低Ｃａ２＋和Ｈｉｓ量效曲线，减活指数分别为３．０８±０．４８和５．６１±０．１３。对Ａｃｈ１０－５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和ＰＧＦ２α５×１０－３ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１引起的气管平滑肌收缩的ＩＣ５０分别为（５．０９×１０－６±０．１６×１０－６）ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和（５．１３×１０－６±０．１７×１０－６）ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。结论Ｂｕｍｅｔ可抑制Ｃａ２＋、组胺、乙酰胆碱、前列腺素Ｆ２α引起的豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩     

富含银杏内酯的银杏叶干浸膏制备工艺

用乙醇在沸腾状态下浸泡银杏叶，以树脂吸附法进行精制，所得干浸膏经ＨＰＬＣ测定表明含黄酮醇甙２７．４％，银杏内酯１０．６％，产率２．４８％。     

银杏萜内酯的药理作用与银杏天宝所含萜内酯的评价

银杏萜内酯的药理作用与银杏天宝所含萜内酯的评价吕玉涛,李遐松,任晖（贵州信邦制药公司贵阳市５５０００３）银杏萜内酯含量的多少,对银杏叶制剂质量具有关键性作用［１］。为提高银杏天宝总内酯含量,经开发研究,总内酯已达８．８７％～１０．０４％。现将有关情况...     

Novel Antiinflammatory Flavonoids from Podophyllum versipelle Cell Culture11.

352 callus cultures - most of them from different plant species - were screened for antiinflammatory activity with the mouse macrophage chemiluminescence assay, an IN VITRO cellular test system. Only two of the secondary metabolite fractions from the cultures examined showed more than 60% inhibition of chemiluminescence (CL) at a concentration of 10 (-5) mol/l. The most active culture, PODOPHYLLUM VERSIPELLE, was mass cultivated and three new flavonoids which we named podoverines A, B, and C could be isolated from the cell mass by chromatography on hydrophobic adsorbents. Podoverines A and B showed marked activity in the CL assay with IC (50) values of 4.7 x 10 (-6) and 6.4 x 10 (-6) mol/l, respectively, and are responsible for the activity of the corresponding callus culture.     

Induction of cyp3a in primary cultures of human hepatocytes by ginkgolides a and B

1. The present study was designed to determine the effects of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and quercetin on CYP3A protein expression and enzyme activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. 2. Hepatocytes were pretreated with ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and quercetin (at 1, 3, 10 and 30 micromol/L) for 48 h and then exposed to testosterone (250 micromol/L) for 30 min. Rifampin (10 micromol/L) and phenobarbital (2 mmol/L) were used as positive controls. The CYP3A activity was measured by the amount of 6beta-hydroxytestosterone in the culture medium and CYP3A protein in hepatocyte lysate was semiquantified by immunoblotting. 3. Compared with the vehicle control, ginkgolides A and B, at 30 micromol/L, significantly induced CYP3A protein expression (2.1- and 2-fold, respectively; both P < 0.01) and markedly induced CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation (2.5-fold each; P < 0.05 for ginkgolide A; P > 0.05 for ginkgolide B). Quercetin had no apparent induction. 4. Ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B can induce CYP3A protein expression and enzyme activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes at higher doses.     

Cultures ofGinkgo biloba,effect of nutritional and hormonal factors on the growth of cultured cells derived fromGinkgo biloba

Calli and suspension cultures were obtained following inoculation of the explant from leaves ofGinkgo biloba L. on the supplemented MS basal medium. The obtained calli and suspension cultured cells were able to produce detectable amounts of ginkgolides which are known as natural specific PAF antagonists. The production of ginkgolides in the calli and suspension cultured cells were identified using GC/MS, GC and HPLC with authentic compounds. Since the production of ginkglides A and B in the calli and suspension cultured cells had been confirmed, effects of types and concentration of plant growth regulators, media and illumination on the induction and growth of the callus were studied. The concentrations of growth regulators for optimal callus induction were 1.0 to 2.0 mg/L for NAA and 0.1 mg/L for kinetin. The growth of the callus seemed to be more stimulated with the combination of NAA and kinetin than NAA and BA with illumination at all concentration ranges of 1.0 to 4.0 mg/L for NAA and 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L for kinetin or BA studied. Among 8 different media used, the induction rate of callus on Anderson, Eriksson, and Schenk and Hildebrant at 4 weeks after the innoculation was almost the same as that of MS. However, callus was rarely induced on Heller or White medium. Suspension cultures were easily initiated with 3 g of callus (fresh weight) derived from ginkgo leaves on supplemented MS medium. A typical growth curve of suspension cultured cells could be obtained by measuring the fresh weight of the suspension cultured cells at every 3 days. To improve the growth of suspension cultured cells of ginkgo, effects of concentrations of NAA, sucrose, phosphate ions and molar ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? ions in the culture medium were studied. The maximum growth of the cells was achieved when the culture medium contained 1.0 mg/L of NAA, 30 g/L sucrose, 1.75 mM phosphate ions and 1∶5 molar ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? ions.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定重庆三峡库区银杏叶中银杏内酯的含量

目的:建立测定重庆三峡库区银杏叶中4种银杏内酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersi lODS-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-四氢呋喃-水(25:5:70),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,采用蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)检测,外标法测定。结果:银杏叶中银杏内酯A、B、C和白果内酯的进样量分别在1.53～19.30μg(r=0.9995)、1.31～17.42μg(r=0.9993)、1.49～17.45μg(r=0.9998)和2.07～19.86μg(r=0.9990)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为98.22%、95.05%、97.23%和98.67%,RSD分别为4.3%、3.9%、4.1%和3.7%(n=6)。结论:本法简便、准确、重复性好,适用于银杏叶中银杏内酯的含量测定,同时也可为研究三峡库区银杏叶中所含药物的质量提供可靠的检测方法。     

