Longitudinal changes in adolescent cigarette smoking behavior: Onset and cessation

Employing a 1-year longitudinal design, this study examined factors related to change in adolescent smoking. Predictors of smoking onset differed from predictors of continued smoking, underscoring the importance of studying factors related to adolescent smoking onset separately from mechanisms associated with changes in smoking among current smokers. Peer smoking predicted continuation of smoking after smoking initiation. Smokers received over 26 times more offers to smoke than did nonsmokers, suggesting that smokers attempting to quit need effective refusal skills to be successful. Habitual smoking was found to develop slowly, providing a substantial time window for refusal skill training and other prevention efforts. Predictors of smoking onset differed by developmental level. Peer smoking and marijuana use were stronger predictors of smoking onset for high-school students, and number of cigarette offers predicted better among middle-school students. Parent variables were not significant predictors of later smoking. Intention to smoke was unrelated to onset and was redundant with pretest smoking behavior in predicting cessation.This research was supported in part by Grants: HD13409 and HD15825 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, CA38273 from the National Cancer Institute, and DA037706 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.     

Biomarker feedback intervention for smoking cessation among Alaska Native pregnant women: Randomized pilot study

Objective

There is some evidence for biomarker feedback when combined with cessation counseling for reducing smoking in pregnancy. This randomized controlled pilot study evaluated feasibility and potential efficacy of a social-cognitive theory (SCT)-based biomarker feedback intervention among pregnant Alaska Native (AN) smokers.

Efficacy of Team-Based Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation in the Workplace

Worksite smoking cessation programs offer accessibility of the target population, availability of occupational health support, and the potential for peer pressure and peer support. The purpose of this study was to identify the efficacy of the financial incentives given to various teams in the workplace. St. Paul''s Hospital''s employees were enrolled. Each team of employees consisted of smoking participants and non-smoking fellow workers from the same department. The financial incentive of 50000 won (about $45) was rewarded to the team for each successful participant-not to individual members-after the first week and then after one month. If the smokers in the team remained abstinent for a longer time period, the team was given an incentive of 100000 won for each successful participant after 3 and 6 months. A total 28 smoking participants and 6 teams were enrolled. Self-reported abstinence rates validated by urinary cotinine test at 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial cessation were 61%, 54%, and 50%, respectively. Smokers with high nicotine dependence scores or those who began participation 1 month after enrollment initiation had a lower abstinence rate at 3 months, but not at 6 and 12 months. Participants who succeeded at smoking cessation at 12 months were more likely to be older and have a longer smoking duration history. The financial incentives given to teams could be promising and effective to improve long-term rates of smoking cessation. This approach could use peer pressure and peer support in the workplace over a longer period.     

Circulating adhesion molecules in sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomata together with a number of systemic abnormalities. We have recently shown these include increased expression of the integrins CD11/CD18 on peripheral blood leucocytes. Here we have measured serum levels of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in 23 patients and 14 normal controls using antigen capture sandwich ELISAs. Median circulating E-selectin levels in the patients were nearly three times those of the controls (P < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U-test), whilst ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 levels were only slightly elevated. These results show that endothelial cell activation and shedding of E-selectin into the circulation are additional features of the pathology of sarcoidosis.     

白藜三醇对氧自由基致兔血管平滑肌细胞NF-κB活化及MCP-1表达的影响

目的:探讨白藜三醇(RES)对X/XO致血管平滑肌细胞内核转录因子NF-κB活性和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达(MCP-1)的影响。方法:以培养幼兔主动脉平滑肌细胞为研究对象,分别给予不同剂量的X／XO和／或RES,采用MTT法、电泳迁移率改变分析法、免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术检测不同处理组平滑肌细胞增殖及NF-κB活性和MCP-1蛋白及其mRNA表达的变化。结果:不同浓度的X／XO所产生的氧自由基可明显增加体外培养SMC增殖及NF-κB的活性和MCP-1蛋白及其mRNA的表达水平,RES呈剂量依赖性地抑制氧自由基对体外培养SMC的增殖作用和NF-κB的活性,并下调MCP-1的表达水平;其中以终浓度100μmol/L的RES对氧自由基介导的NF-κB活性的抑制作用最强;终浓度200μmol/L的RES对SMC的增殖作用及MCP-1表达的抑制作用最强。结论:RES具有抑制X／XO产生氧自由基对NF-κB的诱导合成和MCP-1表达的效应。     

Soluble endothelium-associated adhesion molecules in patients with Graves' disease.

