事件相关电位P300和人格的相关研究

目的 :探讨事件相关电位P30 0与气质性格量表 (theTemperatureandCharacterInventory,TCI )人格维度的关系。方法 :采用oddball作业和Cloninger的气质性格量表 (TCI)对 2 0名被试进行测量。结果 :P30 0的振幅与TCI的持续性、损害回避人格维度呈负相关 ,P30 0潜伏时与TCI的新奇性探求人格维度呈负相关。结论 :健康被试的人格维度与事件相关电位P30 0特征有一定相关     

Investigating Age Differences in the Genetic and Environmental Structure of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in Later Adulthood

In this study we examined cross-sectional age differences in means, phenotypic covariance structure, and the underlying genetic and environmental structure of four personality constructs from Cloninger's personality system: Novelty Seeking (NS), Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), and Persistence (PS). Study participants were same-sex female twins between the ages of 50 and 96, drawn from the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) twin sample. We examined age differences by comparing younger (age 50–65) and older (age 661) cohorts (based on a median split of the sample) and by estimating biometrical model parameters as linear and quadratic functions of continuous age. Results indicated modest, but significant, mean-level declines across this age range for NS, RD, and PS. HA showed no significant mean differences. We found moderate heritability estimates for all of the TPQ higher-order personality dimensions, ranging from 0.16 to 0.62. No significant age differences in the proportion of genetic and environmental influences on the TPQ dimensions were found. For HA, RD, and PS there were no significant age-related differences in total variance. However, for NS we observed a decline in total phenotypic variance across age cohorts.     

The relationship of Kraepelian affective temperaments (as measured by TEMPS-I) to the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ)

BACKGROUND: There is considerable uncertainty in the current literature about the relationship between personality dimensions and affective temperaments. METHOD: We compared-in a non-ill 14-26-year-old Italian student population of 1010-the affective temperaments of classic psychiatry conceived as subaffective traits [and measured through the Temperament Assessment of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Interview Version (TEMPS-I) in the Akiskal and Mallya Operationalization] with Cloninger's revised Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) deriving from the experimental psychology tradition. RESULTS: The Depressive Temperament (DT) and Harm Avoidance (HA), loaded positively on the same canonical variate, whereas the hyperthymic (HT) strongly, and Novelty Seeking (NS) moderately, loaded negatively. In contrast, the Cyclothymic Temperament (CT) loaded highly positively on a second variate, on which both Novelty Seeking strongly and Harm Avoidance moderately loaded positively. Reward Dependence (RD), Persistence (P), and Irritable Temperament (IT) did not significantly relate to any temperamental and personality constructs. At a subdimensional level of TPQ 'shyness with strangers', 'stoic rigidity', 'detachment', 'fear of uncertainty', 'reflection', and 'anticipatory worry' correlated best with the DT. 'Gregariousness', 'exploratory excitability', 'uninhibited optimism', 'attachment', 'confidence', 'extravagance', 'independence', 'vigor', and 'impulsiveness' correlated best with HT. Lastly, 'anticipatory worry', 'disorderliness', 'sentimentality', and 'fatigability' correlated best with CT. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide concurrent validity to TEMPS-I and, as earlier suggested by Cloninger, indicate that (as expected) high HA and DT are related. High NS is both related to the HT and CT, and (somewhat unexpectedly), the CT is related to high HA. In a more theoretical vein, hyperthymic-novelty seeker can be predicted to be overrepresented among those with high achievement; on the other hand, a moody, restless disposition (a cyclothymic-harm avoidant type) may engage in outrageous behavior and be liable to negative affective arousal. We submit that these considerations could shed some light on the origin of socially adaptive behavior ('sunny' or sanguine types) on the one hand, and borderline conditions, anxious-hostile bipolarity ('dark' types) on the other.     

Mood states and personality traits.

