三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术1000例治疗体会

目的　探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性。方法　对我院 1 999年 1 0月～ 2 0 0 3年 1 0月 1 0 0 0例三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除手术进行回顾性分析。结果　三孔法完成手术 96 3例 ,成功率 96 .3%。平均手术时间 4 8min ,平均术中出血 2 5ml,平均住院时间 2 .2d。有 4 3例改行四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术。中转手术 4例 ,1例为胆囊结肠瘘 ,3例为急性胆囊炎。胆总管误伤T管引流 1例 ,胆总管电凝伤 3例 ,经鼻胆管引流痊愈。结论　只要采用正确的手术操作方法 ,三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的     

经脐单孔腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的临床可行性研究

目的:探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床可行性。方法:回顾性分析包头医学院第一附属医院普通外科2012年8月—2013年10月期间85例胆囊结石、胆囊息肉行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者资料,其中41例行经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(单孔组),44例行传统三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(三孔组),比较两组的相关临床指标。结果:腹腔镜手术均获成功,无中转开腹;单孔组手术时间明显长于传统组的[(31.73±4.22)min vs.(15.43±1.81)min,P=0.000];两组术中出血量、术后住院时间、住院费用、切口感染率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);单孔组术后应用镇痛药物比例明显低于三孔组(7.32%vs.34.09%,P=0.003);两组术后均无胆瘘及其他严重并发症。结论:单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术与传统三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治疗效果相同,但单孔腹腔镜手术在微创方面更具有优越性。     

改良两孔法腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术技巧

目的 探讨使用常规腹腔镜器械进行改良两孔法腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术技巧及安全性.方法 对634例胆囊良性疾病的患者施行使用常规腹腔镜器械进行改良两孔法腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术（改良组）,同期进行常规三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC组）152例,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后恢复等情况.结果 改良组有11例因肝左叶肥大及胆囊三角显示不清改为三孔法,其余623例患者顺利完成改良两孔法腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,两组均无中转开腹、无出血、胆漏、胆道损伤等并发症,两组在手术时间,术中出血量,术后下床时间及进食时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但改良组切口美容效果好（P＜0.05）.结论 改良两孔法腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行,术后手术瘢痕微小,可以适用于绝大部分的胆囊良性疾病的腹腔镜胆囊切除术.     

脐缘三孔与传统三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比研究

目的:对比脐缘三孔与传统三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床疗效及可行性。方法:将96例胆囊结石合并胆囊炎择期手术的患者随机分为两组,采用普通腹腔镜手术器械分别行脐缘三孔与传统三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对比两组手术时间、并发症、术后切口疼痛程度、住院时间、美容效果及患者满意度。结果:脐缘三孔组2例因严重粘连、胆囊三角区显露困难改为传统三孔法完成,两组均无中转开腹,术后均无严重并发症发生。与传统三孔组相比,脐缘三孔组手术时间长、术后切口疼痛程度轻、住院时间短、切口美容效果更好,且患者满意度更高(P<0.05)。结论:脐缘三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术虽较传统三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术时间稍长,但术后切口疼痛程度轻、住院时间短、美容效果好、患者满意度高,可为患者带来更大的受益。     

老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的预防

目的 总结老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术及并发症预防的经验.方法 回顾性分析126例老年腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料,其中急性胆囊炎22例,慢性胆囊炎104例.结果 腹腔镜胆囊切除术成功率90.5%,中转开腹手术12例(9.5%),术后并发症11例(8.7%).结论 老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术须加强围手术期的处理,才能更好地预防并发症.     

三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术

目的探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床价值. 方法回顾分析2000年5月～2002年12月三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术42例,其中行EST取石失败31例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中造影发现胆总管结石11例. 结果所有手术均成功,手术时间(122±26.4)min,术后残余结石3例(7%),2例行术后EST取石成功,1例行经T管肝素溶石.术后4～5周拔除T管,无胆漏发生. 结论三孔法腹腔镜胆总管探查术操作安全、可靠,与EST相结合,可以达到较好的治疗效果.     

改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用

目的 总结改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床效果.方法 回顾分析2012年11月至2013年12月期间我院214例改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料.结果 在接受改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的214例患者（女125例,男89例）中,慢性结石性胆囊炎122例,急性结石性胆囊炎86例,胆囊息肉6例.204例顺利完成手术（成功率95.3％）,9例因广泛致密粘连改为三孔法完成手术,1例术中明确为Mirizzi综合征,中转开腹完成胆囊切除术.平均手术时间为（46.4±12.3）min,术中出血（24.0±8.3）mL.所有患者术后无出血、胆漏、胆道损伤等并发症发生.结论 改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一实用、安全的微创手术方法.     

