MRI findings associated with distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to describe the MRI findings associated with acute and chronic distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four 1.5-T MRIs of ankles of 90 individuals with histories of severe sprain were assessed by two musculoskeletal radiologists for syndesmosis injury (acute, edema of the syndesmosis; chronic, disruption or thickening of the syndesmosis without edema). We examined associated MRI findings, including anterior talofibular ligament injury (scar, chronic injury; edema, acute injury), bone bruise, osteochondral lesion, tibiofibular joint congruity, tibiofibular recess height, and osteoarthritis. The Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance test were used to evaluate the significance of the associations. RESULTS: In 94 ankles, syndesmosis injury was seen in 63% (n = 59; 23 acute; 36 chronic). Anterior talofibular ligament injury (acute or chronic) was seen on MRIs in 74% (n = 70; 49 with syndesmosis injury; 21 without; p = 0.03). Bone bruises were present in 24% (n = 23; 18/23 acute; 4/36 chronic; 4/35 no injury; p < 0.0001). Of these, talar dome osteochondral lesions were present in 28% (n = 26; 11/23 acute; 14/36 chronic; 1/35 no injury; p = 0.0001; 13 medial; 13 lateral). The tibiofibular joint was incongruent in 33% (n = 31; 6/23 acute; 21/36 chronic; 4/35 no injury; p < 0.0001). The tibiofibular recess (mean +/- SD) was 1.2 +/- 0.92 cm in acute cases, 1.4 +/- 0.57 cm in chronic cases, and 0.54 +/- 0.68 cm in cases with no syndesmosis injury (p < 0.0001). Osteoarthritis was present in 10% (n = 9; 1/23 acute; 7/36 chronic; 1/35 no injury; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Injury to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis has a significant association with a number of secondary findings on MRI, including anterior talofibular ligament injury, bone bruises, osteochondral lesions, tibiofibular joint congruity, and height of the tibiofibular recess.     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯人工韧带重建治疗下胫腓联合体损伤中期疗效分析

目的观察聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)人工韧带以不同固定方式重建治疗下胫腓联合体损伤的中期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年3月~2014年12月应用PET韧带重建治疗27例下胫腓联合体损伤,男性16例,女性11例;年龄22~47岁,平均35.5岁。其中伴踝部骨折26例,单纯下胫腓联合体损伤1例;采用双侧悬吊技术或者单侧悬吊加可吸收螺钉挤压螺钉固定技术。结果对患者随访18~23(20.4±1.3)个月。术后X线片显示下胫腓联合间隙、踝穴解剖正常,至术后18个月无复位丢失。美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝关节功能评分评定疗效,优18例,良8例,一般1例。结论PET人工韧带重建术能够提供短时间恢复功能所需要的高韧性,早期恢复踝关节活动范围。采用单侧悬吊加可吸收螺钉挤压螺钉固定技术可明显缩短手术时间。     

Lateral ankle fracture with missed proximal tibiofibular joint instability (Maisonneuve injury)

We present a case of a soccer player who sustained a lateral ankle fracture and the associated proximal anterolateral tibiofibular joint instability (Maisonneuve injury) was overlooked. After a non-contact injury the (incomplete) diagnosis of a lateral malleolar fracture (type Weber B, AO 44-B1) was made and the patient was surgically treated with open reduction and internal fixation including a distal syndesmosis screw. After removal of the syndesmosis screw (six weeks after surgery) the patient suffered from activity-related pain around the fibular head. After thorough clinical and radiologic examination, temporary screw transfixation of the fibular head and capsular repair under meticulous fluoroscopic control of fibular rotation helped to restore patient’s sport activity level. This case report emphasizes the importance of precise clinical examination for detection of a proximal tibiofibular joint instability. Restoration of a well functioning and stable proximal tibiofibular joint may be difficult to achieve in previously operated and missed instabilities. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

多层螺旋CT三维重建成像技术在输尿管病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT三维重建成像技术对输尿管病变检查的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析临床怀疑的泌尿系统病变25例,所有病例在行螺旋CT增强扫描前均做了静脉尿路造影或逆行肾盂造影。扫描图像减薄,层厚1.25 mm,层间距1 mm。所有数据传入工作站进行三维重建,并对重建后输尿管图像与CT轴位平扫图像及X线平片对比分析。结果:三维重建泌尿系图像清晰显示输尿管空间结构。结论:多层螺旋CT三维重建技术获得的图像能以最优形式清晰、立体地显示输尿管解剖结构及空间位置关系。     

Electron beam CT versus 16-slice spiral CT: how accurately can we measure coronary artery calcium volume?