In this article we analyze the relationship between personality traits assessed by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, and six mood states assessed by the Profile of Mood States-bipolar form. Our data suggest that large portions of personality and/or behavior, e.g., higher order dimensions of Novelty Seeking and Reward Dependence, can be relatively independent from current mood. In contrast, the Harm Avoidance dimension covaries with mood and anxiety. Also, we analyze the psychometric properties of the Profile of Mood States-bipolar form, and discuss some practical aspects of our findings.     

D2 and D4 dopamine receptor polymorphisms and personality

The relationship of various dimensions of temperament, measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), to polymorphisms of the D₂ dopamine receptor (DRD2) and D₄ dopamine receptor (DRD4) genes was determined in 119 healthy Caucasian boys who had not yet begun to consume alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Total Novelty Seeking score of the TPQ was significantly higher in boys having, in common, all three minor (A1,B1, and Intron 6 1) alleles of the DRD2 compared to boys without any of these alleles. Boys with the DRD4 7 repeat (7R) allele also had a significantly higher Novelty Seeking score than those without this allele. However, the greatest difference in Novelty Seeking score was found when boys having all three minor DRD2 alleles and the DRD4 7R allele were contrasted to those without any of these alleles. Neither the DRD2 nor the DRD4 polymorphisms differentiated total Harm Avoidance score. Whereas subjects having all three minor DRD2 alleles had a significantly higher Reward Dependence 2 (Persistence) score than subjects without any of these alleles, no significant difference in this personality score was found between subjects with and without the DRD4 7R allele. In conclusion, DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms individually associate with Novelty Seeking behavior. However, the combined DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms contribute more markedly to this behavior than when these two gene polymorphisms are individually considered. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 81:257–267, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Personality and depressive symptoms: a multi-dimensional analysis

BACKGROUND: The relationship of temperamental aspects of personality to symptoms of depression in a community-based sample of 804 individuals was examined using a multi-dimensional approach to account for heterogeneity in symptom patterns. METHOD: The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used to assess personality and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms. Canonical correlation analysis was used to relate CES-D item combinations to temperament traits in multiple dimensions. The relationships between temperament and various conditions correlated with depression were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: Temperamental aspects of personality are related not only to total CES-D score, but also to the patterns of CES-D items endorsed by subjects. High Harm Avoidance is related to total CES-D score; high Reward Dependence combined with high Persistence is associated with restless sleep and subjective symptoms; high Reward Dependence combined with low Persistence is negatively associated with appetite loss and low energy; high Novelty Seeking is related to maintenance of positive affect and inability to concentrate. High Novelty Seeking is also associated with past suicide attempts, after adjusting for total CES-D score. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional data prevent analysis of causation; the severest cases of clinical depression may not be represented in a general population sample. Depressive symptoms are self-reported. CONCLUSION: Substantial differences in level of symptoms and in symptom patterns exist among individuals in a continuum of depressed states and those differences are partially explained by temperament traits.     

How common is seasonal affective disorder in temperate Australia? A comparison of BDI and SPAQ estimates

BACKGROUND: The frequency of winter Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) in temperate Australia is unknown. METHOD: A random community sample in Melbourne completed four waves of data collection (winter and summer across two years). The presence of winter SAD was estimated in three ways: (i) self-reports on the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), (ii) evidence of significant depression as assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in winters and not summers, and (iii) a combined definition based on both SPAQ and BDI estimates. RESULTS: Of 1080 questionnaires originally mailed, complete four-wave BDI data was obtained from 380 respondents, and complete SPAQ data from 297. The frequency of winter SAD as estimated from SPAQ data was 0.7% and from BDI data was 0.5%. One participant (1 of 297, 0.3%) met BDI criteria and approached caseness on SPAQ criteria. LIMITATIONS: A larger sample is necessary to definitively estimate prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Winter SAD appears to be rare in temperate Australia. The best estimate from the current study (0.3%) is an advance on simple self-report estimates and provides a necessary reference point for clinicians and researchers.     

Seasonal variations in mood and behaviour: epidemiological findings in the north tropics.