常规器械行单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用体会

目的：通过与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较,探讨常规腹腔镜器械行经脐单孔（脐旁三孔）腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性与安全性。方法回顾分析了本院138例胆囊结石及胆囊息肉样病变患者,用普通直行腹腔镜器械行经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术（68例）与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术（70例）的临床资料。结果经脐单孔腹腔镜组63例成功完成单孔手术,时间35-90分钟,平均47分钟。5例因暴露困难或术中出血,转为两孔法或三孔法完成手术。术后随访脐部瘢痕不明显,疼痛程度减轻。传统腹腔镜组均顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术。时间15-62分钟,平均31分钟。两组均无并发症发生。结论普通直行腹腔镜器械行经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术完全是安全有效的．虽然手术时间略有延长,但手术创伤更小,美容效果更佳。对操作者的技术要求较高,需注意手术技巧的掌握。     

复杂性腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术安全性探讨

目的:探讨复杂性腹腔镜胆囊切除术确保安全的方法。方法:回顾复杂性腹腔镜胆囊切除术178例,分析Calot三角解剖变异、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿、胆囊管结石、腹腔粘连、胆囊萎缩等复杂因素。结果:8例中转开腹(4.5%),170例成功完成腹腔镜手术,术后无严重并发症发生。结论:重视术中各种复杂因素,熟练掌握手术操作技能及对策,复杂性腹腔镜胆囊切除术仍然安全可行。     

改良两孔法与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床疗效比较

目的:对比改良两孔法与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床疗效。方法:选择98例接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者作为研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组49例,观察组行改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对照组行三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,比较两组手术情况、术后切口疼痛程度、腹壁外观满意程度及生活质量。结果:两组手术时间、术中出血量、中转四孔法手术例数及术后肛门排气时间、卧床时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者术后VAS评分低于对照组,术后腹壁美容满意程度优于对照组,生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:改良两孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术可取得与三孔法手术相当的效果,且可减轻术后疼痛程度,提高术后腹壁美容满意程度与生活质量。     

腹腔镜超声影像技术在腹内恶性肿瘤诊治中的价值

应用腹腔镜超声技术(LapUS)对30例怀疑为腹内恶性肿瘤患者进行分期诊断和术中应用,探讨了LapUS对腹内恶性肿瘤分期诊断和治疗中的价值。结果表明,LapUS对腹内肿瘤诊断正确率达96.7％(29/30),12例避免了不必要的剖腹探查术(占40％)。LapUS对腹内恶性肿瘤准确定位、准确分期能提供非常有价值的信息,可判断恶性肿瘤能否切除,减少了不必要的剖腹探查并能指导手术方式和切除范围。     

Laparoscopy with Laparoscopic Ultrasonography in the TNM Staging of Pancreatic Carcinoma

A prospective study was performed comparing laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasonography (LapUS), transabdominal ultrasonography (USS), computed tomography (CT), and selective visceral angiography with portal phase venography (SVA) for the assessment of resectability in 50 patients with pancreatic or periampullary cancer. The results were stratified by TNM stages. Tumor unresectability was demonstrated in 36 patients (72%). The sensitivity of LapUS for demonstrating the index lesion was 96%. Laparoscopic ultrasonography failed to predict factors precluding resection by T stage in six patients, and there were no significant differences in the ability of any modality to predict local resectability (predictive value 58–73%). Laparoscopic ultrasonography did not overestimate T stage and was significantly more specific for assessing unresectability compared with USS (100% vs. 64%, p < 0.05) and CT (100% vs. 47%, p < 0.005). No imaging investigation was able to assess the N stage accurately. Metastases were confirmed in 16 patients (32%), with LapUS proving significantly more sensitive than USS (94% vs. 29%, p < 0.001) and CT (94% vs. 33%, p < 0.005). The addition of LapUS to the laparoscopic examination did not change the M stage in any patient, as all metastases were superficially located. Laparoscopy with LapUS was the most reliable method for assessing overall tumour resectability and was significantly more predictive than CT (97% vs. 79%, p < 0.005). These results confirm that laparoscopy is indispensable for detecting occult intraabdominal metastases. LapUS reliably predicts tumor unresectability, offsetting the tendency of USS and CT to overestimate T stage. Methods of accurate N staging remain elusive, and the use of routine SVA is not justified.     

