电针治疗大鼠慢性脊髓损伤疗效观察及分子机制的实验研究

目的 探索电针治疗慢性脊髓损伤的作用机理.方法 采用大鼠后路渐进性脊髓压迫动物模型,然后手术减压,并进行电针治疗.通过体诱发电位和BBB评分观察后肢功能,采用免疫组化和蛋白印迹法观察神经营养因子-3 （NT-3）及其受体（TrkC）的变化.结果 脊髓损伤后NT-3和TrkC在神经元及胶质细胞表达增强,经过电针治疗后, NT-3和TrkC在神经元和胶质细胞的表达下降.诱发电位检测和BBB评分显示,电针组疗效优于减压组（P〈0.05）.结论 电针治疗可促进脊髓损伤大鼠的行为功能恢复,这可能是通过内源性神经营养因子及其受体介导的.     

减重步行训练结合督脉电针对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能和脑源性神经营养因子的影响

目的:研究减重步行训练、督脉电针及两者联合治疗对横断性脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达的影响.方法:对72只成年SD大鼠建立胸10脊髓横断损伤模型,随机分为对照组、减重步行训练组(BWSTT)、督脉电针组(电针组,EA)和训练+电针(联合组,BWSTT+EA)各18只,每组再分为8d、15d和30d 3个小组(n=6).对各组大鼠进行BBB评分并用免疫组织化学法测定脊髓损伤尾端组织中BDNF的表达.结果:单纯减重步行训练或/和督脉电针均能使不同时间点脊髓损伤大鼠BBB评分、脊髓组织BDNF表达水平提高(P＜0.05);减重步行训练和督脉电针对BBB评分、脊髓组织BDNF表达存在交互作用(P＜0.05),提示减重步行训练和督脉电针联合干预对促进脊髓损伤的康复效果更佳.各治疗组随着干预时间的增加表现出不同程度的BBB评分、脊髓组织BDNF表达水平提高(P＜0.01);尽量长时间的应用减重步行训练和督脉电针的联合治疗对促进横断脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复的疗效最佳.结论:减重步行训练结合督脉电针可以促进横断性脊髓损伤大鼠的运动功能恢复,干预时间越长疗效越佳,且3者间存在协同作用,这种运动功能恢复可能与脊髓组织中BDNF的增加有关.     

水中平板步行训练对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能及脑源性神经营养因子、神经营养素-3表达的影响

目的探讨水中平板步行训练在脊髓损伤（SCI）大鼠康复中的作用及其与脊髓可塑性的关系。 方法将40只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠分为假模组、模型对照组、水疗训练组、减重平板训练组及水中平板训练组,每组8只。建立大鼠脊髓挫伤模型,各训练组于术后1周开始进行8周的康复训练。采用BBB评分、爬网格试验评定大鼠后肢功能的恢复,采用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠脊髓中脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、神经营养素-3（NT-3）的表达。 结果水中平板训练组大鼠后肢运动功能较其他组明显改善（P<0.05）。3个训练组大鼠脊髓前角神经元BDNF及NT-3的表达与模型对照组相比均显著增加（P<0.05）。BDNF的表达在3个训练组之间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。水中平板训练组NT-3的表达明显高于减重平板训练组（P<0.05）;而水中平板训练组与水疗训练组相比,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论水中平板训练可能通过影响BDNF及NT-3的表达增强脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓可塑性,促进后肢运动功能的恢复。     