BACKGROUND: There has been no epidemiological study of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in the north tropics. METHODS: The investigators randomly mailed the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) to 520 residents in Chiang Mai Municipality. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of summer SAD, subsyndromal summer SAD and winter SAD are 6.19%, 8.25% and 1.03%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological study of SAD in the north tropics finds a high prevalence of summer SAD, low prevalence of winter SAD and the correlation between 'feel worst' response and temperature. LIMITATIONS: The reliability and validity of SPAQ in diagnosing summer SAD is probably low. The response rate from the studied sample is low. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of summer SAD in the tropics is much higher than that in the temperate zone and may relate to temperature.     

Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder in primary care; a comparison of the seasonal health questionnaire and the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire

BACKGROUND: Prevalence rates of SAD suggested by previous studies have ranged from 1 to 12% depending on the diagnostic criteria used. The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), a widely used screening tool, has been shown to have low specificity for SAD. The Seasonal Health Questionnaire (SHQ) was designed to better reflect the clinical criteria for SAD and has been shown to have a higher specificity then the SPAQ in a psychiatric outpatient setting. OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to assess the validity of the SHQ in general practice against systematic research interviews, to compare the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of the SHQ and the SPAQ and to use these data to estimate the prevalence of SAD in primary care. METHODS: 809 subjects in a consecutive series of patients attending Southampton general practices in winter 2000/01 completed the SHQ followed by the SPAQ; 56 were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). RESULTS: The SHQ was more sensitive and specific than the SPAQ and had higher positive and negative predictive values in screening for SAD. The SPAQ indicated a prevalence of SAD of 10.7% (95% CI 8.6-13.1) while the SHQ provided a significantly lower estimate of 5.6% (95% CI 4.2-7.4).     

Temperament and character properties of male psoriasis patients

Personality properties have an effect on the onset and triggering of psoriasis. The current study aimed to examine the personality of psoriasis patients in relation to the severity of the illness. Psoriasis and healthy participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Temperament and Character Inventory. Severity of psoriasis was evaluated by the PASI. MANCOVA results revealed significantly higher Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Self-Transcendence scores for psoriasis group. Severity of PASI was predicted by harm avoidance and reward dependence. Personality properties should be evaluated while planning therapeutic interventions for psoriasis patients.     

A dual vulnerability hypothesis for seasonal depression is supported by the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire in relation to the temperament and character inventory of personality in a general population

BACKGROUND: Personality structure obtained from the psychobiological Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was studied in relation to self-reported seasonal variations in mood and behavior measured by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). METHODS: The subjects comprised 1761 adults (57.6% women) in the age range 35-85 years, enrolled in the Betula prospective random cohort study of Umea, Sweden. RESULTS: Personality profiles of subjects who reported the occurrence of a high degree of seasonal variation as such were associated with a combination of high self-transcendence (ST) and high persistence (PS), irrespective of the level of harm avoidance (HA). Subjects who reported feeling worst in winter were associated with high HA, irrespective of the levels of ST and PS. Also, subjects feeling worst in summer or experiencing overall problems with seasonal variation were associated with high HA in their personality profiles. Using the SPAQ criteria to define seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD), subjects with these disorders often had combinations of high self-transcendence (ST) and high persistence (PS), but with different associations with HA. LIMITATIONS: No evaluations were made for SAD or subsyndromal SAD according to the DSM-IV or ICD 10 criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results relating SPAQ with TCI give support for a dual vulnerability hypothesis for seasonal depression proposed in the literature, where it is attributed to a combination of a seasonal factor and a depression factor. Examining the literature regarding the relationships between the different TCI scales and monoamine neurotransmitter functions, those relationships suggest that these two vulnerability factors for seasonal depression may be modulated by different neurotransmitter systems.     

Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory in a Preadolescent Twin Sample

This study evaluated the genetic and environmental structure of personality variables from the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), in 605 pairs of 9- and 10-year old twins. There is a paucity of information on the biometric structure of temperament and character traits in preadolescent children. Latent factor models were fit to the subscales/items of each trait as a method of estimating genetic and environmental effects on true score variance, especially since internal consistency and reliability were moderate or low for some scales (particularly Reward Dependence and Persistence). Shared environmental influences on Cooperativeness were substantial. Significant heritability estimates were obtained for Self-directedness and Harm Avoidance, but not Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence or Persistence. With the exception of Harm Avoidance, each of the scales failed to show measurement invariance with respect to sex, suggesting these scales may differ in meaning for boys and girls at this age. Edited by Danielle Posthuma.     

The reliability and validity of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire: a comparison between patient groups

Background: The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) is a frequently used screening instrument in the research on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Nevertheless, studies on its reliability and validity are relatively scarce. In the present study the reliability and the contrast validity of the SPAQ are investigated. Methods: SAD patients, selected by means of a clinical interview, non-seasonal depressed out-patients, non-depressed out-patients, and a control group, are contrasted to estimate the discriminating power of the SPAQ. Also, the reliability and factor structure of the seasonality and the climate subscales are investigated. To study food intake the Seasonal Food Preference Questionnaire (SFPQ) was developed. Results: The SAD criterion of the SPAQ shows good specificity (94%), but a low sensitivity (44%). Discriminant analysis shows sufficient ability to classify subjects (81% correctly classified). The Global Seasonality Scale has a good internal consistency. It consists of two factors, a psychological factor and a food factor. The SFPQ is sensitive for carbohydrate intake by SAD patients. Limitations: Most SAD patients had received treatment and completed the SPAQ while they were not depressed, which may have influenced the sensitivity. Conclusions: The SPAQ is not sensitive enough to be considered a diagnostic instrument for SAD. Nevertheless, it is accurate enough to be used as a screenings instrument. The only false positives were found in the depressive group. The accuracy of prevalence Figs. can be improved by completion of the SPAQ in the summer months, combined with the completion of a depression scale.     

A genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales: Implications for the evolutionary genetics of personality

Variation in personality traits is 30-60% attributed to genetic influences. Attempts to unravel these genetic influences at the molecular level have, so far, been inconclusive. We performed the first genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales in a sample of 5117 individuals, in order to identify common genetic variants underlying variation in personality. Participants’ scores on Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence were tested for association with 1,252,387 genetic markers. We also performed gene-based association tests and biological pathway analyses. No genetic variants that significantly contribute to personality variation were identified, while our sample provides over 90% power to detect variants that explain only 1% of the trait variance. This indicates that individual common genetic variants of this size or greater do not contribute to personality trait variation, which has important implications regarding the genetic architecture of personality and the evolutionary mechanisms by which heritable variation is maintained.     

Cross-regional survey of seasonal affective disorders in adults and high-school students in Japan

BACKGROUND: In Asian countries, there is no epidemiological report on seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in different age groups and different geographic regions surveyed at the same time. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rates of SAD and risk factors for SAD in adults and high-school students, with special reference to the difference of winter SAD between northern and southern regions in Japan. METHODS: A total of 3237 high-school students and 4858 workers living in Japan (31.3-43.5 degrees N) responded to this epidemiological survey using Japanese version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). RESULTS: The overall prevalence rates of winter SAD (subsyndromal winter SAD) and summer SAD (subsyndromal summer SAD) in high-school students were 0.91(2.21) and 0.81(2.57)%, respectively. In workers, these rates were 0.45(1.16) and 0.43(0.71)%, respectively. Although no regional difference was noted in high-school students with winter seasonal type, the estimated odds ratio of this type for northern workers was nearly 3-fold higher than the southern counterparts. The prevalence rates of each seasonal type were not significantly different between two sexes in both age groups. No clear dependence on latitude was seen with regard to summer SAD in both age groups. LIMITATIONS: The effect of climate on SAD could not be entirely excluded from geophysical factor as indexed by latitude. CONCLUSIONS: SAD was less common in adults than in high-school students. While latitude was a major determinant of winter type in adults, socio-cultural factors or other contributing factors might affect the development of this type in high-school students.     