Laparoscopic surgery in patients with sporadic and multiple insulinomas associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

There have recently been reports of a limited number of laparoscopic procedures in patients with clinically manifest hyperinsulinism. However, the precise role of laparoscopy remains unknown. Between January 1998 and September 2003, 11 consecutive patients (10 women and 1 man; mean age, 40 years; age range, 22–66 years) with sporadic insulinoma and two female patients (25 and 40 years old) with multiple insulinomas associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) were operated on using the laparoscopic approach. Endoscopic ultrasonography was used to localize the tumor preoperatively in 90% of patients with sporadic insulinoma. In patients with MEN-1, computed tomography and octreoscan-111In demonstrated multiple tumors. Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LapUS) was performed in all patients for operative decision-making. Of 11 patients with sporadic insulinoma, laparoscopic enucleation (LapEn) was planned in 8 patients, but in 1 patient, the use of LapUS missed the tumor and the patient was converted to open surgery. Mean operating time after LapEn (seven patients) was 180 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 200 ml. The mean hospital stay was 5 days. In three of the 11 patients, laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LapSPDP) was performed; the mean operative time was 240 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 360 ml. Postoperative complications occurred in three of seven patients after LapEn (three pancreatic fistulas managed conservatively, and one case of bleeding requiring reoperation). LapSPDP was performed in both patients with MEN-1; in one patient with splenic vessel preservation (SVP), the operating time was 210 minutes and blood loss was 650 ml, with a hospital stay of 6 days. In another patient without SVP, the operating time was 150 minutes and blood loss was 300 ml. The latter patient developed a 4-cm splenic infarct managed conservatively, and the hospital stay was 14 days. LapEn and LapSPDP are feasible and safe and achieved cure in patients with sporadic insulinoma and multiple insulinomas associated with MEN-1. However, the risk of pancreatic leakage after LapEn remains high, and LapSPDP without SVP may be associated with splenic infarct.     

腹腔镜超声在胰腺壶腹部肿瘤分期诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 评价腹腔镜超声技术(LapUS)在胰腺和壶腹部癌肿分期诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 自1996年12月～1999年12月连续对46例怀疑胰腺和壶腹部肿瘤病人进行腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声分期诊断。并与术前影像学检查、手术中发现及术后标本病理学检查进行前瞻对比研究。着重检查肿瘤范围、周围血管侵犯、周围淋巴结转移、浆膜浸润和肝、邻近脏器转移;对可疑病变和肿大的淋巴结进行腹腔镜超声引导下穿刺活检。判断肿瘤切除性。结果 46例病人中。LapUS发现肿块性病灶44例,2例阻塞性黄疸确诊为壶腹部结石嵌顿排除肿瘤。44例肿块性病变中41例为恶性肿瘤,3例为炎性病变,肿瘤诊断正确率为93．2％。本组未发生腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声检查有关并发症。结论腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声检查应列为重要的分期诊断工具,剖腹探查前常规应用可明显提高诊断正确率、完善肿瘤分期诊断和可切除性判断。可避免不必要的剖腹探查术。在微创外科诊治中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术200例体会

在１９９３年３月至１９９４年５月，作者共行电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术２００例。手术成功１９０例（９５％）。失败病例包括：胆囊三角区致密性粘连分离困难５例；损伤胃十二指肠２例；因胆囊动脉出血及探查中发现肝癌而中转开腹手术各１例和严重心律失常中止手术１例。术后发生严重并发症３例，分别是总胆管横断性损伤，总胆管侧壁破损和胆囊管钛夹脱落漏胆。此外，还发生肝下积液、腹壁气肿各２例。全组病例无一死亡。文内讨论了手术适应证和手术技术问题，并提出了避免手术损伤的六点措施。     

术前B超检查对腹腔镜胆囊切除患者胆囊三角关系的预测

目的 :探讨术前B超检查用于预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)患者胆囊三角关系 ,从而估计LC的难易度的价值。方法 :为 6 8例LC患者行术前常规B超检查 ,重点观察胆囊三角 ,并与术中腹腔镜观察相对照。结果 :6 8例中 6 3例的病理结果与术前B超检查诊断相符 ,诊断符合率为 92 6 4% (6 3 6 8)。 6 0例超声扫描胆囊周围与实际观察相符 ,符合率为 88 2 3% (6 0 6 8)。结论 :术前B超对胆囊三角关系的预测具有较高的准确性     

