类风湿性腕关节炎的MRI表现及临床对比应用研究

目的　研究类风湿性 (rheumatoidarthritis,RA)腕关节炎MRI表现及临床对比应用的价值。方法　搜集符合 1987年美国风湿病协会 (ARA)诊断标准的RA患者 5 0例 ,男 15例 ,女 35例 ,行双腕关节MR扫描。均采用常规SET1WI、短时反转恢复 (STIR)序列、增强T1WI行冠状面扫描。选取 10例正常志愿者对照。同时搜集患者的临床症状、体征、实验室指标与MRI表现进行对比分析。结果　 5 0例患者 ,MRI下均可见滑膜增厚、血管翳增生 ,38例血管翳可见MRI增强表现 ,骨髓水肿 2 1例 ,关节积液 37例 ,骨质破坏 37例。骨髓水肿组、关节积液组、血管翳强化组分别与无相应表现组在红细胞沉降率、健康评估问卷 (HAQ评分 )、患者的整体评估 (AIMS)、肿胀关节数进行对比分析 ,差异均有显著性意义 (P值均 <0 0 0 1)。骨髓水肿组与无骨髓水肿组的骨质破坏、跖趾关节(MTP)压痛、抗核周因子 (APF)间差异均有显著性意义 (P值分别为 0 0 2 4、0 0 2 5、0 0 18)。结论　MRI能够显示类风湿性关节炎的病理改变 ,通过MRI表现与临床对比研究 ,MRI在类风湿性腕关节炎的诊断及预后评价方面有一定应用价值。     

甲醇中毒导致脑部损害的影像学表现

目的 探讨甲醇中毒导致脑部损害的CT、MRI特点及与其发病相关因素的关系。方法 39例饮假酒致甲醇中毒的患者，发病的潜伏期为0～4d。发病后1～6d行血液学检查、头颅CT平扫，其中4例行头颅MR平扫。结果 双侧壳核低密度改变6例，其中合并双侧皮质下白质区低密度改变2例；单侧内囊低密度改变4例；皮质下白质区低密度改变1例。CT阳性与饮假酒量（Z=-2．244，P〈0．05）、临床分期呈正相关（X^2=4．232，P〈0．05）；与血液中甲醇浓度（Z=-1．430．P〉0.05）、潜伏期（X^2=0．001，P〉0．05）无明显相关性。结论 MRI较CT更能早期发现脑部损害。病变的特点以双侧壳核发病为主，合并皮质下白质区的损害者往往提示预后不佳。     

类风湿关节炎早期滑膜病变的MR诊断

目的 探讨磁共振成像(MRI)技术在早期类风湿关节炎(RA)患者腕关节滑膜病变临床诊断中的应用价值.方法 对30例初诊RA患者的60个腕关节进行多种序列MRI平扫和动态增强扫描并分析其表现,并与临床症状和实验室检查进行对照研究.结果 MRI可清晰显示RA腕关节的滑膜增生及血管翳形成30例、关节软骨破坏21例、骨质受侵16例、关节积液25例及肌腱异常1例等改变,并能通过血管翳的信号、强化程度和强化曲线类型判断疾病是否处于活动期.结论 MRI有助于RA患者的早期诊断.     

MRI在膝关节早期类风湿性关节炎中的诊断价值

目的：探讨MRI在膝关节早期类风湿性关节炎中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析了10例临床拟诊为类风湿性关节炎。X线平片检查未见确切异常而行MRI检查的患者资料。结果：12个膝关节中滑膜增厚及血管翳形成12例；关节软骨破坏10例；骨髓水肿6例；骨侵蚀5例；关节积液7例。结论：MRI能反映膝关节类风湿性关节炎早期病理变化。为临床早期诊断、治疗提供依据，并可辅助临床选择适当的治疗方法。     

应用表观扩散系数进行星形细胞肿瘤分级：单参数法与双参数法优越性的比较

目的前瞻性确定1．0T肢体MR成像设备与1．5T常规MR成像设备在评价类风湿性关节炎（RA）病人的手和腕关节方面的可比性。方法该研究得到机构伦理委员会批准并签署知情同意书。32例RA病人（30例女性,2例男性;平均年龄52岁）其症状最典型的一只手（n=21）或者手腕（n=11）同时接受了1．0T四肢MRI及1．5T常规MRI的检查。2种检查结果分别由2名放射科医师根据类风湿性关节炎MRI评分（RAMRIS）进行评估,他们对成像设备以及病人临床信息均不知情,评估包括侵蚀、滑膜炎以及骨髓水肿（BME）。     

类风湿性关节炎中骨髓水肿与软骨损伤的MR研究

目的利用3.0T磁共振探讨类风湿性关节炎中腕骨骨髓水肿和软骨损伤之间的相关性。方法通过对38例类风湿性关节炎患者和28例正常对照者先后两年进行腕关节磁共振检查,对腕关节软骨损伤、骨髓水肿及骨侵蚀、滑膜炎进行评分并探讨其统计学意义。结果 RA与对照组之间两年MRI软骨评分在评分者1中P值为0.048,评分者2中P值为0.038,均具有统计学差异。两个时间点MRI软骨评分在RA中MRI软骨分数明显增加(评分者1和2分别P=0.046、P=0.033)并具有统计学意义。RA损伤各种影响因素分析结果发现MRI软骨评分(R~2=0.67)优于MRI骨侵蚀评分(R~2=0.47)。两年间分别出现在桡骨、月骨及舟状骨的骨髓水肿与相邻软骨的MRI软骨分数增加具有统计学意义(P值分别为0.0001、0.0012)。结论类风湿性关节炎中出现骨髓水肿和滑膜炎之前已经出现软骨损伤,因此软骨损伤可作为导致关节畸形的独立致病因素。     

