限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析用于乙型流行性感冒病毒巴拿马株与维多利亚株的快速鉴定

利用限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)鉴别乙型流行性感冒(流感)病毒的巴拿马株与维多利亚株,对乙型流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增后,用HindⅢ做酶切反应并进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳.结果显示:乙型流感病毒维多利亚株或巴拿马株HA基因均能被特异性引物所扩增,且与甲1与甲3型流感病毒无交叉反应.该片段经HindⅢ酶切后,乙型流感病毒巴拿马株在电泳谱上出现603bp与242bp的2个片段,而乙型流感病毒维多利亚株在该片段无HindⅢ酶切位点,仍呈872bp的一个片段.表明该方法不仅可作为常规血清学方法的补充,对乙型流感病毒维多利亚株与巴拿马株作出正确判定,而且可快速敏感地从临床标本中直接对两类乙型流感毒株进行鉴别.     

多重逆转录聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应快速检出含漱液中的乙型流感病毒

目的 建立特异敏感的快速检测含漱液中的流感病毒的分子生物学方法。方法 用多重逆转录聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应扩增甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒HA基因的HA1片段,得到各病毒与特异性大小的扩增产物的对应关系。用同样的方法扩增含漱液中流感病毒的HA基因的HA1片段。根据这对应关系检测含漱液中的流感病毒。结果 以流感病毒的HA基因为模板设计的三对引物,用多重逆转聚合酶链反应能特异性地扩增出942bp、1117bp和751bp的核酸片段,它们分别和甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒有稳定对应关系。用多重逆转录聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应扩增含漱液中流感病毒HA基因的HA1片段,根据扩增产物的大小检出含漱液中的乙型流感疾病。结论 多重逆转聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应能特异敏感地检出含漱液中的乙型流感病毒。     

用两种聚合酶链反应方法检测流感病毒

目的：建立特异敏感的快速检测流感病毒的分子生物学方法。方法：用多重逆转录聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应扩增甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒的HA基因的HA1片段。根据扩增产物的大小检测流感病毒。结果：以流感病毒的H基因为模板设计的3对引物能特异性地扩增出942bp,1117bp和751bp的核酸片段，它们分别和甲1，甲3和乙型流感病毒有稳定对应的关系。根据扩增产物的大小可以检测流感病毒。用这个方法能检测病毒浓度为0．1TCID50的样品。结论：多重逆转录聚合酶链反应和半巢式多重聚合酶链反应是检测流感病毒的特异敏感的方法。     

多重逆转录聚合酶链反应检测流感病毒

目的：建立特异敏感的热速检测流感病毒的分子生物学方法。方法：用多重逆转录聚合酶链反应连接多重聚合酶链反应扩增甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒的HA基因的HA1片段。根据扩增产物的大小检测流感病毒。结果：以流感病毒的HA基因为模板设计的三对引物能特异性地扩增出942bp、1117bp和751bp的核酸片段，它们分别和甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒有稳定对应关系。根据扩增产物的大小可以检测流感病毒。用这个方法能检测病毒浓度为0．1TCID50的样品。还可以直接从疑似流感病人的含漱液中检测到乙型流感病毒。结论：多重逆转录聚合酶链反应连接多重聚合酶链反应是检测流感病毒的特异敏感的方法，此法还能直接从疑似流感病人的含漱液中检测到乙型流感病毒。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒抗原HA基因进化分析

目的 分析甲型H1N1流感病毒抗原HA基因的突变和分子进化树.方法 由河南省各市(地)疾病预防控制中心和流感监测哨点医院采集流感患者咽拭样本,从咽拭样本中分离甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株,选择20株提取病毒RNA,设计引物运用逆转录-聚合酶键反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增编码HA蛋白的基因序列,测序分析核酸和编码的蛋白序列突变位.结果 分离到51株新型H1N1流感病毒;扩增20株HA编码基因,18株成功扩增到HA编码基因,2部分基因片段分别为1 024 bp和654 bp,与预期大小相符;BLAST分析结果显示,在中国多个地区分布有甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因433 T/C(N端145 S/P)突变株,进化树分析结果显示,这一位点的突变有可能是来自于猪-人之间相互感染.结论 甲型H1N1流感病毒抗原HA基因在中国内地传播期间个别氨基酸位点发生了突变,但是抗原性未改变.     