The targeting and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular endothelium in Graves' disease (GD) is mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We have studied serum levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1), soluble ELAM-1 (sELAM-1), and soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) in patients with GD (n = 21) and in patients with iodine-deficient goitre (IDG) (n = 23). The serum levels of sICAM-1 were markedly elevated in patients with GD before treatment with thiamazole (median 560 ng/ml versus 185 ng/ml in patients with IDG). In addition, elevated serum concentrations of sELAM-1 (median 85 ng/ml versus 33 ng/ml, respectively) and sVCAM-1 (median 42 ng/ml versus 15 ng/ml, respectively) were observed in patients with GD (P < 0.01 for all). The serum levels of sELAM-1 and sVCAM-1 dropped significantly after initiation of therapy and were within the normal range after 4, and 8 weeks of therapy, respectively. Serum levels of sICAM-1 were elevated even after 8 weeks of therapy. Serum levels of sVACM-1 and sICAM-1 correlated with the serum concentrations of anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-receptor antibodies (TSHR-R) (n = 21; r = 0.929 and r = 0.810, respectively) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) (n = 21; r = 0.673 and r = 0.750, respectively). However, no correlation between sELAM-1 and TPO-Ab, TSHR-R, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab), respectively, could be found. In addition to thyroid hormones and autoantibodies, serum concentrations of sELAM-1 and sVCAM-1, but not sICAM-1, could be useful as clinical markers for disease activity.     

活动性类风湿关节炎患者sICAM-1、sVCAM-1的变化及意义

目的 :测定活动性类风湿关节炎 (RA)患者血清中sICAM 1、sVCAM 1水平 ,探讨sICAM 1、sVCAM 1与IL 1、TNF、IFN γ及病情的关系。方法 :用酶联免疫分析法 (ELISA)检测 30例活动性RA患者与 30例健康对照者sICAM 1、sVCAM 1、IL 1、TNF、IFN γ水平。结果 :RA患者血清sICAM 1、sVCAM 1、IL 1、TNF、IFN γ水平明显高于正常对照组 (P<0 0 0 1) ,sICAM 1与IL 1、IFN γ正相关 ,与RF亦呈正相关 ,sVCAM 1与IL 1、TNF、IFN γ正相关 ,与ESR、CRP、Stock指数正相关。结论 :RA患者血清sI CAM 1、sVCAM 1水平显著升高 ,sICAM 1、sVCAM 1可能参与RA发病过程 ,sICAM 1可作为判断病情严重性的指标 ,sVCAM 1可作为观察病情活动性的指标。     

联胺对内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α的影响

目的观察联胺能否诱导培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞表达和分泌巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α (MIP-1α)及其意义.方法使内皮细胞暴露于不同浓度联胺4 h,以核酸酶S1保护分析法检测内皮细胞内MIP-1α mRNA,以细胞酶联免疫吸附实验测定内皮细胞的MIP-1α蛋白表达.同时收集内皮细胞条件培养基,用Boyden小室微孔滤膜法检测MIP-1α对外周血单核细胞的趋化活性.结果内皮细胞MIP-1α mRNA在5 μmol/L联胺组的表达是对照组的3.4倍, 差异具有显著性(t=8.70, P<0.05).1、5、10 μmol/L联胺组MIP-1α蛋白的表达分别是对照组的1.9倍、2.2倍、1.7倍,方差分析显示有统计学意义(F=35.65, P<0.05).趋化实验显示,5 μmol/L联胺组内皮细胞的条件培养基引起单核细胞的迁移距离[(99.50±4.31) μm]显著高于无联胺组[(66.47±3.25) μm]、化学促动组[(67.03±6.83) μm]和随机移动组[(65.40±3.36) μm,F=404.31, P<0.05],提示经联胺刺激的条件培养基内含有具趋化活性的物质.加入山羊抗人MIP-1α多克隆抗体后,联胺组条件培养基所致的单核细胞迁移距离降至(82.80±6.88) μm(F=192.25, P<0.05),说明经联胺刺激的条件培养基内含有具趋化活性的MIP-1α.结论脂质过氧化诱导剂联胺可促进内皮细胞产生高水平具趋化活性的MIP-1α, 并可能通过招引外周血单核细胞迁入动脉内膜, 而在动脉粥样硬化过程中发挥重要作用.     

