2007-2011年许昌市细菌性食物中毒分析

目的了解本市近年来细菌性食物中毒发生概况,尤其是流行特征及实验室检测情况,为食物中毒的判定、治疗、预防和控制提供依据。方法根据GB/T4789标准和常规食物中毒检验程序操作,对疑似食物中毒的样品进行检验。结果 5 a共发生疑似食物中毒事件59起,送检标本574份;其中38起检出致病菌,检出致病菌69株。由单一致病菌引起的食物中毒35起,由混合菌株引起的食物中毒3起。共检出致病菌6种,检出率最高的是沙门氏菌,其次是副溶血性弧菌,变形杆菌。各菌对样品的污染情况是:沙门氏菌以污染肉类为主,副溶血性弧菌以污染水产品为主,变形杆菌以污染肉类和米菜为主。发生细菌性食物中毒的场所以餐饮业最多,其次是学校餐厅。发生细菌性食物中毒的时间以三季度最多,其次是二季度。结论我市细菌性食物中毒以沙门氏菌和副溶血性弧菌为主,多发生在第三,第二季度,应重点加强餐饮业和学校食堂的卫生监管工作,预防和减少细菌性食物中毒的发生。     

2006—2010年许昌市细菌性食物中毒分析

目的了解许昌市近年来细菌性食物中毒发生概况,尤其是流行特征及实验室检测情况,为食物中毒的判定、治疗、预防和控制提供依据。方法根据GB/T 4789标准和常规食物中毒检验程序操作,对疑似食物中毒的样品进行检验。结果 5年共发生疑似食物中毒事件59起,送检标本574份;其中38起检出致病菌,检出致病菌69株。由单一致病菌引起的食物中毒35起,由混合菌株引起的食物中毒3起。共检出致病菌6种,检出率最高的是沙门菌(25.42%),其次是副溶血性弧菌(13.56%),变形杆菌(10.17%)。各菌对样品的污染情况是:沙门菌以污染肉类为主,副溶血性弧菌以污染水产品为主,变形杆菌以污染肉类和米菜为主。发生细菌性食物中毒的场所以餐饮业最多,其次是学校餐厅。结论该市细菌性食物中毒以沙门菌和副溶血性弧菌为主,多发生在第3和第2季度,应重点加强餐饮业和学校食堂的卫生监管工作,预防和减少细菌性食物中毒的发生。     

2001～2009年细菌性食物中毒病原菌检测结果分析

[目的]为了解嘉兴市细菌性食物中毒发生概况,尤其是流行特征及实验室检测情况,提高实验室应对食物中毒等突发事件的能力,为食物中毒的判定、治疗、控制和预防提供依据。[方法]根据2001～2009年中细菌性食物中毒检测结果报告进行总结分析。[结果]2001～2009年9年间本市共发生细菌性食物中毒82起,检出病原菌64起、未检出病原菌18起,检出种类为副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、变形杆菌、沙门菌。[结论]细菌性食物中毒季节性分布明显主要集中在5～9月份,病原菌以副溶血性弧菌为主,中毒场所以饮食服务为主、其次集体食堂。     

一起由多种致病菌引起食物中毒的调查分析

目的 :对食物中毒的原因进行调查分析。方法 :对中毒场所和人员进行现场调查、个案调查及采集样品进行实验室检查。结果 :在留样饭菜中检出奇异变形杆菌、溶藻弧菌及副溶血性弧菌 ;中毒人员的大便肛拭检出副溶血性弧菌、气单孢菌和溶藻弧菌。结论 :该起食物中毒是一起因食品加式经营环境受到广泛性严重污染而引起的以副溶血性弧菌为主、多种致病菌同时污染的细菌性食物中毒。在加强学校食堂卫生监督力度的同时 ,应制定一套应对突发污染事件的预案 ,以防止和杜绝食物中毒的发生     

2003～2007年细菌性食物中毒病原菌检测结果分析

[目的]分析深圳市南山区近年来细菌性食物中毒病原菌菌谱、特征,为预防控制细菌性食物中毒提供科学依据. [方法]对深圳市南山区2003～2007年细菌性食物中毒实验室检测样品及结果进行统计分析. [结果]5年共274起细菌性食物中毒中依次以副溶血性弧菌(26.3%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(14.2%)、变形杆菌(8.0%)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(2.6%)、沙门氏菌(1.5%)为主要致病菌,发生率最高在第3季度(42.3%). [结论]本地区细菌性食物中毒以副溶血性弧菌为主要病原菌,掌握细菌性食物中毒规律性,有效预防和控制食源性疾病发生.     