Relationship between personality trait and regional cerebral glucose metabolism assessed with positron emission tomography

There have been no studies systematically investigating relationships between biogenetic temperament dimensions and patterns of brain glucose metabolism. Nineteen healthy subjects were evaluated regarding the biogenetic temperament using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In addition, [¹⁸F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure regional brain glucose metabolism. Voxel-based correlation analysis was used to test correlations between regional brain glucose metabolism and scores on the TCI. We identified that each temperament dimension, such as Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence, was significantly correlated with specific brain regions. The majority of correlations were observed in the areas of paralimbic regions and temporal lobes. The current study provides evidence linking each biogenetic temperament dimension with specific brain areas and provides a promising base for future personality research.     

Widespread Evidence for Non-Additive Genetic Variation in Cloninger’s and Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions using a Twin Plus Sibling Design

Studies using the classical twin design often conclude that most genetic variation underlying personality is additive in nature. However, studies analyzing only twins are very limited in their ability to detect non-additive genetic variation and are unable to detect sources of variation unique to twins, which can mask non-additive genetic variation. The current study assessed 9672 MZ and DZ twin individuals and 3241 of their siblings to investigate the environmental and genetic architecture underlying eight dimensions of personality: four from Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire and four from Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory. Broad-sense heritability estimates from best-fitting models were two to three times greater than the narrow-sense heritability estimates for Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. This genetic non-additivity could be due to dominance, additive-by-additive epistasis, or to additive genetic effects combined with higher-order epistasis. Environmental effects unique to twins were detected for both Lie and Psychoticism but accounted for little overall variation. Our results illustrate the increased sensitivity afforded by extending the classical twin design to include siblings, and may provide clues to the evolutionary origins of genetic variation underlying personality.     

Validation of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ)

The validity of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was examined by interviewing 81 individuals who had participated in an earlier community survey of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in Iceland. When SAD and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) were combined into a ‘winter problem’ group, the questionnaire's sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for that group were 94%, 73% and 45%, respectively. The SPAQ discriminated poorly between SAD and S-SAD, and hence it had a poor case-finding ability for SAD. Clinical evaluation verified a diagnosis of SAD in individuals who had no previous information about this syndrome. The questionnaire furthermore identified a group of individuals who had generalized anxiety and marked seasonal variations. Clinical evaluation arrived at a similar prevalence rate of SAD as the questionnaire.     

Mood-worsening with high-pollen-counts and seasonality: a preliminary report

BACKGROUND: Because aeroallergens produce inflammation in the respiratory airways, and inflammation triggers depression in vulnerable individuals, we hypothesized that mood sensitivity to pollen, the most seasonal aeroallergen, will be associated with a greater seasonality of mood. Since pollen is absent during winter, we specifically predicted that mood sensitivity to tree pollen will predict non-winter SAD but not winter SAD. METHODS: A convenience sample of African and African American college students who lived in the Washington DC metropolitan area for at least the past 3 years completed the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), from which the Global Seasonality Score (GSS) was calculated, a diagnosis of cumulative SAD (syndromal or subsyndromal SAD) was derived, a seasonal pattern (winter vs non-winter) identified, and self-reported mood changes during high pollen counts obtained. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare GSS between participants with vs without mood worsening during high pollen counts. The capability of mood worsening with high pollen counts, gender, ethnicity, and age to predict non-winter SAD was analyzed with logistic regressions. RESULTS: GSS was greater (z=5.232, p<0.001) in those who reported mood worsening with high pollen counts. Mood sensitivity to pollen predicted non-winter SAD (p=0.017), but not winter SAD. LIMITATIONS: The SPAQ is not a definitive tool to assess seasonality, and self-reported mood worsening with high pollen counts relies on recollection. No direct measures of depression scores or pollen counts were collected. The non-winter SAD concept has not been previously established. CONCLUSIONS: Our study, which should be considered preliminary in light of its limitations, suggests that self-reported mood-worsening with high pollen count is associated with a greater seasonality of mood, and predicts SAD of non-winter type.