MR对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的：对比乳腺MR、钼靶和超声检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值。方法：对11例因乳头溢液在中山大学附属肿瘤医院就诊的患者进行前瞻性的研究。所有惠者均行平扫及动态增强MR扫描、钼靶及超声检查，都做了导管造影，其中4例因各种原因导管造影失败，其余7例均行导管造影检查；11例患者均行手术，恶性者行改良根治术，良性者行乳腺区段切除术。结果：在11例患者的24个病灶中，MR的图象与最后的组织病理学结果均有关联性。MR图象正确诊断出纤维腺瘤3个，乳腺癌3个，导管内乳头状瘤11个，纤维囊性乳腺病5个，小叶增生1个，误诊硬化性腺病为乳腺癌1个，诊断准确率为95．8％（22／24）。而钼靶、导管造影和超声的诊断准确率均低于50％（5／24，12／24及8／24）。结论：乳腺MR检查能鉴别良恶性乳头溢液，提供了一种非侵入性的乳腺导管造影的方法。     

乳头溢液的影像学诊断

目的：评价乳腺导管造影和钼靶X线平片摄影在乳头溢液患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析50例乳头溢液患者的钼靶X线检查资料，所有病例均经临床检查，钼靶X线平片摄影、乳腺导管造影检查及病理学检查确诊。结果：良性病变47例，其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤35例，乳腺囊性增生病7例，导管扩张5例；乳腺导管癌3例；乳头溢液伴肿块者19例。乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影发现14例乳头溢液伴肿块者X线表现异常，乳腺导管造影发现导管内乳头状瘤28例（28／35），乳腺增生病2例（2／7），导管扩张症4例（4／5），乳腺导管癌1例（1／3）。结论：乳腺导管造影用于诊断乳腺导管系统疾病较为准确可靠，乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影对乳头溢液的诊断价值不大，一定条件下两者可联合应用。     

296例乳头溢液的外科治疗分析

目的探讨296例乳头溢液的外科治疗效果。方法296例乳头溢液均行脱落细胞学检查和乳腺导管造影钼靶X线检查,根据检查情况分别行区段切除,单纯乳房切除,改良根治术Ⅰ式。结果乳腺导管扩张症131例、导管内乳头状瘤71例、乳腺增生40例、乳腺导管炎性病变30例、导管癌24例。结论乳头溢液最常见的病因是乳腺导管扩张症,其次为乳腺增生病及导管癌。     

乳腺溢液98例临床分析

乳腺溢液是乳腺疾病常见症状,其发生率仅次于乳腺肿块和乳腺疼痛。我院自1998年1月至2003年12月收治乳腺溢液患者98例,现报告如下。一、资料与方法1.一般资料:本组98例均为女性,年龄31~59岁,平均44岁。病程2 d至3年。其中恶性15例,占15.3%。血性溢液40例,占40.8%,其中12例为恶性;非血性溢液58例,占59.2%,其中3例为恶性。血性溢液合并肿块15例,其中6例为恶性。本组98例术后病理情况如下:乳管内乳头状瘤30例,乳管内乳头状瘤病11例,乳管扩张症24例,乳腺囊性增生症18例,乳腺癌15例。2.辅助检查:98例乳头溢液患者术前均行乳管造影、乳腺超声和细…     

56例乳头溢液病例的临床病理分析

目的 :探讨病理性乳头溢液的诊断顺序。方法 :5 6例乳头溢液病人均经溢液涂片细胞学和 /或导管照影检查 ,伴有肿块者均行细针穿刺细胞学检查。全部病例均经手术治疗 ,行快速病理检查以决定手术方式。结果 :导管内乳头状瘤占 5 3 6 % ,乳腺导管扩张症占 16 1% ,增生性腺病占 12 5 % ,导管内癌和浸润性导管癌占 10 7% ,乳腺炎症占 7 1%。结论 :本组资料分析提示 ,乳头溢液的性质不同 ,考虑诊断的顺序亦有所不同 ,病理性乳头溢液应考虑手术治疗。     