LAPAROSCOPIC BILIARY INJURY: MORE THAN A LEARNING CURVE PROBLEM

Background : The increase in the incidence of iatrogenic injury to the extrahepatic biliary tree that has been documented since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been explained as a ‘learning curve’ problem. The early New Zealand experience has been published and the present study was undertaken to determine whether there had been any change in the incidence, nature and management of laparoscopic biliary injuries (LBI) after further experience with LC. Methods : A nationwide audit was undertaken in 1995 by two confidential postal questionnaires: to all active general surgeons (n= 184, response rate 60%), and to all endoscopists performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n= 18, response rate 100%). Results : The total number of LBI was 21, compared with 41 for 1991–92. The site and nature of the injuries were similar for the two survey periods. More of the injuries appeared to be diagnosed after the operation and prior to discharge (25%vs 47%). Calculating the national incidence of LBI was not possible without complete reporting, but in the subset of surgeons responsible for the LBI there was no apparent decrease in the incidence of all LBI (2.8%vs 2.9%), those requiring active re-intervention (2.4%vs 2.7%) and major duct injury (1.1%vs 0.7%), despite a significant increase in the surgeons' prior experience with LC (20%vs 61% of surgeons had performed more than 100 LC). There were some concerning trends in management: a less frequent use of ERCP in patients with LBI diagnosed after surgery (76%vs 65%) and a higher proportion of patients with minor injuries managed by re-operation (26%vs 50%). Conclusions: The present study indicates that iatrogenic biliary injury is a persistent problem in New Zealand, despite increasing experience with LC, and suggests the need for more intensive scrutiny of operative technique and training. There is scope to manage more patients with minor duct injuries conservatively.     

AUDIT OF OUTPATIENT LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background : Because the postoperative stay after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has shortened, it seemed that outpatient LC would be feasible. The aim of this study was to prospectively audit initial experience with outpatient LC at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre. We aimed to determine appropriate patient selection criteria, to devise anaesthetic and discharge protocols and to assess patient satisfaction at follow up. Method s: All patients presenting for LC were assessed for suitability, and those elective cases unlikely to have a duct stone and fulfilling the social criteria were studied. After standard anaesthetic and LC technique, patients recovered in the day surgery unit for up to 8 h and were discharged if stable. The hospital in the home nursing service monitored patients for 48 h and arranged readmission if needed. Patient satisfaction was assessed by independent telephone questionnaire 6 weeks postoperatively. Results : Forty‐five patients (median age 43 years) underwent outpatient LC with a discharge rate of 82.3%, resulting in a cost saving of $984 per patient treated. One patient was readmitted, giving an overall success rate of 80%. After stricter implementation of the protocol in the second half of the study, the discharge rate rose to 92%. Patient acceptance of the technique was high at 84.5%. Conclusions : The results of the first 45 patients show that it is possible to safely perform outpatient LC with a low admission rate in fit, elective patients who live close to medical care. Provided a strict anaesthetic protocol is followed, the technique has good patient acceptance and provides some economic benefit to the hospital.     

THE ROLE OF ERCP AND ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY IN THE ERA OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has led to some controversy regarding the best method of managing bile duct calculi. This paper reviews the cases of 38 patients who underwent LC and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), from a series of 600 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Twenty-nine patients had ERCP performed pre-operatively because of suspicion of choledocholithiasis. Duct stones were confirmed in eight patients. Recent or current jaundice was the best predictor of bile duct stones. Nine patients had ERCP done postoperatively because of duct stones seen on operative cholangiography. In two patients bile duct cannulation was not possible and a third procedure, open duct exploration, was necessary. Techniques in laparoscopic management of duct stones are improving and the role of ERCP and sphinc-terotomy should be limited to jaundiced patients or those with proven bile duct stones in whom laparoscopic procedures have been unsuccessful.     

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method of treatment for symptomatic choledocholithiasis. Since its introduction there has been an increase in postoperative diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this study was to assess the indications and results of ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixty-one patients had an ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two broad groups were identified: Group 1 (35 patients) had filling defects (consistent with stones) noted on operative cholangiography, which were not successfully flushed or extracted at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Group 2 consisted of patients who developed problems following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nine patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with abnormal liver function tests (LFT), four of whom had common bile duct (CBD) injuries and three had CBD stones. Eleven patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with a normal diameter common bile duct on ultrasound and normal LFT; only one had a CBD stone. Five patients with a persisting bile leak following laparoscopic cholecystectomy had an ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. In three the leak ceased, while two required subsequent open surgery to drain bile collections and ligate the cystic duct. One patient presented with an episode of transient jaundice but had a normal ERCP. There were six post-ERCP complications; three patients had mild pancreatitis, two had a minor haemorrhage and one an asymptomatic duodenal perforation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most valuable for the management of retained stones and the diagnosis and management of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain in association with abnormal LFT. The diagnostic yield was low (9%) when the LFT were normal.