类风湿性寰枢关节炎一例

患者男，58岁。3年前因指间关节呈对称性梭形肿胀、疼痛、挛缩、屈曲，关节周围背侧皮下出现长径0．3～1．0cm硬性结节3个月；X线检查示双侧腕关节组成骨骨质疏松，腕关节及第1掌指关节关节间隙狭窄，关节面毛糙，部分关节面下方可见小囊状骨质破坏区，双手第1掌指关节半脱位(图1)；被诊断为类风湿性关节炎，经住院治疗1个月     

关节软骨病损的影像学诊断

目的 探讨慢性骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎等几种慢性关节软骨损伤平片和MRI的诊断与鉴别诊断。方法 89例患者(骨关节炎61例，类风湿性关节炎9例，其他慢性损伤19例)共115个关节均行平片检查及MR T1WI、T2WI 质子密度加权像(PDWI)、短时反转恢复抑脂序列(STIR)、三维抑脂扰相梯度回波序列(3D FS SPGR)扫描，32例44个关节进行了增强扫描。其中90个膝关节的MRI分髌骨、股骨内髁、股骨外髁、胫骨4个关节面，按软骨病变Outerbridge分级法进行分析观察，61例75个关节进行了平片与MRI征象的对照观察。结果 MRI表现：关节软骨病变115个(100％)，同时伴有关节软骨变薄58个(50．4％)、软骨下骨质、骨髓改变22个(19．7％，)、滑膜增生52个(45．2％，)；类风湿性关节炎与骨关节炎组和其他慢性损伤组比较，类风湿性关节炎的软骨下骨质、骨髓改变的发生率与骨关节炎组及其他慢性损伤组差异有显著性意义(P值均=0．000)。把受累几率最大的髌软骨(81／90，90％)按MRI软骨病损Ⅰ～Ⅱ级为1组，Ⅲ～Ⅳ级为另1组，与平片的征象进行相关对照分析，两组间分别在平片的关节间隙狭窄(χ^2=9．349，P=0．002)、关节面下小囊变(χ^2=9．885，P=0．002)差异有非常显著性意义。结论Ⅰ～Ⅱ级软骨病变平片无恒定的征象，而Ⅲ～Ⅳ级软骨病变则可见关节间隙变窄与关节面下小囊变，主要与关节软骨病变及软骨下骨质改变相关：目前关节及关节软骨的影像学检查以X线平片结合MRI为最佳的检查方法，MR增强扫描有助于滑膜病变的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

服用硝酸甘油对多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的影响

目的：探讨通过服用硝酸甘油提高多层螺旋CT（MSCT）冠状动脉成像显影质量的可行性。方法：选服用与不服用硝酸甘油患者各30例，用16层MSCT扫描，对比2组患者冠状动脉13个节段显影的差异。并将服用硝酸甘油患者中10例进行了DSA选择性冠状动脉成像的图像进行对比。结果：（1）2组在冠状动脉13个血管节段中，右冠状动脉（第1、2、3段）、左主干（第5段）、左前降支（第6、7段）、左旋支（第11段）可评价血管例数相同（均为30例）；后降支和左室后支（第4段，X^2=8．007，P=0．004）、左前降支（第8段，X^2=8．571，P=0．003）、第1对角支（第9段，X^2=6．667，P=0．010）、第2对角支（第10段，X^2=38．400，P=0．000）、钝圆支（第12段，X^2=12．000，P=0．001）、左旋支（第13段，X^2=10．335，P=0．001）的显影差异有统计学意义。（2）服用硝酸甘油MSCT冠状动脉成像10例与选择性冠状动脉成像初步对比，严重的钙化和运动伪影影响狭窄的准确性，轻度钙化或无钙化和无运动伪影时，MSCT冠状动脉成像与DSA冠状动脉成像结果吻合。结论：使用硝酸甘油可提高MSCT冠状动脉成像的显影质量。     

成都地区儿童消化道疾病及HLA—DQB多态性分析

目的：对行胃镜检出的慢性胃炎患儿行H．pylori检查，分析其检查阳性和阴性患儿的HLA—DQB1等位基因的遗传多态性。方法：病例对照法研究H．pylofi阳性和阴性患儿，采用PCR—SSO杂交方法确定HLA—DQB1等位基因型别，病例对照为健康儿童。结果：胃镜检查242例，有上消化道疾病患儿222例，占91．74％。对86例慢性胃炎者行H．pylofi检查，阳性57例，占66．28％；阳性患儿DQBI＊0602等位基因阳性率低于阴性患儿（X^2=6．97，P〈0．01），阳性健康儿DQB1＊03032阳性率低于阴性健康儿（x^2=6．97，P〈0．01）。结论：胃镜检查儿童上消化道疾病以慢性胃炎为主，H．pylofi感染率超过2／3。DQB1＊03032和DQB＊0602可能是抵抗H．pylori感染和相关性胃炎的遗传保护因素。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.