广州地区大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌CTX-M型产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因分型的研究

目的 对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌(ECO)CTX-M型产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株进行耐药基因分型,从而调查广州地区目前临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 收集广州地区9所医院临床分离所获产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)和ECO CTX-M型菌株,应用纸片扩散筛选法和纸片扩散确证法对菌株进行确认,然后用PCR方法对ESBLs进行基因分型.结果 92株产ESBLs ECO,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林和头孢呋辛均高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.5%、89.5%和89.5%;42株产ESBLs KPN对氨苄西林(100.0%)和哌拉西林(100.0%)也呈高度耐药;PCR及测序结果显示,CTX-M-1群阳性株包括ECO 7株、KPN 9株,阳性率分别为7.6%和21.4%,基因型分布在ECO为CTX-M-3、CTX-M-15和CTX-M-55型,而在KPN为CTX-M-3和CTX-M-15型.结论 广州地区9所医院临床分离的134株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,对青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗菌药物的耐药率均达到很高水平,并且在广州地区首次分离获得CTX-M-55型耐药菌株.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌的耐药性与基因型分析

目的 分析医院急诊科3年内产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及基因型,以指导临床用药.方法 采用ESBLs表型确证试验筛选产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌,提取产ESBLs菌的质粒DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增产ESBLs株质粒TEM、SHV、CTX-M1、CTX-M9和OXA5种基因,并对其扩增物进行DNA序列分析,测定大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 共检出143株大肠埃希菌与77株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中84株为产ESBLs菌,占38.2％;ESBLs研究菌株全部携带TEM型、77.4％携带CTX-M9型基因;同一菌株携带2、3、4个基因的菌株比例分别为44.8％、33.3％和7.1％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌为多药耐药菌,其中对青霉素类、第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、磺胺类和氟喹诺酮类耐药率高达80.0％～100.0％;碳青霉烯类对产ESBLs细菌仍保持较高的抗菌效果.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因,以TEM型和CTX-M9型为主,携带＞2个耐药基因的产ESBLs菌株比例较高;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对含酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感性,研究中发现美罗培南耐药菌株,应引起临床重视.     

血流感染中大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌耐药特征及基因分型

目的通过检测血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药特征及基因型特征,探讨产ESBLs菌株的流行病学情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法收集浙江萧山医院2015年6月-2017年6月血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验;对ESBLs阳性菌株进行PCR扩増,明确基因分型。结果共分离到大肠埃希菌62株,肺炎克雷伯菌46株;产ESBLs检出率分别为48. 4%和32. 6%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟耐药率较高( 50%),对磷霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及阿米卡星耐药率较低(20%)。基因筛查结果显示,血流感染流行的ESBLs基因型主要为CTX-M型,排在前3位的基因型为CTX-M-14、CTX-M-15和CTX-M-55。结论血流感染中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL比率较高,流行的基因型以CTX-M型为主。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的分子流行病学研究

目的调查北京医院住院患者2002年1～8月期间产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的分离率、耐药情况和各种基因型的流行分布. 方法采用浓度梯度法对86株大肠埃希菌和132株肺炎克雷伯菌对11种抗菌药物进行最低抑菌浓度测定,采用酶抑制剂增强法对产ESBLs菌株作确认试验;等电点测定及PCR扩增对产ESBLs菌初步分型,然后对PCR扩增阳性产物测序,序列分析进一步确定基因型,并做结合实验. 结果肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌产ESBLs细菌阳性率分别为18.9%和29.1%, ESBLs菌合计的阳性率为22.9%;ESBLs阳性菌对抗生素的耐药率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌;在50株产ESBLs阳性菌株中,TEM型31株(62%)均为TEM-1型;CTX-M型26株(52%),其中CTX-M-14型11株,CTX-M-22型9株,CTX-M-24型 5株,CTX-M-13型1株;SHV型22株,占44%,SHV-1型5株,SHV-12型5株(4株菌被结合实验结果证实含有SHV-12型基因的质粒),SHV-2a型3株(2株菌含有该型基因质粒),2株SHV-2(2)型(2株菌含有该型基因质粒),未分出亚型7株,同时结合实验也证实不含有SHV型基因的质粒. 结论 CTX-M型和SHV型是北京医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型.     