2007年深圳市南山区细菌性食物中毒结果分析

目的对2007年深圳市南山区发生的细菌性食物中毒检验结果进行分析，了解其发生的特点和规律，为更好地制定有效的防治对策提供科学的依据。方法按GB／T4789—2003、WS／T9-1996检验方法，进行细菌性食物中毒的病原菌的检测。结果细菌性食物中毒第三季度发生率较高，而且检出的致病菌阳性率比其它三个季度均高，在521份样品中，共检出病原菌159份，检出率为30．5％（159／521），致病菌检出以副溶血性弧菌为主、其次奇异变形菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌；副溶血性弧菌又以O3群K6型为主。结论根据细菌性食物中毒发生特点、季节性，以及对高检出率的副溶血性弧菌要采取相应防范对策，保证食品的卫生安全，减少细菌性食物中毒的发生。     

2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒检测结果分析

目的了解2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒特征,为预防控制细菌性食物中毒提供科学依据。方法对北京市海淀区2009-2012年细菌性食物中毒实验室检测样本及检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2009-2012年共发生80起细菌性食物中毒,共检出致病菌174株,其中副溶血性弧菌38株（21.8%）、金黄色葡萄球菌23株（13.2%）、致泻性大肠埃希菌18株（10.3%）、沙门菌4株（2.3%）、蜡样芽胞杆菌22株（12.6%）、变形杆菌69株（39.7%）。粪便标本检出114株菌,占菌株总数的65.5%;第3季度检出致病菌99株,占菌株总数的56.9%。结论 2009-2012年北京市海淀区细菌性食物中毒以副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌,变形杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌等条件致病菌的污染也应引起重视。     

深圳市龙岗区2005—2010年细菌性食物中毒病原菌检测结果

目的了解2005—2010年深圳市龙岗区细菌性食物中毒的季节分布、地点分布、病原菌的种类特征和分布规律,为控制细菌性食物中毒易感染环节,预防细菌性食物中毒提供科学依据。方法采用国家标准的食源性致病菌检测方法,按W S/T9-1996规定的检验方法对深圳市龙岗区2005—2010年细菌性食物中毒实验室检测样品进行检验,使用SPSS 17.0软件对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 2005—2010年深圳市龙岗区共发生45起细菌性食物中毒,病原菌主要为副溶血性弧菌(57.8%)、致泻性大肠埃希菌(11.1%)、沙门菌(11.1%)和奇异变形杆菌(6.7%)等9种致病菌;夏秋季高发(84.8%);集体食堂集体中毒为主(73.3%);粪便中病原菌的检出率最高(69.4%)。结论该地区细菌性食物中毒以副溶血性弧菌为主要病原菌。掌握细菌性食物中毒的发生规律,加强食品卫生安全监管,制定针对性的预防措施,可有效地控制细菌性食物中毒的发生。     

富阳市1997年细菌性食物中毒调查

1997年我市共发生细菌性食物中毒11起,其中检出致病菌7起,分别为副溶血性弧菌4起,变形杆菌2起,蜡样芽胞杆菌1起,检出率为63.6%.4起副溶血性弧菌的被检出物分别是咸鸡、羊肉、虾和牛     

杭州市上城区2005～2007年食物中毒事件病原体分析

目的：研究调查分析杭州市上城区2005年-2007年食物中毒事件的病原体动向，重点对副溶血性弧菌菌株进行血清分型，即不同血清型的耐热溶血素基因分析，为防止食物中毒事件的发生提供可靠的依据。方法：对采集自2005年-2007年上城区发生食物中毒事件中的食品、患者粪便、患者肛拭、呕吐物、厨师手涂抹样、食品操作间涂抹样等，进行微生物学检验、副溶血性弧菌血清分型，应用PCR技术对其中45株副溶血性弧菌进行耐热直接溶血素基因（TDH）和耐热直接溶血素相关基因（TRH）的检验。结果：2005-2007年共发生27起食物中毒，由副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒事件发生16起（59.26%）。由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒事件发生7起（25.93%）。有4起食物中毒事件由2种及2种以上致病菌引起，其中2起由副溶血性弧菌、致病性大肠埃希菌和变形杆菌混合感染引起食物中毒；1起由副溶血性弧菌、致病性大肠埃希菌混合感染引发食物中毒；1起由副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性大肠埃希菌混合引发食物中毒。1位凉菜制作厨师同时带有大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌等三种致病菌引发食物中毒。对88株副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型，单独1种血清型副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件发生14起（70%），由2种或2种以上混合血清型副溶血性弧菌引发食物中毒事件6起（30%）。26起由副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒事件中，88株副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型：检出01型23株（26.14%），检出02型1株（1.14%），检出03型37株（42.05%），检出04型25株（28.41%），检出05型1株（1.14%），检出010型1株（1.14%）。45株不同血清型的副溶血性弧菌，应用PCR技术进行耐热直接溶血素基因和耐热直接溶血素相关基因（TDH和TRH）的检测分析。结果表明：O1型的16株菌中有15株TDH阳性，1株TDH阴性；O3型的9株菌全部TDH阳性；O4型的20株菌中，17株TDH阳性，3株TDH阴性。45株菌的TRH1和TRH2全部阴性。结论：加强对食品卫生饮食行业的监督管理，提高对食物中毒病原体快速准确检测，以控制减少食物中毒的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.