电针联合康复训练对脊髓损伤大鼠脑源性神经营养因子及其受体酪氨酸激酶B表达的影响

目的观察电针联合康复训练对脊髓损伤（SCI）大鼠脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及其受体酪氨酸激酶B(TrkB)表达的影响。 方法选取96只成年SD雌性大鼠,采用脊髓切割损伤法制作右侧脊髓半横断损伤模型。将制模成功大鼠随机分为电针组、康复训练组、联合治疗组及模型组。于制模后第3天各组大鼠按既定方案给予相应干预,其中电针组、康复训练组分别给予电针督脉穴位或康复训练,联合治疗组于康复训练后辅以电针刺激。每周均对各组大鼠进行BBB运动功能评分;于制模后第4周及第8周时每组分别取12只大鼠处死,采用免疫组化法、PCR及RT-PCR技术检测各组大鼠受损脊髓BDNF及TrkB表达情况。 结果各组大鼠BBB评分、BDNF及其受体TrkB表达均随时间延长逐渐增加,其中电针组、康复训练组及联合治疗组上述指标在制模后第4周、第8周时均明显优于模型组（P<0.05）,同时联合治疗组也显著优于电针组及康复训练组（P<0.05）;电针组及康复训练组的上述指标组间差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。 结论电针督脉穴位联合康复训练治疗SCI大鼠具有协同疗效,能进一步加速大鼠运动功能恢复,其治疗机制可能与上调受损脊髓BDNF及其受体TrkB表达有关。     

督脉电针对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经功能恢复的影响

目的探讨督脉电针治疗对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经功能恢复的影响。方法利用多中心急性脊髓损伤打击器建立大鼠T11脊髓损伤模型,建模成功后随机分为对照组(A组)和督脉电针组(B组)。脊髓损伤后1周,B组接受督脉电针治疗。两组大鼠于脊髓损伤后1、2、4、8周行BBB后肢运动功能评分,脊髓损伤后2、4、8周行体感诱发电位(SEP)检测,脊髓组织行HE染色与神经丝蛋白(NF200)免疫组化染色。结果 SCI后1周,两组大鼠BBB后肢运动功能评分无显著性差异(P>0.05);SCI后2、4、8周,B组BBB后肢运动功能评分较A组明显升高(P<0.01),SEP潜伏期明显缩短、波幅明显增高(P<0.01)。HE染色显示损伤区瘢痕组织及空洞形成,B组脊髓空洞比A组小;脊髓组织NF200阳性表达B组各时间点较A组明显增强(P<0.01)。结论督脉电针治疗可有效促进SCI大鼠神经功能恢复。     

联合应用督脉电针和游泳训练后脊髓损伤大鼠神经干细胞分化方向的研究

目的:联合应用督脉电针和游泳训练后,研究脊髓损伤大鼠神经干细胞分化的方向。方法:复制并评价脊髓全横断损伤大鼠模型,75只大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、脊髓损伤组、脊髓损伤+督脉电针组、脊髓损伤+游泳训练组、脊髓损伤+督脉电针+游泳训练组(n=15),检测各组1周、2周、3周、4周、5周5个时间点脊髓组织神经生长因子(NGF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达,对各组大鼠进行BBB评分(Basso,BeattieBresnahan locomotor rating scale,BBB scale)。结果:各治疗组均能使不同时间点脊髓损伤大鼠BBB评分、脊髓组织NGF表达水平提高(P0.05);脊髓组织GFAP表达水平下降(P0.05);提示游泳训练和督脉电针联合干预对促进脊髓损伤的康复效果更佳。各治疗组随着干预时间的增加表现出不同程度的BBB评分、脊髓组织NGF表达水平提高(P0.01),脊髓组织GFAP表达水平下降(P0.01);尽量长时间的应用游泳训练和督脉电针对促进脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复的疗效最佳。结论:联合应用督脉电针与游泳训练后,神经干细胞分化方向得到控制,使脊髓组织NGF表达增强,GFAP表达被抑制,从而促进神经元的再生和修复,抑制星形胶质细胞持续反应性增生,减少胶质瘢痕组织生成,促进神经环路重建。     