The purpose of this study was to investigate how accurately CAC volume we can be measured using electron beam computed tomography (CT) and 16-slice spiral CT. CAC models with known volume attached to a cardiac phantom were scanned. The error of measurement, variability between measured and real volumes, and inter-scan measurement variability were obtained. For spiral CT, seven different parameters were included: (1) slice thickness (0.625 mm, 1.25 mm and 2.5 mm), (2) retrospective spiral electrocardiograph (ECG)-gated or prospective axial ECG-triggering, (3) overlapping or non-overlapping. The error of measurement was 15% on electron beam CT and 8–20% on spiral CT. CAC volumes were underestimated in 92% and overestimated in 8% of the electron beam CT scans. Volumes were underestimated in 79%, correct in 5% and overestimated in 16% of the spiral CT scans. The best measurement and the least variability was observed on 0.625-mm retrospective spiral ECG-gated CT (error of 8%), a significant result (t-test: P<0.01) when compared with electron beam CT. CAC volume measurement on CT scanners may be significantly different and often underestimates the real volume of CAC. For precise evaluation of CAC volume, thin-slice retrospective spiral ECG-gated scan using a spiral CT scanner is desirable.     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术在喉癌分期中的应用

目的探讨16层螺旋CT各种后处理技术在喉癌术前分期中的应用。资料与方法37例拟诊喉癌患者术前行准直为0．625mm螺旋CT扫描,利用扫描获取的容积资料行薄层1mm冠状、矢状、轴位多平面重组（MPR）、仿真喉镜（CTVL）、容积再现（VR）重建肿块与颈部邻近血管关系以及喉腔透明显示（RSP）等多种后处理技术,综合对喉癌术前TNM作出评估,并将影像分期结果与手术病理结果对照,评价该方法的准确性。结果16层螺旋CT术前对喉TNM分期与临床最终手术病理结果对照,其中TI期符合率为50％,T2期为60％,T3期为75％,T4期为81．25％。总体分期符合率为72．9％。尤其是1mm薄层MPR图像可明显提高对前联合、喉旁间隙、声门下有无受累以及喉软骨微浸润的判断。结论16层螺旋CT0．625mm层厚各向同性容积扫描,各种后处理技术的综合应用,在喉癌术前临床评估中具有很高的实用价值,值得推广应用。     

带袢微型钢板治疗陈旧性下胫腓联合不稳

目的观察应用带袢微型钢板治疗陈旧性下胫腓联合不稳的临床疗效。方法对2011年1月~2013年1月收治的23例陈旧性下胫腓联合不稳患者采用带袢微型钢板弹性固定的方法进行手术治疗,其中男性19例,女性4例;年龄33~47岁,平均(38.4±5.1)岁。术中对内踝和下胫腓联合间隙清创后,用2枚带袢微型钢板实施下胫腓联合固定。采用美国足踝外科协会踝关节功能评分(AOFAS)进行疗效评定。结果本组病例随访7~27个月,平均(15±5.8)个月。踝关节周围骨折均获愈合,平均愈合时间10~18周,平均(10.5±3.5)周。术后3d、2个月和6个月复查X线及CT提示下胫腓联合间隙良好,无植入物移位、下胫腓再次分离、切口感染、愈合不良及静脉血栓等并发症发生。术前AOFAS评分(65.23±14.45)分,术后(87.37±12.58)分,全部病例较术前明显改善,评分比较均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论带袢微型钢板治疗陈旧性下胫腓联合不稳利于患者早期康复,临床疗效满意。     