内毒素脂多糖诱导培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α

目的了解内毒素脂多糖是否诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)。方法使培养的HUVEC暴露于不同浓度的脂多糖,用地高辛标记的MIP-1αcDNA探针与HUVEC的总。RNA进行斑点杂交,并与HUVEC进行原位杂交,同时用HUVEC的总RNA与MIP-1α引物的混合物进行逆转录．聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR),以检测HUVEC的MIP-1αmRNA的表达;再者,将培养的HUVEC用MIP-1α单克隆抗体进行细胞酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),以检测其MIP-1α蛋白表达。结果斑点杂交显示,暴露于浓度为1μg／,ml和10μg／,ml脂多糖时HUVEcmRNA在硝酸纤维素膜上斑点的积分吸光度(A)值分别为1．490和3．310,分别为对照组(0．775)的1．97倍和4．38倍。原位杂交显示,当HUVEC暴露于浓度为1μg／,ml脂多糖后,其MIP-1α mRNA表达与对照组相比有明显增加,方差分析表明,差异有非常显著性(F=142．83,P＜0．01)。但当其暴露于10μg／ml脂多糖后,其MIP-1α mRNA表达则较低。RT-PCR显示,暴露于浓度为1、5和10μg／ml脂多糖时HUVEC的MIP-1α mRNA表达分别为对照组的1．65倍、2．86倍和1．26倍。细胞ELISA显示,各组HUVEC暴露于脂多糖后,其MIP-1α蛋白表达均明显增加,尤以5μg／ml脂多糖组最为显著。方差分析表明,差异有显著性(F=15．36,P＜0．05)。结论内毒素脂多糖可诱导培养的HUVEC表达高水平的MIP-1αmRNA和蛋白,从而在动脉内膜的单核／巨噬细胞的募集起重要作用。     

氯沙坦对实验兔颈动脉粥样硬化和血清ICAM-1、VCAM-1的影响

目的:观察氯沙坦对动脉粥样硬化程度和黏附分子的影响.方法:将24只雌雄各半新西兰白兔随机均分为对照组、高脂组、治疗组.对照组喂普通饲料,高脂组喂以高脂饲料,治疗组为高脂饲料加用氯沙坦25mg/(kg·d).分别于实验开始前、开始后第4、8、12周清晨空腹取各组实验动物耳中央静脉血0.5ml,分别测定并比较各组空腹状态下...     

Psychological Characteristics in Patients during Treatment for Tobacco Dependence

Background

Few studies compare mood in tobacco cessation patients with mood in continuing smokers and then estimate the effects of a tobacco cessation program according to status of mood. We investigated whether mood in patients (n = 7) dependent on tobacco improved through the standard Japanese 12-week program for smoking cessation comparing smokers (n = 11) and nonsmokers (n = 16).

Methods

A brief Japanese version of the short profile of mood states (POMS) was used in this study. The subscale includes 5 negative mood factors (tension-anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, fatigue and confusion-bewilderment) and positive mood factors (vigor-activity). We also examined expiratory CO concentration (ppm), percentage of COHb, urinary nicotine and its metabolite concentration, Brinkman index, and tobacco dependence score (TDS) for both smoking cessation group and smokers group.

Results

All the short profiles for mood state points in nonsmokers were below 50. Two of TDS items in smoking cessation patients were significantly higher in percentage than those in smokers. Brinkman indices and expiratory CO concentration were significantly higher in smoking cessation patients than those in smokers. The rate of improvement in tension-anxiety points in smoking cessation patients was significantly higher than that in smokers.

Conclusion

Counseling according to the standard program in the treatment of tobacco dependence may be an effective procedure to improve mood status.     