乳头溢液128例诊治分析

目的 探讨乳头溢液的诊断及治疗方案。方法 对128例乳头溢液的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组128例，血性溢液52例，非血性溢液76例，均行溢液导管区段切除术，并送快速冰冻切片病理检查，14例冰冻切片病理检查证实为癌，其中血性溢液恶性占10例，血性溢液伴乳腺肿块恶性占8例，14例均行乳癌改良根治术。128例均治愈。结论 乳头血性溢液伴乳腺肿块者恶性可能性大。应完整区段切除溢液导管系统，以免遗漏导管内的病变。     

导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生临床特点的初步探讨(附7例报告)

目的:初步探讨导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生的临床特点.方法:总结我院自2005年4月-2007年11月间7例经手术病理证实为导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生患者的临床特点.结果:5例表现为肿物的患者乳腺钼靶均未见明显肿物影,乳腺彩超可见丰富血流信号等改变,2例单纯乳头溢液患者导管镜检查均可见导管隆起性病变,其中1例乳腺铜靶摄影可见可疑钙化斑,7例患者中3例术中快速冰冻病理可以做出诊断,5例诊断困难.结论:临床表现为乳腺肿物患者需结合乳腺钼靶及彩超检查以免漏诊,术中见肉眼可疑情况需送快速病冻病理学检查.临床表现为单纯乳头溢液患者首选乳腺导管镜检杳,检查前需完善乳腺钼靶摄影检查了解钙化情况,术中标记病变位置,待术后常规石蜡病理结果,为降低再发和癌变风险,手术方式以病灶局部扩大切除术为宜.     

乳管镜临床诊治新进展

乳头溢液患者的检查方式主要采用彩色超声、乳腺钼靶X线摄片、乳头溢液涂片、乳腺导管造影等方法, 检测的结果均是间接征象, 且阳性率较低。纤维乳管内视镜(FDS)可直接观察乳管内病变, 明确病理性乳头溢液病因及导管内占位性病变的性质, 在FDS直视下放置定位针可准确判断乳管内病变的位置, 提高早期乳腺癌的检出率, 及时采取适当的手术治疗, 并可对乳管扩张及乳腺炎性病变进行乳管内介入治疗。本文就FDS作为对病理性乳头溢液的一种全新的诊断和治疗方式进行综述。      

乳头溢液患者143例临床及病理分析

 目的　探讨乳头溢液的诊断方法以及导管造影在乳头溢液诊断中的意义。方法　回顾性分析143例乳头溢液患者的临床特征及病理情况,分析溢液涂片、B型超声检查及全数字化乳腺导管造影摄片与导管镜对导管内病变的检出情况。结果　143例患者中,双侧溢液20例,共计163侧。病理检查结果：导管内乳头状瘤69侧,导管内乳头状瘤病27侧,导管内乳头状瘤病伴不典型增生21侧,乳腺癌23侧（双侧1例）,乳腺病23侧。导管造影导管内病变检出率83.1 %,导管镜检查导管内病变检出率93.5 %。结论　临床体检应重视乳头溢液检查,淡黄色溢液或血性溢液应特别重视,纤维导管镜直视诊断准确率高,但乳腺导管造影简便、可靠,可作为主要诊断方法之一。     

TBO-1型双波长乳腺肿瘤检测仪临床应用研究

目的：探讨TB（）11型检测仪对乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：选择病例200例,乳腺癌92例,乳腺良性肿瘤108例。检测肿瘤的血流及血氧含量,并常规行乳腺超声及乳腺钼靶X线摄片检查。结果：应用TB（）11型双波长乳腺肿瘤检测仪检测到乳腺癌患者中符合高血低氧者83例,诊断符合率为90．2％;乳腺良性肿瘤中符合非高血低氧者86例,诊断符合率为79．6％。乳腺钼靶X线摄片对乳腺癌及良性肿瘤的诊断符合率分别为93．5％和88．0％,乳腺超声检查的诊断符合率分别90．6％和93．3％。3种检查手段的诊断结果差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。结论：TB（）11型检测仪可作为乳腺癌诊断的辅助方法之一。     

Evaluation of dynamic studies of MR mammography for the diagnosis of intraductal lesions with nipple discharge

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the utility of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiating benign from malignant lesions of the breast and then applied MRI to diagnose intraductal breast tumors with nipple discharge. METHODS: Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MR mammography was performed on 74 patients with breast tumors and 8 patients with nipple discharge. RESULTS: The steepest slopes of the contrast medium uptake (S slope) s from time-intensity curves were significantly different between malignant and benign lesions. At S slope threshold of 0.95% /second, malignancy was predicted with a sensitivity and specificity of 75% . Six of 8 cases with nipple discharge were successfully identified by MR ductography by injecting Gd-DTPA into discharging ducts. Among them, 2 non-invasive ductal carcinomas were differentiated from benign lesions by the S slope value. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic MR mammography is an useful modality for differentiating breast lesions and has potential for evaluating intraductal lesions with nipple discharge.     