微流芯片检测流感病毒多重逆转录聚合酶链反应产物的实验研究

[目的 ]　建立应用微流芯片检测甲 1型、甲 3型、乙型流感病毒多重逆转录聚合酶链反应 (mRT -PCR)产物的方法 ,在mRT -PCR扩增核酸的基础上自动化灵敏的定量检测扩增产物 ,快速检测甲亚型、乙型流感病毒 ,帮助临床快速诊断和鉴别诊断其他呼吸道病毒感染 ,以及明确流感病毒在人群中感染、流行情况。　 [方法 ]　采用经MDCK细胞分离培养的甲 1型、甲 3型、乙型流感病毒毒株病毒液 ,使用 3组特异引物经mRT -PCR扩增核酸 ,扩增产物分别采用毛细管电泳技术经Caliper10 0 0微流芯片分析仪自动化检测和经 2 %琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测。　[结果 ]　设计三组引物对相应甲 1型、甲 3型、乙型流感病毒靶基因的mRT -PCR扩增产物片段分别为 43 0bp、2 10bp、3 91bp ,本实验mRT -PCR扩增产物经 2 %琼脂糖凝胶电泳 ,与Marker比照 ,DNA条带基本在此位点附近 ;产物采用毛细管电泳法经Caliper10 0 0微流芯片分析仪后 ,分别于 413bp、2 0 3bp、3 79bp处出现陡峭的峰 ,如图所示。　[结论 ]　应用微流芯片采用毛细管电泳法可对流感病毒mRT -PCR产物进行定位及相对定量 ,有助于快速诊断流感病毒感染 ,有助于对流感的监测。     

甲3型流行性感冒病毒基因的快速检测

为建立流行性感冒(流感)的快速诊断技术,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测甲3型流感病毒的血凝素(HA)基因.对甲3型流感病毒的HA基因保守区域设计相关引物并进行PCR扩增,比较了它的特异性与灵敏度.结果显示该引物只能扩增甲3型流感病毒的特异性片段,而对其它型别的流感病毒以及麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎病毒无交叉反应.检测的灵敏度1次PCR可达10TCID50/50ml以下,2次PCR反应可达0.1TCID50/50ml以下.采用该方法从临床患者含漱液标本中的检出率,比采用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)分离病毒的阳性率更高,可达到迅速、正确诊断甲3型流感的实用目的.     

赣州市2014年甲型H1N1流感病毒奥司他韦耐药株的筛查结果

目的分析2014年赣州市甲型H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因第275位氨基酸变异情况,掌握其耐药特性,为甲型H1N1流感防治提供参考。方法收集赣州市流感监测哨点医院采集的流感样病例鼻咽拭子标本,采用狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)对标本进行病毒分离,对分离的24株甲型H1N1流感病毒进行核酸提取,采用一步法逆转录-聚合酶链反应(One-step RT-PCR)扩增病毒NA基因部分片段,采用限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)方法,分析扩增的部分NA基因第275位是否发生组氨酸(H)到酪氨酸(Y)的突变。结果 2014年赣州市24株甲型H1N1流感病毒NA基因第275位氨基酸均为组氨酸,未发生变异。结论 2014年24株毒株均对Oseltamivir敏感,One-step RT-PCR-RFLP方法筛查甲型H1N1流感病毒Oseltamivir耐药株简便可行。     

双创造酶切位点聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测MGMT基因多态性的应用

目的建立简便易行、经济适用的MGMT基因4个单核苷酸多态性位点的检测方法。方法应用碱基错配创造酶切位点原理设计引物,通过聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术判断MGMT基因四个SNP位点多态性。结果设计一对引物PCR扩增含MGMT84多态位点的DNA片段,另一对引物PCR扩增含MGMT基因143、160、178三个多态位点的DNA片段,使用4种限制性内切酶分别酶切判断4个位点多态性,PCR和酶切效果均较好。结论应用创造酶切位点PCR-RFLP原理建立的MGMT四个多态位点的检测方法具备简便、经济、快速的特点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.