血清可溶性血管细胞粘附分子1测定在肾移植急性排斥反应中的临床意义

采用酶联免疫吸附法（ Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ） 监测５６ 例肾移植患者术后血清可溶性血管细胞粘附分子 １ （ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ ） 水平的变化,旨在探讨其在肾移植术后免疫学监测中的价值。结果发现： 肾移植患者术后ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 水平呈规律性变化, 急性排斥反应组ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 水平明显高于移植肾功能稳定组和环胞素 Ａ（ Ｃｓ Ａ） 肾中毒组, 差异非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１ ） ; 与排斥反应前水平比较, 差异亦非常显著（ Ｐ＜ ００１ ） 。对激素治疗敏感的排斥反应, ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 逐渐降至正常水平; 耐激素的排斥反应应用 Ａ Ｔ Ｇ 治疗后, ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 在排斥反应后１ 个月内仍维持在较高水平。 Ｃｓ Ａ 肾中毒组, ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 水平无明显变化。结果表明,肾移植术后动态监测ｓ Ｖ Ｃ Ａ Ｍ １ 水平的变化, 有助于急性排斥反应的诊断和鉴别诊断, 有助于指导临床治疗。     

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Gene as a Possible Risk Factor for Smoking: A Replication in Two Independent Samples

Background. CCK is a satiety neuropeptide. Animal studies have shown that both acute and chronic exposure to nicotine results in weight loss which is associated with an increase in hypothalamic CCK and that CCK antagonists ameliorate symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. A major detriment to smoking cessation, especially in women, is the fear of gaining weight. These observations suggested that genetic variants in the CCK gene might be a possible risk factor for smoking.Methods. To test this hypothesis we examined the association of the C-45T promoter polymorphism in the Sp1 binding region of the CCK gene with smoking and BMI in two independent groups of subjects.Results. Group 1 consisted of 191 Caucasian women participating in an obesity study. The T allele was present in 15% of women who had never smoked, 20% of ex-smokers, and 58% of current smokers, P ≤ 0.0014. The T allele was present in 26.8% of ever-smokers (ex-smokers + current smokers). There was no association with BMI. Group 2 consisted of 725 parents of twins from the Minnesota Twin and Family Study of substance abuse. Logistic regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of nicotine dependence was significantly associated with the T allele (P ≤ 0.002) and with gender (males > females) (P ≤ 0.001), but not with BMI (P ≤ 0.68). The T allele was present in 15.9% of parents who had never smoked and 24.7% of ever-smokers, very similar to the results for group 1.Interpretation. These results are consistent with a role of the CCK gene as a risk factor for smoking.     

PKCβ抑制剂LY333531对大鼠糖尿病模型肾脏巨噬细胞浸润的影响

探讨PKCβ抑制剂LY3335 31对大鼠糖尿病模型肾组织巨噬细胞浸润的影响。建立STZ诱导的大鼠糖尿病模型 ,随机分对照组、模型组与LY3335 31给药组 ,每组 1 0只。 8周后检测 2 4h尿白蛋白排泄率 (AER )及肾组织PKC活性 ;PAS染色观察肾小球病理形态学指标 ;应用免疫组化方法检测肾组织ED 1及MCP 1、ICAM 1表达。结果 :(1 )模型组大鼠肾重、肾重/体重、AER及肾小球面积、肾小球容量、系膜区面积明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1 ) ,LY3335 31给药组这些改变明显减轻 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(2 )LY3335 31给药组肾组织细胞膜、细胞浆PKC活性明显低于模型组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(3)模型组肾小球ED 1阳性细胞数及MCP 1、ICAM 1表达明显高于对照组 ,LY3335 31给药组肾小球ED 1阳性细胞数及MCP 1、ICAM 1表达明显低于模型组 (P <0 0 5 )。表明LY3335 31对糖尿病大鼠肾脏有明显保护作用 ,其机制可能部分与抑制肾组织巨噬细胞浸润有关。     

Effect of palmitic acid and linoleic acid on expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMECs)

Introduction

The amount and type of fatty acids (FAs) in the diet influence the risk of atherosclerosis. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid exist at high levels in Iranian edible oils. In this study, we investigated the effect of palmitic acid and linoleic acid on expression of soluble and cell-associated forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMECs).