螺旋CT扫描三维重建在骨关节疾病诊断中的临床应用

目的:探讨螺旋CT扫描三维成像技术对骨关节疾病的临床应用价值。材料与方法:对于39例骨关节疾病患者进行螺旋CT薄层扫描,重叠重建及骨算法重建,然后通过软件功能行三维重建。通过旋转三维图像从最佳角度来观察病变的立体形态及其与周围结构的关系。结果:颅骨及颌骨骨折20例,胸椎骨折3例,腰椎骨折3例,肩胛骨骨折1例,髋关节骨折3例;左股骨慢性骨髓炎1例,胸椎结核2例,膝关节退行性变1例,肘关节感染2例,颈椎及胸椎先天畸形2例,踝关节合并足骨多发转移瘤1例。结论:螺旋CT扫描三维重建可作为横轴CT图像和二维图像的重要补充,它可更直观地显示病变的立体形态,尤其在解剖结构复杂的颅底、颌面、脊柱、关节、手和足疾病的诊断和临床治疗中有重要的指导作用。     

Visual grading of emphysema severity in candidates for lung volume reduction surgery. Comparison between HRCT, spiral CT and "density-masked" images

Purpose: To investigate which of three types of CT imaging yielded the best results in estimating the degree of emphysema in patients undergoing evaluation for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), whether there was any difference in this regard between the cranial and caudal part of the lung, and whether the degree of emphysema had an impact on the estimation.Material and Methods: Four radiologists visually classified different degrees of emphysema on three different types of CT images into four groups. The degree of emphysema was calculated by a computer. The three types of images were as follows: HRCT images (2-mm slice thickness); spiral CT images (10-mm slice thickness); and density-masked images (spiral CT images printed with pixels below -960 HU, depicted in white).Results: The conventionally presented images from HRCT and spiral CT yielded the same results (60% respective 62% correct classifications) in assessing the degree of emphysema irrespective of localisation. Significantly improved results were obtained when the spiral CT images were presented as density-masked images (74%).Conclusion: There was no difference between HRCT and spiral CT in assessing the degree of emphysema in candidates for LVRS. Improvement can be achieved by the use of density-masked images.     

多层螺旋CT多平面及三维重建对骨盆骨折的诊断价值

目的:讨论MSCT多平面重建(MPR)及三维容积再现(VR)诊断骨盆骨折的临床价值。方法:MSCT行骨盆扫描32例,重建层厚1.25mm,间隔0.6mm,将数据传至工作站,行MPR及VR处理,并对横断面图像及重建图像进行回顾性分析。结果:32例骨盆骨折患者共发现骨折59处。MPR图像可清楚显示骨折线及细小骨碎片,但不能显示三维空间关系,VR图像可以从各个方位准确显示表面骨结构的空间改变,但对细小无移位的骨折线显示不佳。结论:多层螺旋CT多平面及三维重建相结合能够清晰立体地显示骨盆骨折的全部细节,对临床制定治疗方案具有重要的参考价值。     

The distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament as a cause of tibiotalar impingement syndrome: a current concepts review

Impingement syndromes of the ankle involve either osseous or soft tissue impingement and can be anterior, anterolateral, or posterior. Ankle impingement syndromes are painful conditions caused by the friction of joint tissues, which are both the cause and the effect of altered joint biomechanics. The distal fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) is possible cause of anterior impingement. The objective of this article was to review the literature concerning the anatomy, pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of the AITFL impingement and finally to formulate treatment recommendations. The AITFL starts from the distal tibia, 5 mm in average above the articular surface, and descends obliquely between the adjacent margins of the tibia and fibula, anterior to the syndesmosis to the anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus. The incidence of the accessory fascicle differs very widely in the several studies. The presence of the distal fascicle of the AITFL and also the contact with the anterolateral talus is probably a normal finding. It may become pathological, due to anatomical variations and/or anterolateral instability of the ankle resulting from an anterior talofibular ligament injury. When observed during an ankle arthroscopy, the surgeon should look for the criteria described to decide whether it is pathological and considering resection of the distal fascicle. The presence of the AITFL and the contact with the talus is a normal finding. An impingement of the AITFL can result from an anatomical variant or anteroposterior instability of the ankle. The diagnosis of ligamentous impingement in the anterior aspect of the ankle should be considered in patients who have chronic ankle pain in the anterolateral aspect of the ankle after an inversion injury and have a stable ankle, normal plain radiographs, and isolated point tenderness on the anterolateral aspect of the talar dome and in the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. The impingement syndrome can be treated arthroscopically.     