减重步行训练和督脉电针对脊髓损伤大鼠神经营养因子及生长相关蛋白-43 表达的影响

目的研究减重步行训练、督脉电针对横断性脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能和神经营养因子(NGF)及生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)的影响。方法54 只成年SD大鼠建立T10脊髓横断损伤模型,随机分为对照组、减重步行训练组和督脉电针组,每组18只,再分为8 d、15 d 和30 d 3 个亚组,每亚组6 只。对各组大鼠进行BBB评分并用免疫组织化学法测定损伤尾端组织中NGF和GAP-43 的表达。结果减重步行训练组和督脉电针组各时间点BBB 评分及NGF、GAP-43 表达水平均比对照组明显增高(P<0.01);,督脉电针15 d 和30 d 亚组BBB评分及NGF、GAP-43 表达均明显高于减重步行训练相应亚组(P<0.01)。结论减重步行训练和督脉电针均可以促进横断性脊髓损伤大鼠的运动功能恢复和脊髓组织中NGF和GAP-43 的表达,且督脉电针疗效优于减重步行训练。     

督脉电针促进脊髓挫伤后神经干细胞的激活

目的探讨督脉电针对脊髓挫伤大鼠内源l蝣申经干细胞的激活作用以及对大鼠神经功能的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为2组（n=5）：单纯脊髓挫伤组和脊髓挫伤后督脉电针组。单纯脊髓挫伤组建模成功后不给予其任何干预,对电针组大鼠则给予督脉电针刺激,然后用免疫荧光组织化学检测2组大鼠损伤区的nestin阳性细胞反应情况,用Western blot检测2组大鼠损伤头端2mm脊髓nestin的表达情况,用BBB评分评估2组大鼠运动功能的恢复。结果脊髓挫伤后电针组大鼠损伤区nesfin阳性细胞增加数目及损伤头端nestin的表达都多于单纯脊髓挫伤组及正常对照,差异有统计学意义。电针组BBB评分改善优于单纯脊髓挫伤组。结论督脉电针能够促进促进脊髓挫伤后内源性神经干细胞的增生及促进大鼠神经功能恢复。     

督脉电针与NSCs移植联合应用对大鼠脊髓全横断损伤组织NT-3含量及受体表达的影响

目的：探讨督脉电针与神经干细胞（NSCs）联合应用对大鼠脊髓全横断损伤组织神经营养素-3（NT-3）含量及其受体表达的影响。方法：将30只成年大鼠分为对照14d组、督脉电针14d组（电针14d组）、神经干细胞移植14d组（NSCs 14d组）、督脉电针＋神经干细胞移植14d组（电针NSCs 14d组）、神经干细胞移植30d组（NSCs 30d组）和督脉电针＋神经干细胞移植30d组（电针NSCs 30d组）6组，所有动物均实施T10段脊髓全横断手术．其中电针组和电针NSCs组于术后5d进行电针治疗。结果：①电针NSCs 14d组受损伤的脊髓组织含有较高水平的NT-3，其次是电针14d组和NSCs 14d组，对照14d组受损伤的脊髓组织含有较低水平的NT-3。②NSCs30d组和电针NSCs30d组脊髓全横断处的移植神经干细胞均有TrkC表达。结论：督脉电针与神经干细胞移植联合应用能够明显增高大鼠脊髓全横断损伤处邻近组织的NT-3水平；在大鼠脊髓损伤处及邻近组织有些移植神经干细胞表达TrkC。     

减重步行训练结合电针对脊髓损伤大鼠损伤组织脑源性神经营养因子的影响

目的探讨减重步行训练结合电针对大鼠脊髓损伤脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达的影响。方法健康成年SD大鼠56 只建立T11脊髓横断损伤模型,分为对照组、电针组、针康组各16 只,其余8 只为空白组。造模后3 d 开始治疗。分别在治疗后1 d、7 d、14 d、21 d 对各组大鼠进行BBB评分,用免疫组化法测定脊髓组织中BDNF 的表达。结果治疗后,针康组BBB评分高于电针组及对照组(P<0.05);BDNF 水平高于电针组和对照组(P<0.05)。结论电针结合康复训练可以促进脊髓损伤的恢复。脊髓损伤的恢复与脊髓组织中BDNF 的表达有关。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.