Fat intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

The varied effects of different classes of dietary fatty acids on carcinogenesis suggest that fatty acid composition is an important determining factor in tumor development. In the present study, we investigated the association between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC). Data were taken from a population-based case-control study of skin SCC in Southeastern Arizona. Our data show a consistent tendency for a lower risk of SCC with higher intakes of n-3 fatty acids [p (for trend) = 0.055]. The adjusted odds ratios for increasing levels of n-3 fatty acids were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.56-1.27] and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.49-1.00) compared with the lower level as the referent. For the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids, the odds ratios in successively higher levels were 0.88 (95% CI = 0.59-1.32) and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.51-1.05), suggesting a tendency toward decreased risk of SCC with increased intake of diets with high ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acid. More studies are clearly needed to elucidate the function of dietary fatty acids so that recommendations can be made to alter the human diet for cancer prevention, particularly in light of the increasing incidence of SCC of the skin.     

Dietary pattern in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: The role of diet in the development of skin cancer is inconclusive, and the effect of the combined consumption of foods has never been reported. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively investigated the association between dietary patterns and cutaneous basal cell (BCC) and squamous cell (SCC) carcinoma. DESIGN: Principal components analysis of 38 food groups was used to identify dietary patterns in 1360 adults aged 25-75 y who participated in a community-based skin cancer study in Nambour, Australia, between 1992 and 2002. We obtained baseline information about diet, skin color, and sun exposure factors. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for BCC and SCC tumors were estimated by using negative binomial regression modeling. RESULTS: Two major dietary patterns were identified: a meat and fat pattern and a vegetable and fruit pattern. The meat and fat pattern was positively associated with development of SCC tumors (RR=1.83; 95% CI: 1.00, 3.37; P for trend=0.05) after adjustment for confounders and even more strongly associated in participants with a skin cancer history (RR=3.77; 95% CI: 1.65, 8.63; P for trend = 0.002) when the third and first tertiles were compared. A higher consumption of the vegetable and fruit dietary pattern appeared to decrease SCC tumor risk by 54% (P for trend = 0.02), but this protective effect was mostly explained by the association with green leafy vegetables. There was no association between the dietary patterns and BCC tumors. CONCLUSION: A dietary pattern characterized by high meat and fat intakes increases SCC tumor risk, particularly in persons with a skin cancer history.     

Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Limonene has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of breast and colon cancers. The principal sources of d-limonene are the oils of orange, grapefruit, and lemon. The present case-control study was designed to determine the usual citrus consumption patterns of an older Southwestern population and to then evaluate how this citrus consumption varied with history of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In this Arizona population, 64.3% and 74.5% of the respondents reported weekly consumption of citrus fruits and citrus juices, respectively. Orange juice (78.5%), orange (74.3%), and grapefruit (65.3%) were the predominant varieties of citrus consumed. Peel consumption was not uncommon, with 34.7% of all subjects reporting citrus peel use. We found no association between the overall consumption of citrus fruits [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73-1.32] or citrus juices (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.71-1.31) and skin SCC. However, the most striking feature was the protection purported by citrus peel consumption (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.95). Moreover, there was a dose-response relationship between higher citrus peel in the diet and degree of risk lowering. This is the first study to explore the relationship between citrus peel consumption and human cancers. Our results show that peel consumption, the major source of dietary d-limonene, is not uncommon and may have a potential protective effect in relation to skin SCC. Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to more completely evaluate the interrelationships between peel intake, bioavailability of d-limonene, and other lifestyle factors.     

Withania somnifera root extract prevents DMBA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of skin in Swiss albino mice

The chemopreventive effect of Withania somnifera hydroalcoholic root extract (WSRE) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer was investigated in Swiss albino mice. The skin lesions were induced by the twice-weekly topical application of DMBA (100 nmol/ 100 microliters acetone) for 8 wk on the shaved back of mice. WSRE was administered at the maximal tolerated dose of 400 mg/kg p.o. three times per week on alternate days 1 wk before DMBA and continued for 24 wk thereafter. The results of the study revealed a significant decrease in incidence and average number of skin lesions in mice compared with DMBA alone at the end of Week 24. Biochemical parameters were assessed in the lesions of WSRE-treated and untreated control mice. A significant impairment was noticed in the levels of reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase in skin lesions of DMBA-treated control mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. These parameters were returned to near normal by administration of WSRE to DMBA-treated mice. The above findings were supported by histopathological studies. From the present study, it can be inferred that WRSE possesses potential chemopreventive activity in this experimental model of cancer. The chemopreventive activity may be linked to the antioxidant/free radical-scavenging constituents of the extract. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of WSRE are also likely to contribute to its chemopreventive action.     