螺旋CT在肺容积测量中扫描参数的应用探讨

目的 :探讨螺旋CT在肺容积测量中扫描参数的选择应用。方法 :采用PickerCT Twin全身扫描机 ,工作站Om nipro。 4 0例研究对象 ,分为 4组 ,分别在不同扫描参数组合下行全肺扫描并重建 3D图像 ,计算肺容积。利用配对设计的差值均数与总体均数比较t检验进行统计学处理 ,筛选出适当的参数组合。结果 :不同螺旋CT扫描参数下肺容积测量结果无显著性差异 ,适用于肺容积测量的最佳扫描参数组合为螺距 1.5、层厚 11.0mm、重建间隔 5 .5mm、管电流 75mAs。结论 :总结了适合正常人和肺气肿患者的肺容积测量中螺旋CT扫描参数的最佳组合方式 ,同时也是一般肺部扫描的最佳参数组合     

两种材料螺钉固定下胫腓联合损伤的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 通过前瞻性随机对照研究评估金属(钛合金)和生物可吸收(多聚左旋乳酸)螺钉固定下胫腓联合的疗效,并分析潜在的并发症风险.方法 2007年1月- 2008年5月共48例踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合损伤患者入组.通过随机数字表法实现完全随机分组,其中金属螺钉固定组20例,可吸收螺钉固定组28例.47例患者接受至少2年的随访,进行影像学和临床评估.结果 总随访率达98％.两组患者人口学信息差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).随访满1年及2年时,两组间Baird评分各指标、总分及Baird评级差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).至随访末,两组患、健侧踝关节之间活动度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).可吸收螺钉组主要出现2例中度排异反应及2例下胫腓异位骨化并发症.结论 可吸收螺钉是下胫腓联合损伤固定的有效内置物,与金属材料螺钉相比,可避免二次手术取出,同时可以达到与前者相同的固定效果.但其也存在多种并发症的可能,如排异反应及异位骨化等不容忽视.     

螺旋CT三维和多平面重建诊断胫骨平台骨折及临床应用价值探讨

目的 探讨螺旋CT三维重建（3D）和多平面重建（MPR）技术在胫骨平台骨折中的应用。方法 回顾分析我院经X线、螺旋CT横断、3D及MPR技术证实的胫骨平台骨折9例。层厚2～5mm，螺距1，重建间隔1～2mm。结果9例胫骨平台骨折经3D和MPR成像后均能立体显示骨折的部位、形态、类型、关节面碎裂、塌陷程度等空间信息。9例中，Ⅰ型4例，Ⅱ型2例，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型各1例。结论 螺旋CT3D和MPR技术能为临床医师选择治疗方案和手术计划提供更有价值的信息。     

踝关节骨折28例诊治分析

目的　探讨正确处理踝关节骨折的治疗方法。方法　采用Weber的方法按照腓骨骨折的高低将踝关节骨折分为A ,B ,C三型。A型骨折采用非手术治疗 ,B ,C型采用切开复位内固定。结果　 2 8例中优 2 4例 ,良 3例 ,差 1例。优良率达 96 % (2 7/2 8)。结论　正确处理腓骨下段骨折、下胫腓联合分离、保持正常的腓骨长度、踝穴结构 ,对踝关节骨折良好愈合起决定性作用     

Traumatic proximal tibiofibular dislocation

Traumatic proximal tibiofibular dislocation is a rare injury that is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed at the initial presentation because of a lack of clinical suspicion. When diagnosed, the injury should be promptly reduced. Missed injuries or late presentations are a potential source of chronic morbidity. This article describes the relevant anatomy, classifications, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The authors stress the importance of evaluating the distal syndesmotic ligaments and the interosseous membrane because the mechanism of trauma can also cause a disruption of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. In the presence of syndesmotic instability, prompt stabilization is advocated. Whether syndesmotic stabilization is indicated in cases of a syndesmotic sprain is controversial. An illustrative case is also presented of a 28-year-old male soccer player who sustained a proximal tibiofibular dislocation after a violent twisting motion of the right knee.     

Computed tomography of normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis

Objective  

The purpose of this study was to determine the shape and measurements of the normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis on computed tomographic scans and to identify features that could aid in the diagnosis of syndesmotic diastasis using computed tomography (CT).     