Material and methods

The endothelial cells were induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and thereafter incubated with palmitic or linoleic acid. The level of soluble and cell-associated VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA and western blot.

Results

Our findings indicated that palmitic acid up-regulates the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HBMECs when these cells are induced with TNF-α or LPS. In addition, the results suggest that linoleic acid could sustain up-regulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in activated endothelial cells.

Conclusions

Chronic activation of endothelial cells in the presence of palmitic and linoleic may account for pathogenesis of cardiovascular events. These findings provide further support for the detrimental effects of these fatty acids, especially palmitic acid, in promotion and induction of cardiovascular diseases which are prevalent in the Iranian population.     

ICAM-1和VCAM-1参与脑胶质瘤侵袭生长

目的探讨脑胶质瘤向周围正常脑组织的侵袭生长与细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)及血管-细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)的关系。方法共收集44例脑胶质瘤病例,取瘤周组织、肿瘤中心和正常脑组织标本,分别用免疫组化(IHC)、反转录PCR(RT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测ICAM-1及VCAM-1在3组标本中的表达量。结果瘤周组织、肿瘤中心组织及正常脑组织比较ICAM-1及VCAM-1表达有显著差异(P0.05);当进行组间两两比较时有显著差异(P0.01),瘤周组织中表达量最高,肿瘤中心组织次之,正常脑组织最少,将标本分为LGGs组和HGGs组后进行比较可得出同样结论。结论 ICAM-1和VCAM-1与脑胶质瘤向周围正常脑组织的侵袭生长有密切关系。     

糖基化终产物对培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α表达的影响

目的: 探讨糖基化终产物(AGEs)对人脐静脉内皮细胞巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法: 将培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)用不同浓度(100 mg/L、200 mg/L、400 mg/L)的AGEs孵育24 h及同一浓度(400 mg/L)AGEs孵育0 h、12 h、 24 h及36 h。采用原位杂交方法及Western blot检测巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果: BSA组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α呈弱表达;100 mg/L、200 mg/L及400 mg/L AGEs孵育24 h后,各组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA 表达的平均积分吸光度值分别为18.76±3.17、26.58±1.61及34.23±2.25(BSA组为13.83±1.24,P<0.05);400 mg/L AGEs孵育12 h、24 h 及36 h后,各组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α mRNA表达的平均积分吸光度值分别为22.67±1.46、34.23±2.25及42.28±3.14(0 h组为12.56±1.24,P<0.05)。100 mg/L、200 mg/L及400 mg/L AGEs孵育24 h后,各组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α蛋白的表达量分别为BSA组的1.34倍、1.87倍及2.46倍(P<0.05);400 mg/L AGEs孵育12 h、24 h 及36 h后,各组内皮细胞内巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α蛋白的表达量分别为0 h组的1.82倍、2.71倍及3.34倍(P<0.05)。结论: 糖基化终产物以时间及剂量依赖的方式促进内皮细胞巨噬细胞炎性蛋-1α mRNA及蛋白的表达。     

天然及氧化低密度和极低密度脂蛋白促进动脉平滑肌细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α mRNA

目的：探讨天然及氧化低密度和极低密度脂蛋白（n-LDL，n-VLDL，ox-LDL，ox-VLDL）是否能促进培养的动脉平滑肌细胞表达巨噬细胞炎性蛋白 (MIP) 1α mRNA。方法： 将培养的兔主动脉平滑肌细胞暴露于上述4种脂蛋白后，分别用原位分子杂交法及逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测其MIP-1α mRNA的表达。结果： 培养的兔主动脉平滑肌细胞能表达低水平的MIP-1α mRNA，4种脂蛋白均能增强平滑肌细胞表达MIP-1α mRNA，氧化型脂蛋白作用强于天然型脂蛋白，其中又以ox-VLDL作用最强，组间差异有极显著意义（P<0.01）。结论： n-LDL，n-VLDL，ox-LDL和ox-VLDL可能通过诱导平滑肌细胞表达MIP-1α， 从而在动脉粥样硬化早期病变的形成中起重要作用。