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor that presents an unique biologic behavior. Thus, it challenges the justification for routine axillary dissection and adjuvant therapy. Squamous cell carcinoma has several unique biologic characteristics; it is associated with a lower rate of lymph node metastasis and significant rate of distant metastasis without lymph node involvement. The diagnosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast can only be established if the metastatic tumor origin can be excluded, the tumor is not attached to the skin and no other histological type of carcinoma is detected in the course of detailed histological examination. The authors present two cases from their own experience. One of them has preexisted fine needle aspiration cytology.     

High risk squamous cell carcinoma

Mrs MA, 70 years of age, has a history of scalp psoriasis dating over 10 years. She explained that the rash was slowly progressing and had failed to respond to an array of topical treatments offered. Within the right lateral aspect of the 12 x 14 cm lesion a thick nodule had recently developed. It looked like squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Biopsy of the raised lesion confirmed SCC as did four other biopsies at the poles of the region of 'psoriasis'. Removing all surface debris confirmed this was one confluent scalp tumour. The large scalp SCC was excised with a 5 mm margin. During surgery there was an area of apparent involvement of galea. This layer was widely excised along with periosteum at that point. Histology confirmed complete excision. There was no other point at which deep levels were involved. Periosteum was not involved. The large defect was closed with a partial thickness skin graft harvested from the right anterior thigh.     

鳞状细胞癌抗原研究进展

鳞状细胞癌抗原对多种肿瘤(宫颈癌、头颈部癌、肝癌、食管癌、肺癌、乳腺癌)的诊断、临床分期、病理分级及对肿瘤的判断预后、指导临床治疗等方面有重要参考价值,是鳞状细胞癌的肿瘤标志物,本研究就以上方面进行综述。     

Cutaneous melanin density of Caucasians measured by spectrophotometry and risk of malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Recent advances have enabled quite accurate estimation by spectrophotometry of the density of cutaneous melanin. The relation between skin cancers and this objective measure of skin phenotype is examined here. For this purpose, a population-based case-control study of subjects aged 20-59 years of northern European ancestry was conducted in Tasmania, Australia. Cases (n = 244) of cutaneous malignant melanoma during 1998-1999, and a sample of cases of basal cell carcinoma (n = 220) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 195) of the skin were identified from cancer registrations. Controls (n = 483) were selected from a comprehensive population listing. Melanin at the upper inner arm was estimated from skin reflectance of light of 400 and 420 nm wavelengths. For melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively, the odds ratios comparing the least with the highest of four melanin categories were 6.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3, 16.6), 6.3 (95% CI: 2.6, 15.1), and 4.2 (95% CI: 1.7, 10.8) for men and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.7), 1.4 (95% CI: 0.7, 3.0), and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.3, 1.7) for women. The gender differences were not due to disparities in site of occurrence or (for melanoma) in thickness of the lesion. The authors conclude that, particularly for men, cutaneous melanin density at the upper inner arm is a strong predictor of risk of skin cancer.     

外阴鳞癌治疗新进展

外阴癌是较罕见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,发病率占女性生殖道恶性肿瘤的3％ ～5％,常见于绝经后妇女,高发年龄为60～80岁,有文献报道在过去15年,其发病率几乎翻了一倍[1] ,但发病的中位年龄却有所下降[2] ,可见发病群体趋向年轻化.外阴鳞状细胞癌( vulvar squamous cell carcinoma,VSCC...     