A comparison of mr imaging,galactography and ultrasonography in patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, compared with galactography and ultrasonography(US). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with bloody nipple discharge were investigated retrospectively. All patients were examined by galactography, ultrasonography and MR imaging. These three sets of findings were compared with the histopathological results from 16 intraductal biopsies, 3 excisional biopsies, 24 microdochectomies and 12 mastectomies. RESULTS: Contrast enhanced MR imaging demonstrated all malignant lesions including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Four cases of DCIS were not visualized by ultrasonography and three malignant lesions were missed by galactography. In the MR study, segmental clumped enhancement (positive predictive value =100 %), and focal mass with smooth border (negative predictive value =87.5 %) were the statistically significant predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: Among the three modalities, contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR imaging demonstrated the location and distribution of the lesions most clearly, especially in cases of ductal carcinoma in situ. It has the potential to be a useful diagnostic tool for patients with nipple discharge.     

Magnetic resonance galactography for a patient with nipple discharge

A new method of galactography using magnetic resonance imaging for a patient with nipple discharge is developed. The method is as follows; coronal T1-weight images are obtained after an injection of contrast medium of 1 mmol/L Gd-DTPA directly into the discharge duct, before and after rapid intravenous infusion of Gd-DTPA. A case of a 29-year-old woman with ductal carcinoma in situ with minimal invasion is reported, in which all portions of the entire discharge duct system is clearly shown as viewed from the surface and the surrounding area is enhanced with Gd-DTPA. The enhanced area is coincidental with the extent of the disease. This magnetic resonance galactography for patients with nipple discharge may be used to supplement conventional mammography and/or galactography especially for the evaluation of the extent of disease, although it is somewhat inferior to mammographic galactography in terms of differential diagnosis of ductal disease.     

The role of galactography in the detection of breast cancer

The authors report on a series of 529 consecutive patients examined on physical examination, mammography, nipple discharge cytology and galactography. The criterion for galactography was essentially bloody nipple discharge (73% of cases). Serous nipple discharge was not considered worthy of routine galactography since it is associated with an extremely low incidence of breast cancer. Surgical excision and histologic examination of the discharging duct was performed in 200 cases. Eighteen cases of breast cancer were detected (10 infiltrating, 8 intraductal) of which 9, 6, 7 or 7 were suspected on physical examination, mammography, cytology or galactography, respectively. All combined tests suspected 13 of 18 breast cancers; 3 intraductal breast cancers were biopsied because of evidence of multiple papillomas on galactography, and 2 infiltrating breast cancers were operated because of persistent bloody nipple discharge in the absence of any other sign. No breast cancer was suspected on galactography alone. Galactography is indicated in the presence of bloody nipple discharge, and a biopsy should be performed when breast cancer or multiple papillomas are suspected. The diagnosis and excision of a single papilloma (breast cancer was never misdiagnosed as a single papilloma on galactography) is not worthwhile since a single papilloma is a benign lesion, and the benefit of its excision is still unclear.     

Diagnostic value of ductoscopy in the diagnosis of nipple discharge and intraductal proliferations in comparison to standard methods

BACKGROUND: Ductoscopy is gaining increased importance in the diagnosis of nipple discharge of unclear origin and intraductal proliferation. For this reason we compared its diagnostic value and feasibility to standard diagnostic methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ductoscopy was compared to mammography, galactography, sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nipple smear, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and high-speed core biopsy; feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity were investigated for each method. RESULTS: 71 ductoscopies were evaluated, which were followed up by open biopsies. Here, 3 invasive and 8 ductal carcinomas in situ were found, as well as 3 atypical ductal hyperplasias, 44 papillomas/papillomatoses, and 13 benign findings. Feasibility of ductoscopy was in this series 100%. Duct sonography showed the highest sensitivity (67.3%), followed by MRI (65.2%), galactography (56.3%), ductoscopy (55.2%), and FNAC (51.9%). The highest specificity was shown by FNAC, core biopsy, and galactography (each 100.0%), followed by mammography (92.3%), nipple smear (77.8%), ductoscopy, and duct sonography (each 61.5%); the lowest specificity was displayed by MRI (25.0%). CONCLUSION: The results confirm that ductoscopy can be performed within the same range of sensitivity and specificity as other techniques. In order to make conclusive statements about ductoscopy, especially in order to precisely define the indications for this method, a prospective multicenter study was initiated.     