变性高效液相色谱分析浙江沿海地区ESBLs基因类型研究

目的运用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)技术,检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因型,了解浙江沿海地区ESBLs基因型分布情况。方法对171株多药耐药肠杆菌科细菌进行表型确证试验,采用多重PCR对标准菌株和ESBLs表型阳性的临床菌株进行CTX-M扩增,扩增产物经DHPLC分析,通过与标准菌株色谱峰比对进行临床菌株基因分型。结果 171株多药耐药肠杆菌科细菌,有142株临床菌株ESBLs表型阳性,经多重PCR扩增142株肠杆菌科109株携带CTX-M基因,52株为CTX-M-1产物,57株为CTX-M-9产物,检出率达79.80%,其中大肠埃希菌携带CTX-M基因比例最高,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌;109株临床菌株PCR产物经DHPLC分析检测出4种CTX-M基因型,33株携带CTX-M-3、19株携带CTX-M-15、5株携带CTX-M-9、52株携带CTX-M-14。结论运用DHPLC技术检测出CTX-M型ESBLs菌株有4种基因型,其中CTX-M-14型是CTX-M型ESBLs主要型别;该地区细菌携带CTX-M型ESBLs以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌最多见。     

蚌埠地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株CTX-M型耐药基因的分布

目的 了解蚌埠市部分医院临床分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中CTX-M型ESBLs基因分布情况。方法 标本为蚌埠市3所医院2003年4月-2004年4月间，临床分离产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌147株；采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增产CTX-M型ESBLs菌株基因；按Sanger双脱氧末端终止法，用自动测序仪对其进行测序以鉴定基因型。结果 147株产ESBLs菌株中有92株携带CTX-M型ESBLs基因，其中CTX-M-14型52株、CTX-M-3型20株、CTX-M-15型20株。结论 蚌埠市部分医院产CTX-M型ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高，主要为CTX-M-14型。     

某医院CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶的分子流行病学研究

目的了解某医院产CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌检出率,确定其基因型,并对其相关流行病学进行研究。方法收集2004年10月—2005年7月医院临床标本分离的多重耐药大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌134株,按美国临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI/NC-CLS)所推荐的方法进行表型确证试验,以聚合酶链反应(PCR)法进一步检测CTX-M酶基因型,PCR产物测序并确定其基因型。随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)对携带CTX-M酶的阳性菌株作流行病学分析。结果112株ESBLs表型阳性的肠杆菌科细菌中90株携带CTX-M基因,共检出3种基因型,即CTX-M-15、CTX-M-3和CTX-M-14。RAPD共测40株菌,19株大肠埃希菌有7种RAPD类型,11株肺炎克雷伯菌有5种RAPD类型,10株阴沟肠杆菌有7种RAPD类型。结论肠杆菌科细菌产CTX-M型ESBLs相当普遍,主要为CTX-M-15、CTX-M-3和CTX-M-14。CTX-M酶存在克隆传播。     

大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

目的了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性。方法收集产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的临床菌株30株,应用PCR基因扩增技术及DNA测序方法,分别对其TEM、SHV、CTX-M、VEB、PER编码基因进行分析。结果在30株菌株中有26株为CTX-M型,占86.67%;其中CTX-M-9型共计16株占61.5%,CTX-M-1型8株占30.8%,CTX-M-2型7株占26.9%;同时产CTX-M-1型及CTX-M-2型共4株占15.4%,产CTX-M-2型及CTX-M-9型1株占3.8%,产CTX-M-1型及CTX-M-9型1株占3.8%。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的主要临床流行基因型是CTX-M-9型。     

大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs表型与基因型分析

目的 了解医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌发生率及主要基因型分布特点.方法 采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的纸片扩散法对临床标本中分离的110株大肠埃希菌和94株肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs的表型确定试验,同时分别用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增法检测TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9耐药基因,并对其产物进行序列分析.结果 产ESBLs阳性菌株的检出率分别为:肺炎克雷伯菌占36.2%,大肠埃希菌占42.7%,总检出率为39.7%;ESBLs检出模式以头孢噻肟、头孢噻肟/克拉维酸单组为底物阳性率最高,占阳性菌株的66.7%;单用头孢他啶,头孢他啶/克拉维酸一组为底物,会造成大肠埃希菌68.1%和肺炎克雷伯菌64.7%的漏检;耐药基因型分析显示,TEM、SHV、CTX-M-I、CTX-M-2、CTX-M-9基因检出率分别为54.3%、38.3%、21.O%、24.7%、70.4%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均以CTX-M型为主要基因型,占91.4%;同时携带>2种耐药基因菌株占71.6%.结论 医院分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株携带多种耐药基因严重,需引起临床的高度重视.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌临床分离株的分布与基因型研究

目的了解临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌中产ESBLs的分布、耐药性及ESBLs基因型。方法对医院临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌,采用CLSI标准检测产ESBLs菌株,用PCR对ESBLs基因进行分型。结果 120株革兰阴性杆菌分离出38株产ESBLs菌,阳性率31.7%,其中,第1位是大肠埃希菌(53.8%),其次产酸克雷伯菌(35.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(33.3%);药敏结果显示,除对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物敏感外,ESBLs阳性株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,且明显高于ESBLs阴性株;38株产ESBLs菌基因型为TEM、SHV、CTX-M的分别为20、4、6株,有4株同时携带两种β-内酰胺酶基因的菌株,其他基因型4株。结论调查结果表明医院产ESBLs菌分离率较高,主要以大肠埃希菌、产酸克雷伯菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,其基因主要以TEM型、CTX-M型流行为主。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.