血清鳞状细胞癌抗原及其变化对宫颈鳞状细胞癌新辅助化疗敏感性的预测价值

目的探讨血清鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC-Ag)在宫颈鳞状细胞癌(SCC)新辅助化疗(NACT)前、后的变化,以及对宫颈SCC患者进行NACT敏感性的预测价值。 方法选择2009年1月至2017年1月,在山西医科大学第二医院妇产科进行手术治疗前接受NACT,并且术中切除组织病理学检查结果证实为宫颈SCC的68例患者为研究对象。对宫颈SCC患者的NACT疗效进行分析。采用配对t检验和配对χ²检验,分别对NACT前、后血清SCC-Ag值及其阳性率进行比较。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)对NACT前血清SCC-Ag值及NACT前、后血清SCC-Ag值变化,对宫颈SCC的NACT疗效的预测价值进行分析。采用多因素非条件logistic回归分析,对宫颈SCC的NACT疗效影响因素进行分析。采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法,对宫颈SCC患者NACT前、后血清SCC-Ag阳性率及其临床病理特征的关系进行分析。采用成组t检验,对复发与未复发宫颈SCC患者接受NACT前血清SCC-Ag值进行比较。本研究符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》的要求,征得所有受试者知情同意,并签订临床研究知情同意书。 结果①宫颈SCC患者的NACT有效率为75.0%(51/68)。②本组68例宫颈SCC患者接受NACT后,血清SCC-Ag值及其阳性率分别为(2.9±1.6)ng/mL和45.6%(31/68),均分别显著低于接受NACT前的(5.1±1.7)ng/mL和91.2%(62/68),并且差异均有统计学意义(t＝7.991,P<0.001;χ²＝32.682,P<0.001)。③NACT前血清SCC-Ag值及NACT前、后血清SCC-Ag值变化值对于预测宫颈SCC患者NACT疗效的ROC-AUC分别为0.839(95%CI：0.717～0.965,P<0.001)与1.000(95%CI：1.000～1.000,P<0.001),最佳临界值分别为3.0、0.6 ng/mL。④对宫颈SCC患者NACT疗效影响因素进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析的结果显示,NACT前血清SCC-Ag值及NACT前、后血清SCC-Ag值变化值均为预测宫颈SCC患者NACT敏感性的独立影响因素(OR＝0.365,95%CI：0.224～0.608,P<0.001;OR＝0.984,95%CI：0.899～0.998,P<0.001)。⑤本研究68例宫颈SCC患者中,合并脉管转移者,其接受NACT前的血清SCC-Ag阳性率高于未合并脉管转移者,合并淋巴结转移者、脉管转移者及国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)临床分期为Ⅱ_A2期患者接受NACT后的血清SCC-Ag阳性率,均分别高于未合并淋巴结转移者、脉管转移者及Ⅰ_B2期患者,并且差异均有统计学意义(P＝0.007,P<0.001,P＝0.035,P<0.001)。⑥本组68例宫颈SCC患者中,13例发生复发,复发率为19.1%(13/68)。复发者接受NACT前的血清SCC-Ag值为(7.1±1.1)ng/mL,高于未复发者的(4.7±1.5)ng/mL,并且差异有统计学意义(t＝5.253,P<0.001)。 结论血清SCC-Ag值及其变化是否可作为预测宫颈SCC患者NACT敏感性的指标,以及预测宫颈SCC复发的指标,因本研究纳入样本量较小,尚待大样本、多中心、随机对照试验进一步研究、证实。     

Genetic background of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer is the 9th most frequent malignancy. In more than 90% of all patients with esophageal cancer, the tumour is detected in an advanced stage. Surgery, conventional chemo- and radiotherapy are relatively ineffective. Gene therapy came into the limelight of interest. Authors discuss the genetics, molecular pathogenesis of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Clinical experience in connection with gene therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is discussed. Different targets include complementary nucleic acid treatment (antisense therapy), gene-replacement and importance of small interfering RNA-s.     

miR-219a-5p对皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞凋亡的影响及机制

目的探讨miR-219a-5p对皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞凋亡的影响以及潜在的作用机制。方法设置miR-con组、miR-219a-5p组、anti-miR-con组、anti-miR-219a-5p组、miR-219a-5p+pcDNA组、miR-219a-5p+pcDNA-SMC4组、miR-con+SMC4-WT组、miR-con+SMC4-MT组、miR-219a-5p+SMC4-WT组、miR-219a-5p+SMC4-MT组,转染均用脂质体法。qRT-PCR检测miR-219a-5p和SMC4 mRNA表达水平;Western Blot检测蛋白表达;MTT法检测细胞增殖活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;双荧光素酶报告基因检测实验检测荧光活性。结果相较于人正常皮肤细胞HaCaT,皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞HSC-2、Colo-16、SCL-1中SMC4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著升高,miR-219a-5p表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。过表达miR-219a-5p可抑制皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡;促进Caspase-3蛋白表达,抑制Cyclin D1蛋的表达;抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路激活。miR-219a-5p靶向负调控SMC4的表达,转染SMC4野生型表达载体的HSC-2细胞荧光素酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);而转染SMC4突变型表达载体的HSC-2细胞荧光素酶活性差异不显著。且过表达miR-219a-5p,SMC4表达水平显著降低;抑制miR-219a-5p表达,SMC4表达水平显著升高。过表达SMC4能逆转miR-219a-5p对皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞HSC-2的增殖抑制和凋亡促进的作用。结论 miR-219a-5p可抑制皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,其机制可能与Wnt/β-catenin及SMC4信号通路有关,将为皮肤鳞状细胞癌的预防和治疗提供新靶点。     

长链非编码RNA在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的研究进展

近年研究发现,多种长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)参与了生物学过程且发挥了重要的调控功能,如胚胎发育、细胞周期调控、干细胞多能性分化、免疫监视等,其异常调节可导致各类疾病包括肿瘤的发生发展,对于多种恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、治疗和预后判断有非常重要的价值。但到目前为止,lncRNA在口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)中的研究报道还较少,本文将结合国内外最新报道对与OSCC相关的lncRNAs的表达及意义和调控机制作一综述,为OSCC的基因诊断和治疗提供新的思路。