乳头隐匿性分泌液中CEA的检测在乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的意义

目的分析检测乳头隐匿性分泌液中CEA的表达及其在乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的意义。方法对34例乳腺癌患者，26例乳腺良性疾病患者作乳头分泌液CEA检测；将硝酸纤维膜贴附于乳头上24小时，取下后低温保存，使用免疫组化方法对吸附于膜片上的CEA进行检测。结果34例乳腺癌患者中12例膜片中出现CEA染色，而良性疾病患者26例中仅1例。两组差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论硝酸纤维膜可吸附乳头分泌液中的微量抗原，对其中CEA的检测有可能作为一种乳腺良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的辅助方法。     

Angiogenesis and dynamic MR imaging gadolinium enhancement of malignant and benign breast lesions

Purpose. To determine whether dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imagingenhancement parameters are associated with vessel density of malignant andbenign breast lesions. Materials and methods. Forty-five patients with 48breast lesions underwent gadolinium-enhanced spoiled gradient-recalled echo(SPGR) MR imaging followed by excisional biopsy and Factor VIII staining andvessel density measurement in the lesions. Results. The vessel densitieswere not significantly different in 25 malignant breast lesions as comparedto 23 benign breast lesions. Among all 48 lesions, greater MR enhancementshowed an association with increased vessel density. Seventy-four percent ofall lesions with MRI enhancement amplitude greater or equal to three timespost-precontrast ratio had vessel densities greater than the median of 172as compared to 34% of lesions with enhancement amplitude less thanthree times, p = 0.02. The rate and washout of MR enhancement showedno significant association with vessel density. Conclusion. Although thereis an overall significant association between greater MRI enhancementamplitude and vessel density, MRI gadolinium enhancement of breast lesionsis not an accurate predictor of vessel density.     

Current applications and future direction of MR mammography

Compared with triple assessment for symptomatic and occult breast disease, magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) offers higher sensitivity for the detection of multifocal cancer, which is important in selecting patients appropriately for breast-conserving surgery. It is an ideal tool for the screening of patients with a high risk of breast cancer or where there is axillary disease or nipple discharge and conventional imaging has not revealed the primary focus. Techniques are now available to biopsy lesions only apparent on MRM. MRM can differentiate scar tissue from tumour; therefore, it is useful in patients in which there is possible recurrent disease. Clinical and X-ray mammographic assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be unreliable because of replacement of the tumour with scar tissue. MRM can identify responders and nonresponders with more accuracy. It is the modality of choice for the assessment of breast implants for rupture with accuracy higher than X-ray mammography and ultrasound. Advances in both spatial and temporal resolutions, the imaging sequences employed, pharmacokinetic modelling of contrast uptake, the use of dedicated and now phased-array breast coils, and gadolinium-based contrast agents have all played their part in the advancement of this imaging technique. Despite the limitations of patient compliance, scan-time and cost, this review describes how MRM has become a valuable tool in breast disease, especially in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. However, MRM must make the transition from research institutions into routine clinical practice.     

乳腺X线摄影及磁共振诊断乳腺良恶性病变的性能评价

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在全球发病率呈现逐年增高的趋势，严重危害女性健康。目前乳腺X线摄影检查作为筛查及诊断乳腺癌的标准影像检查方法得到了广泛的应用，但其低特异性及敏感性易造成致密乳腺病灶的漏诊及误诊，增加患者不必要的活检几率，MRI检查不仅弥补了X线摄影的不足，其高敏感性及多种成像序列及多方位成像的特点以及绘制TIC曲线、测量感兴趣区ADC值等后处理技术可提供更多的组织结构信息，并进行病灶的良恶性诊断，本文对乳腺X线摄影及磁共振检查诊断乳腺良恶性病变的性能进行了较为详细的综述。