3D volume rendering using multislice CT for dental implants

OBJECTIVES: To determine the precision and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering spiral multislice computed tomography (CT)-based linear measurements of the mental foramen for dental implants, in vitro, and their precision, in vivo. METHODS: Five cadaver heads were imaged by multislice spiral CT (Toshiba Aquilion) with 0.5 mm thick axial slices (0.5 mm/0.5 s of table feed) at 0.5 mm interval reconstructions. The image data sets were transferred to a networked computer workstation. Using computer graphics the data were analysed with a 3D volume rendering technique using Vitrea software. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists, independently, made electronic linear measurements from the superior border of the mental foramen to the crest of the alveolar process. The soft tissues were removed and physical measurements made using a 3 Space (Polhemus, Colchester, VT, USA) electromagnetic digitizer with a personal computer running Windows 98. The same linear measurements of 15 patients using the same imaging methodology were performed and the precision was analysed. RESULTS: The findings showed no statistically significant inter- or intra-observer differences in vitro and in vivo, or between imaging and physical measurements in vitro (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 3D multislice spiral CT imaging allows highly accurate measurements for dental implant placement in proximity to the mental foramen. Computer graphics software, using volume rendering is suitable for implant planning.     

Deltoid Ligament and Tibiofibular Syndesmosis Injury in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation at 3T and Comparison with Arthroscopy

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of deltoid ligament and distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury on 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).

Materials and Methods

Fifty patients (mean age, 35 years) who had undergone preoperative 3T MRI and surgical treatment for CLAI were enrolled. The prevalence of deltoid ligament and syndesmosis injury were assessed. The complexity of lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC) injury was correlated with prevalence of deltoid or syndesmosis injuries. The diagnostic accuracy of ankle ligament imaging at 3T MRI was analyzed using arthroscopy as a reference standard.

Results

On MRI, deltoid ligament injury was identified in 18 (36%) patients as follows: superficial ligament alone, 9 (50%); deep ligament alone 2 (11%); and both ligaments 7 (39%). Syndesmosis abnormality was found in 21 (42%) patients as follows: anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) alone, 19 (90%); and AITFL and interosseous ligament, 2 (10%). There was no correlation between LCLC injury complexity and the prevalence of an accompanying deltoid or syndesmosis injury on both MRI and arthroscopic findings. MRI sensitivity and specificity for detection of deltoid ligament injury were 84% and 93.5%, and those for detection of syndesmosis injury were 91% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion

Deltoid ligament or syndesmosis injuries were common in patients undergoing surgery for CLAI, regardless of the LCLC injury complexity. 3T MRI is helpful for the detection of all types of ankle ligament injury. Therefore, careful interpretation of pre-operative MRI is essential.     

Lauge-Hansen旋前外展Ⅲ度踝骨折特点及下胫腓联合复位情况分析

目的探讨Lauge-Hansen旋前外展III度踝骨折(PA-Ⅲ度踝骨折)特点和下胫腓联合(ITFS)复位质量。方法回顾性分析2015年4月—2016年10月天津医院足踝外科入院诊断为PA-Ⅲ踝骨折患者52例,男性44例,女性8例;年龄15~74岁,平均37.7岁;右踝18例,左踝34例。由1名主治医师阅读伤后踝X线片并作出诊断,主任医师联合三维CT观察踝骨折特点修正诊断,对比分析误诊组和确诊组内踝骨折、Tillaux结节骨折及下胫腓联合分离、外踝骨折部位、类型、主要骨折线方向和主要骨折块位置。术后X线及CT确定ITFS复位质量,间隙与胫距间隙差值>2mm确定为复位不良。结果52例患者根据伤后X线检查确诊为PA-Ⅲ度踝骨折,三维CT分析踝骨折特点后证实21例误诊,误诊率40.38%。两组在内踝骨折、外踝骨折、Tillaux结节骨折及下胫腓联合分离比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组在外踝骨折类型、主要骨折线方向、主要骨折块位置比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在外踝骨折平面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。确诊组患者中术后ITFS复位不良7例(22.6%)。结论单纯依靠X线片诊断PA-Ⅲ度踝骨折误诊率较高,CT三维重建观察外踝骨折类型、主要骨折线方向和骨折块位置可辅助确诊。PA-Ⅲ度踝骨折术后ITFS复位不良发生率较高。