HPLC法测定五维B颗粒中四组份的含量

目的：建立一种高效液相色谱法测定五维B颗粒中烟酰胺、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6的含量测定方法。方法：高效液相色谱法，ODS柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），流动相：甲醇-5mmol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠（含0．5％冰醋酸＋0．1％三乙胺）（28：72），检测波长为280nln，流速1．0mL·min^-1。结果：烟酰胺、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6的线性回归方程为：A烟酰胺=1．08×10^4C＋2．85×10^4，r=0．9997，n=3；A维生素B1=1．68×10^4C＋0．85×10^4，r=0．9999，n=3；A维生素B2=2．08×10^4C＋1．85×10^4，r=0．9999，n=3；A维生素B6=2．14×10^4C＋0．79×10^4，r=0．9999，n=3；线性范围分别为：105．25—526．25mg·L^-1；40．05—200．25mg·L^-1；21．35—106．75mg·L^-1；4．15—20．75mg·L^-1。结论：该方法准确，灵敏度高，重现性好，可作为质量检验的定量方法。     

New products from alkali fusion of ginkgolides A and B

Alkali fusion of ginkgolides A and B has afforded five unexpected products 3-7. Their structures were established from their spectral data and chemical reactions. They were evaluated for their in vitro activity to inhibit the platelet-activating factor-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets and show less potency than ginkgolides A and B.     

HPLC-MS联用同时测定血浆中舒血宁注射液中银杏内酯A、B的含量

目的:建立同时测定血浆中银杏内酯A、B含量的方法。方法:采用液-液萃取法预处理血浆样本,高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定。色谱柱为ZORBAXXDB-C18柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸水(60:40),流速为0.3mL·min-1,进样量为20μL。质谱采用ESI源,MRM正离子检测模式。结果:建立的检测方法日内及日间变异系数<10.0%,准确率在±6%内。银杏内酯A、B的定量检测限为2μg·L-1,在2～500μg·L-1范围内;银杏内酯A、B的浓度均与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系,且相关性良好。结论:本方法简单、准确、稳定,可作为测定血浆中银杏内酯A、B的依据。     

A simple method for the identification and assay of extracellular plant beta-galactosidase

A simple, rapid and reproducible procedure for the identification of extracellular Californian poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) beta-galactosidase is described using callus cultures of seedlings from the tested plant, roots of 4-days-old seedlings of Californian poppy germinating on agar plates and cell suspension cultures cultivated from callus cultures. 6-Bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside were used as substrates for the determination of the intracellular and extracellular activities of beta-galactosidase. The extracellular beta-galactosidase activity was identified by evaluating the dye-zones in an agar medium. The enzyme from Californian poppy callus cultures or from seedling roots cultivated on agar plates supplemented with 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-galactopyranoside hydrolyzed this substrate releasing 6-bromo-2-naphthol. By simultaneous coupling with hexazonium p-rosaniline the corresponding (reddish-brown) azo-dye was formed. The agar plate method described permits rapid, simple and specific detection of plant producers of extracellular beta-galactosidase.     

Mixed antagonistic effects of the ginkgolides at recombinant human ρ(1) GABA(C) receptors

The diterpene lactones of Ginkgo biloba, ginkgolides A, B and C are antagonists at a range of Cys-loop receptors. This study examined the effects of the ginkgolides at recombinant human ρ₁ GABA_C receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp. The ginkgolides were moderately potent antagonists with IC₅₀s in the μM range. At 10 μM, 30 μM and 100 μM, the ginkgolides caused rightward shifts of GABA dose–response curves and reduced maximal GABA responses, characteristic of noncompetitive antagonists, while the potencies showed a clear dependence on GABA concentration, indicating apparent competitive antagonism. This suggests that the ginkgolides exert a mixed-type antagonism at the ρ₁ GABA_C receptors. The ginkgolides did not exhibit any obvious use-dependent inhibition. Fitting of the data to a number of kinetic schemes suggests an allosteric inhibition as a possible mechanism of action of the ginkgolides which accounts for their inhibition of the responses without channel block or use-dependent inhibition. Kinetic modelling predicts that the ginkgolides exhibit saturation of antagonism at high concentrations of GABA, but this was only partially observed for ginkgolide B. It also suggests that there may be different binding sites in the closed and open states of the receptor, with a higher affinity for the receptor in the closed state.     

丹酚酸B对MC3T3-E1细胞Dkk1 mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察丹酚酸B对MC3T3-E1细胞Dkk1mRNA表达的影响。方法:MC3T3-E1细胞分组:正常对照组、成骨诱导组、地塞米松1×10-6 mol·L-1组、地塞米松1×10-6 mol·L-1+丹酚酸B1×10-7 mol·L-1组、地塞米松1×10-6 mol·L-1+Dkk1抗体100μg·L-1组、丹酚酸B1×10-7 mol·L-1组、Dkk1抗体100μg·L-1组。加药7 d后用RT-PCR法检测细胞Dkk1mRNA表达水平。结果:与正常组相比,成骨诱导后Dkk1的表达增多,地塞米松组的Dkk1表达明显增多,丹酚酸B组Dkk1的表达减少,Dkk1抗体单用未见Dkk1的表达。与地塞米松组相比,丹酚酸B单用Dkk1的表达比地塞米松组少。丹酚酸B、Dkk1抗体可对抗地塞米松应用后引起的Dkk1表达增多。结论:丹酚酸B可以减少Dkk1的表达和对抗地塞米松使用后引起的Dkk1表达增多,这可能是其促骨形成的机制之一。